钨粉级配法制备新型铜钨合金

传统单一粒径钨粉制备的铜钨(CuW)合金难以满足电容器开关中高频次开断电触头的使用要求,本研究采用3种粒径钨粉(超微米、微米和亚微米)级配法制备了新型CuW合金,利用场发射扫描电镜对CuW合金组织特征进行显微分析,并对新型CuW合金耐电弧击穿性能进行研究。结果表明,钨粉级配制备CuW合金,能形成多种W-W烧结颈,强化钨骨架,熔渗Cu相更分散更均匀,从而使得CuW合金硬度、电导率均高出国家标准30%~40%,且CuW合金耐电压强度较高,此外,新型CuW/CrCu整体材料结合强度高出国家标准40%~60%。     

激光冲击法制备铜钨合金触头材料的组织及耐磨性能

为了提高铜钨合金的使用性能、细化组织、消除合金夹杂、微孔等缺陷,对铜钨合金进行激光冲击处理,分析了激光冲击法制备铜钨合金触头材料的显微组织及相结构,研究了其电导率和耐磨粒磨损性能。结果表明,激光冲击处理后,合金组织中的钨得到明显细化且均匀分布,由处理前超过100μm的大颗粒钨粉变成尺寸仅为4~7μm,冲击细化层厚度为1002μm;铜钨合金经过激光重熔处理后,相成分并没有改变,说明合金中的铜和钨在激光冲击处理过程中(Ar气氛保护)不发生化学反应,可以最大限度的保持原有的电学特性;激光冲击处理对电导率影响不大,可以满足使用要求;在相同磨损条件下,铜钨合金冲击层相对磨损速度较小,耐磨性较铜钨合金未处理试样提高1.55倍。     

松装熔渗法制备高强高导铜钨合金

选取平均粒度分别为50 nm、7μm,纯度为99.9％的钨粉,采用松装熔渗法制备高强高导铜钨合金,研究其显微组织和相关性能.结果表明,采用松装熔渗法可以制备高强高导铜钨合金,钨粉越细则其烧结性能越好,其致密度高,硬度和强度也较高,但是粉末粒度达到纳米级时,铜相会产生一定程度的偏聚,影响合金组织的均匀性.松装钨粉的孔隙率随着粉体平均粒径的减小而增大.7 μm钨粉所制合金抗拉强度为370 MPa,电导率为43.34μΩ-1·m-1,硬度HB为80.4,含铜量为65％;50 nm的钨粉所制合金抗拉强度为410 MPa,电导率为37.07μΩ-1·m-1,硬度HB为112,含铜量为73％.     

高强度高传导钨铜复合材料及其加工技术

美国锦合金公司的B．Bryskin和橡树岭实验室金属与陶瓷分部的E．K．Ohriner共同指出，虽然人们大量地研究过液相烧结、热等静压和粉末注射成形等许多方法，但是对烧结后变形加工过程中W－Cu复合材料团结作用和显微组织发展的探讨和比较少，所以他们最近评价了W－40wt％Cu复合材料和与其板、棒、线材热机械加工有关的显微组织演变．加工过程掺合W－Cu粉末的液相烧结为所研究的全部材料提供了主要的致密化步骤，所用原料是纯度为99．95％、粒度为＜74μm的钨粉和纯度为99．84％、粒度为＜43Pth的铜粉；作为烧结添加剂的标用量为0．7％．…     

钨粉表面化学镀铜研究

为了提高钨粉制品的性能,采用正交实验方法,利用SEM、XRD、EDS等分析手段,系统研究了化学镀铜主要工艺参数对钨粉表面化学镀铜的影响规律。结果表明:在温度固定条件下,各因素对镀液稳定性影响的显著性顺序是:硫代硫酸钠加入量>pH值>χ(Tar2-/Cu2 )>甲醛加入量,而对镀速影响的显著性顺序是:χ(Tar2-/Cu2 )>pH值>甲醛加入量>硫代硫酸钠加入量;较佳的钨粉表面化学镀铜工艺为:五水硫酸铜8g/L;酒石酸钾钠28g/L;EDTA0.75g/L;NaOH8.5g/L;硫代硫酸钠10mg/L;甲醛7.5ml/L;pH=12;温度40℃。采用所推荐的工艺,成功的在钨粉上获得了化学镀铜层。     

激光冲击制备铜钨合金触头材料结构及耐蚀性研究

为了提高铜钨合金的使用性能、细化组织、消除合金夹杂、微孔等缺陷,对铜钨合金进行激光冲击处理,分析了激光冲击法制备铜钨合金触头材料的显微组织及相结构,并研究了其电导率和耐磨粒磨损性能。结果表明,激光冲击处理后,组织中的钨粒子得到明显细化,由处理前超过100μm的大颗粒变成尺寸仅为4~7μm小颗粒,且均匀分布,冲击细化层厚度为1002μm;铜钨合金经过激光重熔处理后,相成分并没有改变,说明合金中的铜和钨在激光冲击处理过程中(Ar气氛保护)不发生化学反应,可以最大限度的保持原有的电学特性;激光冲击处理对电导率影响不大,可以满足使用要求;在1 mol/L H2SO4溶液中,铜钨合金激光冲击层的耐腐蚀性能比铜钨合金未处理试样提高了1.38倍。     

不同的复合粉末状态对W-Ni-Cu重合金显微组织和物理机械性能的影响

本文研究机械法混料、化学法混料、化学镀法混料、共还原法混料制得的W、Ni、Cu复合粉末的状态、物理性能、形貌、微观结构及其对合金制造工艺、合金显微组织和物理机械性能的影响。实验表明,在这四种混料方法得到的复合粉末中,Cu、Ni的存在状态、分布均匀性以及金属镍的活性显然是不同的。因而合金的制造工艺、显微组织及物理机械性能也不一样。比较这四种复合粉末合金的性能和研制工艺时发现,用共还原法复合粉末制得的合金,具有优越的工艺特性和良好的物理机械性能。表明复合粉末的状态对合金的显微组织、性能和制造工艺是十分敏感的。     

TiC对CuW触头材料组织与性能的影响

采用粉末冶金-熔渗法制备了不同TiC添加量的CuW合金。研究了添加TiC对CuW材料静态性能、真空电击穿性能及显微组织的影响。结果表明：TiC的添加量在0～1．2％（质量分数，下同）时，随着添加量的增加，合金的硬度逐渐升高，而电导率变化不大；当添加量在1．2％～2．0％范围内时，硬度和电导率则大幅下降。添加TiC相提高了CuW材料的耐电压强度，降低了截流值。对真空电击穿后的表面组织形貌分析发现，由于TiC相在钨骨架上的钉扎作用，铜液的飞溅较小；电击穿发生在Cu／TiC相界面上，且击穿坑较小。     

不同形状钨粉化学镀铜的研究

通过化学镀法制备铜包钨复合粉末,研究不规则形状的钨粉以及经等离子球化处理的球形钨粉的化学镀铜。结果表明,对于颗粒形貌不规则棱角分明的破碎钨粉,经化学镀包覆后粉末没有明显的棱角,表面粗糙。而经等离子球化处理后球形度较高的球形粉,颗粒表面存在缺陷,化学镀后粉末的球形度没有明显的变化,化学镀层在其表面沉积均匀,且钨粉表面质量得到改善,不存在表面缺陷。化学镀后复合粉末在600℃下进行氢气退火处理后,镀层上的粗糙的表面变得平滑,镀层中的空隙明显减少,形成了一层均匀致密的铜层包覆在钨颗粒表面。     

熔渗法制备CrW/Cu复合材料的组织与性能研究

采用熔渗法制备了CrW/Cu复合材料,即首先把铬粉和钨粉的混合粉末烧结成骨架,然后把铜液渗入CrW骨架的孔隙中制备CrW/Cu复合材料;研究了气氛、熔渗温度、溶渗时间对CrW/Cu复合材料的显微组织和性能的影响.研究结果表明:真空环境下溶渗法制备的CrW/Cu复合材料组织最致密;当熔渗温度大于1 350℃时,尽管没有达到铬的熔点温度,但W-Cr骨架中的Cr颗粒开始逐步消失,随着熔渗温度的提高或熔渗时间的延长,Cu取代其位置;Cr通过Cu合金液迁移到W骨架的孔隙中,与W形成Cr-W固溶体;材料组织的变化导致材料的硬度明显升高,导电率明显降低.     

纤维结构W/Cu触头材料的制备

采用织网叠层法,以钨丝为纬线,铜丝为经线编织二维网,将网与铜坯叠放在一起,于真空烧结炉中熔渗的真空熔渗工艺制备纤维结构W/Cu触头材料。试验给出了该工艺的主要工艺参数。与粉末冶金制造的W/Cu触头材料的烧蚀性能作对比,从触头表面在电弧烧蚀后的熔层形貌分析表明,纤维结构W/Cu触头材料呈现较好的抗烧蚀特性。     

Cu/W-Ni/Ni多中间层的钨/钢扩散连接(英文)

采用铜箔/90W-10Ni(质量分数)混合粉末/镍箔多中间层,在加压5 MPa、连接温度1150°C、保温60 min的工艺条件下,对纯钨(W)和0Cr13Al铁素体不锈钢进行真空扩散连接。利用SEM、EDS、电子万能试验机及水淬热震实验等手段研究接头的微观组织、成分分布、断口特征、力学性能及抗热震性能。结果表明,连接接头由钨母材/Cu-Ni合金层/W-Ni复合材料层/镍层/钢母材五部分组成。接头中的W-Ni复合材料层由90W-10Ni混合粉末固相烧结而生成,其组织均匀、致密。W-Ni复合材料层与钨母材以瞬间液相扩散连接机制来实现良好结合。接头剪切强度达到256 MPa,断裂均发生在W-Ni复合材料层与镍层的结合区域,断口形貌呈现为韧性断裂。经过60次700°C至室温的水淬热震测试,接头无裂纹出现。     

The comparison of W/Cu and W/ZrC composites fabricated through hot-press

In this study the W/Cu and W/ZrC composites have been fabricated by hot-press and then their mechanical properties were compared in addition to their ablation resistance. To produce W-20vol.%Cu composite at first stage the elemental W and Cu powders were ball milled for 3 h in rotation speed of 200 rpm, in which 2% nickel was added in order to reduce the density. The mixed powders were hot-pressed for 1 h at 1400 °C and compact pressure of 30 MPa. Additionally W/40vol.%ZrC composite has been fabricated by hot-pressing of mixed W and ZrC powders in 30 MPa and 2200 °C for 1 h. Since these materials are used at elevated temperature applications, where ablation is the main source of material failure, after producing the composites their ablation resistance was evaluated in a real condition. The results show that not only W–ZrC composite is better than W–Cu composite in mechanical properties, but also in ablation resistance.     

Influence of SiO2 nano-particles on microstructures and properties of Ni-W-P/CeO2-SiO2 composites prepared by pulse electrodeposition

Ni-W-P base composites containing CeO2 and SiO2 nano-particles were prepared on common carbon steel surface by pulse co-deposition of Ni, W, P, CeO2 and SiO2 nano-particles. The influence of SiO2 concentrations in bath on microstructures and properties of Ni-W-P/CeO2-SiO2 composites was studied, and the characteristics were assessed by chemical compositions, element distribution, surface morphologies, deposition rate and microhardness. The results indicate that when SiO2 concentration in bath is controlled at 20 g/L, the composites possess the fastest deposition rate, the highest microhardness, compact microstructures, smaller crystallite sizes and uniform distribution of W, P, Ce and Si within Ni-W-P matrix metal. Increasing SiO2 concentration in bath from 10 to 20 g/L leads to the refinement in grain size and the inhomogeneity of microstructures. While when SiO2 concentration is increased to 30 g/L, the crystallite sizes increase again and some bosses with nodulation shape appear on the surface of composites.     

Feasibility study of electrical discharge machining for W/Cu composite

This study investigates the feasibility and optimization of electrical discharge machining for inspecting the machinability of W/Cu composites using the Taguchi method. W/Cu composites are a type of cooling material highly resistant to heat corrosion produced through powder metallurgy. As W/Cu composites are highly brittle, they are not suited to be machined of traditional machine manufacturing. This paper utilizes electrical discharge machining, which is thermal processing workpieces and not affected by mechanical properties of materials. This experiment utilizes the Taguchi method and L₁₈ orthogonal table to obtain the polarity, peak current, pulse duration, duty factor, rotary electrode rotational speed, and gap-load voltage in order to explore the material removal rate, electrode wear rate, and surface roughness. The influence of each variable and optimal processing parameter will be obtained through ANOVA analysis and verified through experimentation to improve the process. The final step is to study the surface integrities of W/Cu composite, such as surface profile and heat-affected zone, the energy distribution transferring phenomenon of W/Cu composite, and the discharge phenomenon of tungsten and copper elements with electrical discharge machining.     

Characterization and Tribological Properties of Graphene/Copper Composites Fabricated by Electroless Plating and Powder Metallurgy

Self-lubricating copper matrix composites reinforced with graphene were prepared by electroless plating and powder metallurgy.The morphology and structure of graphene,Cu@graphene powder,and Cu@graphene/Cu composites were characterized and the tribological properties of Cu@graphene/Cu composites were investigated.The X-ray diffraction pattern of Cu@graphene confirms the coexistence of characteristic peaks of both copper and graphene,with a weakened characteristic peak of carbon impurity.The obtained morphology of Cu@graphene reveals that the surface of the graphene is completely covered with a uniform and compact copper layer with lots of copper nanoparticles.Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses show that the oxygen functional groups and defects on the surface of the redox graphene can be reduced through the electroless plating process.The tribological results indicate that the coefficient of friction of Cu@graphene/Cu composites initially decreases and then increases with an increase in Cu@graphene content.The lowest coefficient of friction,which is about 29.47% lower than that of pure Cu,is achieved in the Cu@graphene/Cu composites with 3.0 wt%Cu@graphene.The chemical composition and topography of the wear tracks for Cu@graphene/Cu composites infer that the formation of a well-consolidated graphene-rich lubricious tribolayer at the contact surface and a higher microhardness work together to enhance the tribological performance of Cu@graphene/Cu composites.     

活化烧结制备W-Cu复合材料及其性能

研究添加元素Ni对W-Cu复合材料组织和性能的影响.利用预混粉、机械球磨和活化液相烧结法制备不同Ni含量W-Cu复合材料,采用电子扫描显微镜、X射线衍射仪、激光导热仪等对复合材料的显微组织、物相、热导率、热膨胀系数和硬度进行检测与分析.结果表明:当W-Cu复合材料中不添加Ni元素时,W颗粒团聚形成闭合孔隙,液相Cu无法...     

机械合金化对W-20Cu复合材料的显微组织与性能的影响

采用机械合金化结合粉末冶金技术制备W-20Cu（vo1％）复合材料。利用扫描电镜和金相显微镜对不同球磨时间的W-20Cu复合材料显微组织进行表征，并对材料的各项物理性能进行测试。结果表明，随着球磨时间的延长，W-20Cu烧结体的组织越来越均匀，Cu相分布也越来越均匀。W-20Cu烧结体密度、收缩率、硬度、抗弯强度随球磨时间的延长而增大；球磨20h的W-20Cu复合粉烧结体热导率达到峰值（130．61Wm^-1K^-1），继续球磨，热导率减小。综合考虑所有研究结果，通过机械合金化所制备的W-Cu复合粉体可以获得具有优异综合物理性能的W-20Cu复合材料。     

Thermal properties of W–Cu composites manufactured by copper infiltration into tungsten fiber matrix

W–Cu composites were produced by the technique of copper infiltration into tungsten fiber preforms (CITFP) under vacuum circumstance. Fibrous structure preforms with various volume fraction of tungsten fiber were fabricated by the process of mold pressing and sintering. The molten copper was infiltrated into the open pores of the preforms under vacuum at 1473 K to 1573 K for 1 h to produce W–Cu composites with compositions of 10–30 wt.% copper balanced with tungsten. The microstructure, relative densities, and thermal properties of the composites were investigated and measured. The relative as-sintered density was enhanced with the increase of the sintering temperature. The thermal conductivity of the W–Cu30 composite with 28.2 wt.% Cu was 241 W/(m · K) at 298 K, 10% higher than that of the W–Cu alloy with similar copper content produced by conventional powder metallurgy process. The thermal expansion of the composites was decreased with the increase of tungsten content, keeping the same tendency as the prediction by the rule of weighted average of volume ratio of compositions.     

W6Mo5Cr4V2/A100复合材料的制备及摩擦性能

为了提高A100钢的摩擦学性能,采用气雾化法制备纯A100钢粉末及分别添加10%、17%、23% W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢的W6Mo5Cr4V2/A100合金粉末,再利用粉末冶金工艺制备W6Mo5Cr4V2/A100复合材料。研究不同含量W6Mo5Cr4V2钢对复合材料力学性能和摩擦性能的影响,并探讨其磨损机理。结果表明,随着W6Mo5Cr4V2钢含量的增加,复合材料的硬度先上升后下降,且摩擦因数和磨损率都有不同程度的降低,但是材料的密度和韧性都略微下降。当W6Mo5Cr4V2钢含量为17%时,复合材料的摩擦性能最优,这与其优异的微观结构和力学性能有着密不可分的关系。