焊后热处理对AA7075铝合金DP-MIG焊接接头组织及力学性能的影响

采用双脉冲熔化极精性气体保护焊（DP-MIG）工艺方法焊接AA7075-T651铝合金,焊接试板采用固溶处理（480℃×50 min）后水淬,再进行（80℃×24 h）+（120℃×24 h）两级人工时效热处理,通过金相观察、扫描电镜观察、X射线衍射分析、拉伸试验以及硬度测试,研究焊后热处理（PWHT）工艺对焊接接头显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明,焊缝区经热处理后,晶粒由枝晶向等轴晶转变,晶界处非平衡第二相溶解,晶界变细,焊缝显微组织特性改善明显;焊接接头经热处理后,抗拉强度由342.5 MPa提高到490 MPa,接头强度系数为0.872,焊缝软化区硬度得到较大改善,焊接接头力学性能有显著提升.     

Effect of different pre- and post-weld heat treatments on microstructures and mechanical properties of variable polarity TIG welded AA2219 joints

The microstructures and mechanical properties of 2219 aluminium alloy joints welded by variable polarity TIG welding in four kinds of different heat treatment conditions, namely, with/without pre-/post-weld heat treatment, were analysed and compared. The post-weld artificial aging treatment rendered fine dispersed precipitates (metastable θ′ phase) separate out of weld metal, which made the hardness of weld metal increase by ～20%. Meanwhile, the fracture location of joints during tensile test changed from weld zone to heat affected zone (HAZ). The pre-weld solution treatment reduced the overaging degree of HAZ and a large number of θ′ phase reprecipitated in HAZ after post-weld artificial aging treatment. Intermediate state welding, with pre-weld solution treatment and post-weld artificial aging treatment together, could increase 20% of the hardness of weld zone, increase 11.5% of the hardness of HAZ and increase 20.3% of the tensile strength of joint.     

Effect of post-weld heat treatment on joint properties of dissimilar friction stir welded 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys

The effect of post-weld heat treatment on dissimilar friction stir welded AA7075 and AA2024 joints was studied. After welding in constant parameters, solution heat treatment and various aging treatments were given to the welded joints. Microstructural and phase characterizations were done using optical microscope, SEM, FE-SEM, XRD and EDS techniques. Finally, mechanical properties of post-weld heat treated joints were evaluated and compared with as-welded joints. Results show that both 2024-T6 and 7075-T6 post-weld heat treatment procedures considerably improve the mechanical strength of the welded joint, with higher strength obtained for the 7075-T6 procedure, in comparison with the as-welded joint. This is explained by the formation of fine precipitates during the aging process, despite the abnormal grain growth. Fracture occurs at the interface between thermo-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) on the retreating side (AA7075) of as-welded joint, while by applying post-weld heat treatment fracture location shifts towards the stir zone (SZ) of the welded joint. Also, for post-weld heat treated samples, fracture surface is predominantly inter-granular, while in as-weld joint, fracture surface is mostly trans-granular. This is explained by dissolution and coarsening of precipitates within grains in post-weld heat treated joints.     

Microstructure and fatigue crack growth behaviour of electron beam welding in 30CrMnSiNi2A steel

The effects of two post-weld heat treatment processes on the microstructure and fatigue properties of the electron beam welded joints of 30CrMnSiNi2A steel were studied. Electron beam local post-weld heat treatment ( EBLPWHT) , in a vacuum chamber, immediately after welding and a traditional furnace whole post-weld heat treatment (FWPWHT) were accepted. The experimental results show that, after EBLPWHT, the main microstructure of weld is changed from coarse acicular martensite into lath martensite, and base metal is changed from ferrite and perlite into upper bainite and residual austenite, however the microstructures of different zones of joints in FWPWHT conditions are tempered sorbite. The fatigue crack growth rate da/dN of welds and base metal are not obviously changed among EBLPWHT, FWPWHT test and as-welded (AW) test, as the mechanical properties of materials have a certain but not large effect on the da/dN of welded joints. The resistance to near threshold fatigue crack growth data of welded joints can be largely improved by EBLPWHT and it is related to microstructure and crack closure effect.     

Effect of welding heat input and post-weld aging time on microstructure and mechanical properties in dissimilar friction stir welded AA7075–AA5086

The effects of welding heat input and post-weld heat treatment on the mechanical and microstructural aspects of dissimilar friction stir welds of age-hardened AA7075-T6 and strain hardenable AA5086-H32 aluminium alloys were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) residual stress analysis and tensile testing together with optical metallography and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to assess the effects of process parameters on welded joints. It was discovered that joints produced without heat sink exhibited more homogeneous stir zones than other joints. Of the natural aging time studied, higher amount of solid solution during rapid cooling of welds produced higher driving force for increase in hardness in the AA7075 side during natural aging. Natural aging within stirring zone and thermo-mechanical affected zone of AA7075 side resulted in a 10 to 25 MPa reduction in the residual stress in these zones; its effect decreased considerably in the welds performed without heat sink. In addition, natural aging had no noticeable effect on the joint strength.     

TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头相变的热力学特征

阐明了TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头相变的热力学特征,从热力学角度分析了TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头在不同的热处理条件下形成不同组织结构的机制,为通过改变热处理制度控制TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头相变的方法,提供了理论基础.结果表明,TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头的相变驱动力来源于新相马氏体和母相的化学自由能差,形成的马氏体贯穿整个晶粒,并且其取向呈一定的角度;低于MS点的焊后热处理只能使马氏体长大,而高于MS点的焊后热处理不仅使马氏体长大,还使部分β相成为饱和固熔体,并残留在马氏体片层之间.     

焊后热处理对31CrMoV9钢电子束焊接接头组织及性能的影响

研究了31CrMoV9钢电子束焊接接头在焊后去应力退火、焊后调质两种不同焊后热处理状态下的焊缝组织与性能,并与同等强度等级下的母材组织与性能进行了对比研究。结果表明,接头焊后组织为板条马氏体及少量残留奥氏体;焊缝经调质处理后,组织为相对均匀的回火索氏体,接头力学性能与母材相当,相比于焊后去应力退火处理,焊缝冲击性能大幅提高。两种类型的焊后热处理均未消除焊缝柱状枝晶等凝固组织形态,但焊后调质工艺可减轻焊缝柱状枝晶组织偏析,并使之细化,使得焊缝与母材的组织与硬度更加均匀;焊后经多次重复淬火,焊缝经检测均未见裂纹,说明焊后采用调质工艺可行,这为提高焊缝冲击性能提供了可行工艺路线。     

Effects of Welding Processes and Post-Weld Aging Treatment on Fatigue Behavior of AA2219 Aluminium Alloy Joints

AA2219 aluminium alloy square butt joints without filler metal addition were fabricated using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), electron beam welding (EBW), and friction stir welding (FSW) processes. The fabricated joints were post-weld aged at 175 °C for 12 h. The effect of three welding processes and post-weld aging (PWA) treatment on the fatigue properties is reported. Transverse tensile properties of the welded joints were evaluated. Microstructure analysis was also carried out using optical and electron microscopes. It was found that the post-weld aged FSW joints showed superior fatigue performance compared to EBW and GTAW joints. This was mainly due to the formation of very fine, dynamically recrystallized grains and uniform distribution of fine precipitates in the weld region.     

厚壁P92钢管道焊接接头中频感应热处理的应用实践

火力发电厂1000 MW机组主蒸汽厚壁P92钢管道焊接接头焊后热处理在火电建设工程中技术要求较高,尤其是壁厚大于100 mm的P92钢管道焊接接头。通过中频感应加热对1000 MW二次再热机组的壁厚为118 mm的主蒸汽P92钢管焊接接头进行了管道试样的焊后热处理。结果表明,热处理后焊缝及母材组织正常,焊缝硬度符合标准要求;同时依据试样管焊后热处理发现的问题提出了优化措施,在施工过程中降低升温速度和恒温温度、增加保温宽度,实现了121个同类型焊接接头焊后热处理一次合格。厚壁P92钢管道焊接接头中频感应热处理方案的成功应用,可为后续同类型部件的焊后热处理提供借鉴。     

Effects of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-12.7Si-0.7Mg Alloy Welded Joints by GMAW

In this study, 3-mm-thick hot-extruded plates of A1-12.7Si-0.7Mg alloy were used to fabricate the joints welded by gas metal arc welding. Effects of the post-weld heat treatment include solid solution treatment, water quenching, and artificial aging treatment on the microstructure, and mechanical properties of the weld joints have been investigated. Results showed that the welded joints after solid solution and artificial aging exhibited the increases in yield strength of 166 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 148 MPa, respectively. Based on the microstructural observations, the associated mechanisms were discussed.     

焊后热处理对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金MIG焊接接头组织与性能的影响

采用ER5356焊丝对Al-4.6Zn-1.5Mg-0.15Cu合金板材进行熔化极钨极氩弧焊试验,并对焊接接头进行了不同的焊后热处理。借助光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)研究不同焊后热处理试样的组织变化规律,并进行了显微硬度测试与拉伸试验。结果表明:经固溶加时效处理后,焊接接头抗拉强度与显微硬度得到明显提升,抗拉强度与焊缝硬度均值分别提高至304 MPa与85 HV,相比焊后未处理的263 MPa与66 HV,增幅分别达15.6%与28.8%。焊接接头经时效处理后,组织的不均匀性及强化相的分布得到改善;而经重新固溶后,第二相发生回溶,再经时效处理将使得一部分不稳定的过饱和固溶体重新析出且弥散分布。     

12Cr1MoVG焊接接头高温短时拉伸及可靠性评价

分别对焊态和焊后热处理(PWHT)的12Cr1MoVG钢焊接接头进行300~600℃高温短时拉伸试验,根据该试验结果可以推算出接头的持久强度。结果表明,随测试温度的升高,两种接头的高温短时拉伸强度降低,伸长率升高。断口形貌分析表明接头的断裂机制由剪切断逐渐过渡到正断。焊态接头的高温短时拉伸强度均高于PWHT态接头。510℃时,焊态及PWHT态接头的持久强度下限(σ105783)分别为61 MPa和86 MPa,均大于某电站锅炉的额定蒸气压力(30.35 MPa)。PWHT态12Cr1MoVG钢接头具有较高的持久强度,因而具有更高的服役可靠性。     

焊后热处理对6063铝合金激光填丝焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用激光填丝焊对6063铝合金进行焊接,并对焊接接头进行人工时效和固溶+人工时效的热处理。通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜观察及拉伸试验,对焊后经不同热处理的焊接接头组织和性能进行研究。结果表明:未热处理的焊接接头抗拉强度为196 MPa,焊缝内部为铸态组织,弥散分布着Mg₂Si强化相,熔合线附近存在向焊缝内部生长的粗大柱状晶,焊缝内部为细小的树枝晶,焊缝中心为等轴晶;经时效处理后,焊接接头组织不均匀性和强化相的分布得到改善,焊接接头抗拉强度提高27 MPa;经固溶+时效处理的焊接接头抗拉强度提高64 MPa,焊缝组织、熔合区及热影响区组织得到显著细化。焊接接头均为韧脆混合断裂;时效处理的断口韧窝大小差异较大,韧窝较深;固溶+时效处理后的断口韧窝大小均匀,韧窝尺寸较大较深,韧窝数量更多。     

Effect of friction welding conditions and aging treatment on mechanical properties of A7075-T6 aluminium alloy friction joints

Abstract

This article describes the effect of friction welding conditions and aging treatment on the mechanical properties of type 7075-T6 aluminium alloy (A7075) friction welded joints. A7075 was joined by using a continuous drive friction welding machine with an electromagnetic clutch in order to prevent braking deformation during as rotation speed decreases. That is, it was welded by using the 'Low Heat Input Friction Welding Method' (LHI method) developed by the authors, in which heat input is lower than in the conventional method. The maximum joint efficiency at a friction pressure of 30 MPa was approximately 25%, and that at 90 MPa was approximately 64%. These joints were made without forge pressure. The low joint efficiency was due to the existence of non-joined regions at the welded interfaces. However, the welded joint had approximately 82% joint efficiency when the friction time was 0·5 s at a friction pressure of 90 MPa with a forge pressure of 180 MPa. The welded joint softened at the welded interface and its adjacent region. It had approximately 90% joint efficiency after aging for 730 days at room temperature (natural aging). It also had approximately 95% joint efficiency after aging for 48 h at 393 K (120°C), and had no softened region at the welded interface. The heat input of the welded joint with the LHI method could be decreased to approximately 50% of that with the conventional method. The LHI method has several advantages for A7075 friction welding; less heat input than with the conventional method, and light post-weld processing (machining, etc.) because the flash can be minimised.     

焊后热处理对1Cr18Ni9Ti与2Cr13钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响

通过钨极氩弧焊方法,对1Cr18Ni9Ti与2Cr13钢实施焊接,并对焊接接头整体进行焊后热处理。采用OM、SEM对2Cr13与1Cr18Ni9Ti钢热处理前后的焊接接头组织进行分析,利用显微硬度计、电子万能拉伸机测量了焊接接头的力学性能。结果表明,1Cr18Ni9Ti和2Cr13钢焊接接头热处理前焊缝组织为典型的柱状晶,组织为板条马氏体+残留奥氏体+碳化物;热处理后焊缝组织为回火索氏体,而且碳化物析出量也明显增多。拉伸时,热处理前后焊接接头断裂的部位都发生在奥氏体不锈钢热影响区一侧,热处理前后焊接接头的抗拉强度分别约为635.56、649.44 MPa;焊缝区的显微硬度分别约为276、222 HV0.5,热处理后焊接接头的整体显微硬度比热处理前的明显降低。     

激光焊接热输入对Ti2AlNb合金组织性能的影响

研究激光焊接热输入对Ti-22Al-27Nb(at%)合金焊缝成形和力学性能的影响,利用OM、SEM、XRD和TEM等手段对焊接接头的显微组织特征进行了分析,并探讨了焊后热处理对焊接接头组织性能的影响。结果表明,连续激光焊接可以获得无缺陷、成形良好的焊接接头。焊缝区域组织主要为柱状的B2相,柱状晶的生长方向垂直于熔合线。焊缝和热影响区的显微硬度要高于母材,焊缝的平均显微硬度最高。随着热输入的增加,焊接接头的室温抗拉强度增加,但是焊接接头的延伸率较低。焊接接头650℃高温强度为母材的71%~75%,塑性则仅为母材塑性的40%左右。经过焊后热处理,焊缝由B2+O相组成。O相增多使得焊缝的室温强度略有提高,且提高了650℃高温拉伸性能,高温抗拉强度最高可达母材的87.5%。     

异质TC17线性摩擦焊接头焊后时效处理组织与性能

线性摩擦焊是制造航空发动机整体叶盘的关键技术. 通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子式万能试验机及显微硬度仪对比分析了TC17(α + β)/TC17(β)钛合金线性摩擦焊接头焊态及不同时效温度下接头的组织与性能. 结果表明,焊态下焊合区及附近区域的微观组织为过冷β细晶,硬度最低;经焊后时效处理,析出了细小针状α相,硬度升高. 焊后时效温度为400 ℃时,焊合区及附近区域的硬度值明显提高,焊接区脆化. 焊后时效温度为630 ℃时,接头弯曲角度最高,但强度降低. 综合焊接接头的硬度、弯曲与拉伸性能优化出的焊后时效温度为550 ℃. 接头弯曲角度和抗拉强度分别达到母材的36%和95%. TC17(α + β)侧热力影响区( thermal-mechanical affected zone,TMAZ)受力后微观塑性变形更均匀,其强塑性能均优于TC17(β)侧TMAZ. 接头的弱化区对应于TC17(β)侧TMAZ硬度变化梯度及组织梯度最大的区域. 相比母材,接头的塑性损失比强度损失要大得多.     

焊后热处理对输送H_2S介质压力管道维修焊接接头组织性能的影响

采用手工钨极氩弧焊(TIG焊)打底,焊条电弧焊(SMAW)填充、盖面的焊接工艺对输送H_2S介质压力管道(20钢)进行维修焊接,并对其焊接接头进行720～750℃下保温1h的焊后热处理.对热处理前、后焊接接头组织和性能进行分析研究,结果表明:720～750℃×1h热处理使焊缝区与热影响区成针状分布的魏氏组织铁索体晶粒得到细化,并使其呈退化形态;焊缝区、热影响区与母材的显微硬度整体呈下降趋势;焊接接头抗拉强度大幅度提高,断裂均处在远离焊缝的母材上.焊后热处理有效地降低了焊接接头的残余应力,改变了残余应力的分布特征,使其分布趋于"均匀",拉应力大幅度降低.     

热处理对1Cr18Ni9Ti与2Cr13钢板焊接接头耐腐蚀性的影响

通过填丝钨极氩弧焊方法对1Cr18Ni9Ti与2Cr13钢板进行焊接,并对焊接接头进行焊后热处理。采用SEM对焊接接头热处理前后的组织进行观察及分析;采用模拟海水浸泡试验,测量了焊接接头的交流抗阻和极化曲线。结果表明,1Cr18Ni9Ti和2Cr13钢板焊接接头热处理前焊缝为典型的柱状晶,组织为板条马氏体+奥氏体+第二相;热处理后焊缝组织为回火索氏体+奥氏体+第二相。热处理前后,焊接接头耐腐蚀性由强到弱的顺序都为:奥氏体母材>奥氏体侧热影响区>焊缝区>马氏体侧热影响区>马氏体母材。对比而言,热处理后焊接接头中马氏体母材区的耐蚀性略有升高,其他区域均有下降。     

2A97铝锂合金激光焊T形接头组织及性能

采用异种模式与同步模式双光束DISK激光焊接1.5 mm厚的2A97-T3铝锂合金T形接头,对比研究两种模式T形接头的微观组织,硬度分布和拉伸性能.结果表明,两种模式接头的焊缝区显微硬度仅为母材的61%~67%,但异种模式接头深熔焊缝的显微硬度偏高,表明沉淀相的溶解使焊缝区出现软化,而热导焊过程对深熔焊缝有强化作用.异种模式T形接头蒙皮和桁条的抗拉强度分别为415和337 MPa,为母材的84.8%和68.9%;而同步模式分别达到母材的90.6%和59.4%.异种模式T形接头蒙皮和桁条拉伸均断在热导焊缝的过渡区,表明热导焊缝过渡区是异种模式T形接头最薄弱区域.