新一代飞机发动机用Nb基超高温材料设计系统开发

本研究利用CALPHAD方法,液相和端际固溶体相的自由能采用亚规则溶体模型来描述,金属间化合物相的自由能用亚点阵模型来描述,并结合相平衡实验结果和热力学性质的实验信息,对Nb-Al-Cr-Hf-Mo-Si-Ti体系合金相图进行了热力学优化与计算.计算结果与实验值取得了较好的一致性,得到一组自洽合理的热力学参数.本研究结合该体系相关合金相图热力学计算的文献报道,建立了Nb-Al-Cr-Hf-Mo-Si-Ti体系合金相图热力学数据库.该热力学数据库将为铌基高温合金材料研究与开发提供重要的基础热力学参数.     

新一代飞机发动机用Nb基超高温材料设计系统开发EI

本研究利用CALPHAD方法,液相和端际固溶体相的自由能采用亚规则溶体模型来描述,金属间化合物相的自由能用亚点阵模型来描述,并结合相平衡实验结果和热力学性质的实验信息,对Nb-Al-Cr-Hf-Mo-Si-Ti体系合金相图进行了热力学优化与计算.计算结果与实验值取得了较好的一致性,得到一组自洽合理的热力学参数.本研究结合该体系相关合金相图热力学计算的文献报道,建立了Nb-Al-Cr-Hf-Mo-Si-Ti体系合金相图热力学数据库.该热力学数据库将为铌基高温合金材料研究与开发提供重要的基础热力学参数.     

多元多相合金凝固理论模型的研究进展

工业合金多组元的特点使得多元合金的凝固成为凝固理论研究的重点。由于其复杂性,多元合金的凝固理论研究远远滞后于二元合金,仅在近年来取得一些进展。对这些研究进展进行了综述分析。首先从热力学分析入手,探讨了多元合金凝固过程的溶质再分配特性、凝固路径及相析出规律。进而分析了多组元合金初生单相凝固过程形态演变的理论研究方法和进展。最后简要讨论了多相凝固组织形态的形成原理。     

Ni基高温合金中预测σ相的新方法——热力学平衡计算法

采用热力学平衡计算方法作出 Ni-Cr-Mo 三元相图,并据此对实际 Ni 基高温合金进行了σ相的析出预测。通过与 Inconel_(713)C 合金的试验结果对比,证明此法可以用于不含 Co 的 Ni 基高温合金的σ相控制。     

相图计算的研究进展

相图计算已经成为材料设计、冶金和化工等过程模拟的重要工具,越来越受到人们的重视.概述了相图计算(CALPHAD)的发展现状,重点强调了相图计算中描述有序相的模型、量子力学第一性原理与相图计算方法的结合和热力学与动力学的结合,并简要预测了今后相图计算的发展方向.     

Al-Y包晶合金非平衡凝固过程及组织特征

包晶凝固过程中小平面-小平面两相复相生长方式是凝固领域研究的一个热点。以初生相和包晶相都是严格计量比金属间化合物的Al-Y包晶合金作为研究对象,利用DSC热分析技术,严格控制冷却速度,获得不同凝固条件的非平衡凝固试样,研究了两相为小平面相的Al-Y包晶合金的凝固行为。发现小平面-小平面包晶系合金包晶凝固过程中,非平衡凝固特性及宏观偏析特点比非小平面包晶系更加明显。凝固特征温度与平衡相图偏差明显,包晶反应温度和包晶相直接凝固温度都远高于平衡相图给定的值,相对于相图是在"过热"条件下发生的,而固溶体型包晶合金一般是在"过冷"条件下发生的。包晶转变过程非常微弱,致使初生相残留量远高于平衡相图。即使对于过包晶成分的合金,其凝固组织中仍存在大量的共晶凝固组织,最终得到的凝固组织与平衡相图存在显著差异。     

多元Al合金的热力学和热物理数据库的建立及凝固过程显微组织演变的模拟

介绍了相图热力学及热物理性能数据库的建立方法;综述了国内外学者构筑多元Al合金相图热力学和热物理性能数据库的研究工作。并介绍了使用相场方法,使用热力学和热物理性能数据库模拟多元Al合金凝固时显微组织演变的几个实例。最后展望了新一代热力学和热物理性能数据库建立及凝固过程显微组织演变定量模拟未来的可能发展方向。     

GH586高温合金析出相的热力学模拟计算

利用热力学计算软件Thermo—Calc与相应的Ni基高温合金数据库，从热力学角度通过计算最小吉布斯自由能，得到GH586合金可能析出的平衡相，并预测化学成分对析出相的影响，分析各相的析出规律，为挖掘合金组织潜力和改善合金使用性能提供理论依据。     

A NEW METHOD TO PREDICT THE PRECIPITATION OF σ—PHASE IN NICKEL-BASE SUPERALLOYS——THERMODYNAMICS EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATION

采用热力学平衡计算方法作出Ni-Cr-Mo 三元相图,并据此对实际Ni 基高温合金进行了σ相的析出预测。通过与Inconel_(713)C 合金的试验结果对比,证明此法可以用于不含Co 的Ni 基高温合金的σ相控制。     

基于热力学与动力学相结合的灰铸铁凝固数值模拟

以凝固理论、传热学原理和灰铸铁凝固特性等为基础,采用热力学方法与动力学方法相结合的模拟技术建立灰铸铁模拟框架。对初生奥氏体析出采用热力学计算模型,建立固相率与温度的关系;对共晶相采用动力学计算模型,即形核生长的计算模型,通过建立生长速度与过冷度的关系来确立固相率与过冷度的关系。通过对阶梯形铸件的实验和模拟的数据对比,验证了此方法可以正确地描述灰铸铁凝固过程的行为。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...