钛合金高速铣削的切削力实验研究与建模

针对难加工材料Ti6Al4V(TC4)进行高速铣削的铣削力研究,通过多因素正交试验,分析切削参数对切削力的影响,得出对难加工材料宜采用高速小切削的方法加工。将铣削加工中的切削力分解为纵向铣削力、横向铣削力和轴向铣削力,根据铣削力和切削加工参数之间的关系,采用最小二乘法等概率统计方法和回归分析原理,建立了三向铣削力模型。对所建立的铣削力模型进行回归参数显著性检验,分析所构建模型的置信度和残差,结果表明所建立的铣削力模型能很好地符合原始实验数据,可靠性好,能用于铣削力的预测和控制,为高速铣削钛合金的参数优化提供可靠依据。     

基于模糊神经网络的TC4钛合金铣削力建模与仿真分析

模糊神经网络是模糊逻辑与神经网络的结合,将二者融合应用到铣削力动态系统建模与仿真上,可以弥补神经网络在模糊数据处理方面的不足和纯模糊逻辑在学习方面的缺陷,即弥补铣削加工钛合金(TC4)过程中影响铣削力的复杂因素对铣削力的不利影响和提高利用纯模糊数据处理建立铣削力数学模型的精确程度。采用正则化模糊神经网络学习算法建立了铣削力预测的神经网络模型,模型中主要考虑影响TC4铣削力的加工参数,设计铣削加工试验组合数据对模糊神经网络模型进行训练,并利用模糊神经网络模型对铣削力进行仿真。仿真结果表明:利用正则化模糊神经网络方法建立TC4的铣削力预测模型是可靠的。     

高速铣削钛合金Ti6A4V铣削力试验研究

采用涂层硬质合金刀具对钛合金Ti6A14V进行了高速铣削试验.通过分析正交试验直观图,研究了铣削参数的变化对铣削力的影响,为合理选择铣削参数提供了可靠的依据.高速铣削试验表明:采用小的轴向切削深度和每齿进给量及较大的径向切削深度和切削速度有利于减小铣削力.基于概率统计和回归分析原理,建立了铣削力回归方程,并对回归方程进行了显著性检验,检验结果表明:所建立的回归方程呈高度显著检验状态,与实际情况拟合的较好.     

高速铣削钛合金TC4切削力试验研究及切削参数优化

采用正交试验研究了高速铣削钛合金TC4粗加工阶段时切削参数对切削力的影响规律，并以Y向切削力最小和材料去除率最大为优化目标，利用MATLAB基于Pareto遗传算法优化高速铣削TC4的切削参数，结合Pareto最前沿给出了优化后的切削参数最优解集。     

钛合金TC4高速铣削参数对铣削力的影响研究

钛合金高速铣削因其高效率、高质量、小变形等优点,广泛应用于航空、航天、船舶、军工制造等行业。针对难加工材料TC4(Ti-6Al-4V)的高速铣削加工技术,开展了铣削深度、铣削宽度、每齿进给量、主轴转速的四因素三水平正交试验,分析各铣削参数对铣削力的影响。实验过程中将铣削力分解为切向铣削力、径向铣削力和轴向铣削力,采用多元线性回归分析法,建立了各向铣削力模型,并进行了显著性检验。为验证模型的准确性,设计了新的加工实验进行验证。实验结果表明:该模型准确度高,能够预测铣削过程中的各向铣削力。     

TC11钛合金铣削的表面粗糙度建模及有限元分析

对铣削钛合金TC11的表面粗糙度进行研究。建立表面粗糙度的3种预测模型,分析模型与表面粗糙度测量值的拟合情况,并进行信噪比S/N分析和ANVOA分析,得到了各切削参数对表面粗糙度的影响程度的大小以及最佳切削参数组合。提出了采用有限元仿真铣削工件表面的位移大小,把表面的轮廓算数平均偏差作为表面粗糙度评定参数的方法。仿真结果与试验结果基本一致,表明了该方法的可行性及有效性。     

TC4铣削切屑形态与表面形貌特征

目的 对TC4铣削过程中锯齿状切屑的形成与对应产生的加工表面形貌特征进行研究,掌握钛合金TC4高速铣削加工切屑形态随铣削速度的变化规律,从而提高加工表面质量和效率。方法 基于有限元软件,建立钛合金TC4二维变厚度切削模型,通过仿真和铣削试验分析铣削速度对切屑形态的影响规律。利用超景深显微镜和PS50表面轮廓仪对TC4铣削过程中形成的切屑形态及工件加工表面形貌进行观测和分析,确定铣削加工TC4过程中铣削速度与切屑形态、工件表面形貌和表面粗糙度之间的关系。结果 铣削试验验证得出铣削力仿真值与试验值最大误差为9.86%,验证了二维变厚度切削模型的准确性。随着铣削速度从40 m/min增大到120 m/min,切屑形态由带状转变为锯齿状,且铣削力逐渐减小。同时,铣削速度由80 m/min增大到240 m/min时,切屑的锯齿化系数和剪切带内的剪切角均增大,而剪切带间距减小,TC4加工表面波纹加深、波纹间距变宽,并且伴随有大量韧窝出现,导致表面粗糙度值增大。结论 掌握锯齿状切屑几何特征与工件表面形貌随铣削速度的变化规律,以便在铣削加工TC4过程中对锯齿状切屑进行控制,对于提高工件加工表面质量和加...     

TC4钛合金铣削温度预测的试验及响应面法研究

为研究不同铣削参数下TC4钛合金铣削区域最高温度的变化,搭建TC4钛合金的铣削温度测试系统。使用红外热像仪实时采集刀具与工件接触区域的铣削温度,得到不同铣削参数下测温区域铣削温度的时间历程曲线;分析不同铣削参数下最高温度的变化特征。基于试验数据,在Design-Expert软件中进行以铣削参数为影响因素、以最高温度为响应值的响应面优化法试验,建立最高温度关于铣削参数的三元二次多项式回归模型。结果表明：随着铣削参数的增大,最高铣削温度总体呈上升趋势;所建立的铣削温度特征值回归模型是显著的,可以较好地预测最高铣削温度;通过对最高温度进行数值优化,可得到铣削温度特征值最低时的最佳铣削参数。     

方肩铣刀高速铣削TC4钛合金试验研究及参数优化

利用单因素试验方法,采用镶齿硬质合金涂层方肩铣刀进行钛合金高速铣削试验,研究每齿进给量、铣削宽度、铣削深度、铣削速度对于铣削力的影响。通过对铣削力进行分析,建立方肩铣刀高速铣削的铣削力模型,并采用MATLAB遗传算法以进给方向铣削力Fy最小为目标,对铣削参数进行了优化并给出了最优解集。实验结果表明,使用优化后的参数加工薄壁件可有效减小切削力。     

球头铣刀铣削TC4钛合金铣削参数的研究

针对TC4钛合金的铣削加工,为了获得合理的铣削参数,利用专用刀具软件Third Wave Advant Edge建立铣削模型,采用四因素五水平正交试验设计方法对球头铣刀铣削TC4钛合金进行铣削试验。运用极差分析法确定转速、进给量、切削宽度及切削深度对铣削力的影响,并建立铣削力的预测模型,为刀具参数的合理选择提供理论依据。研究表明:对铣削合力影响最显著的因素为进给量,其次是切削宽度和切削深度,最不显著的因素是转速。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.