Homeownership and Long-Term Care

We investigate the relationship between homeownership and institutionalization using longitudinal data from a Dutch community sample (N = 2372) collected between 1992 and 2005, and find a negative effect of housing tenure on the probability of moving to a nursing home between two subsequent waves. Our discrete time duration model is able to deal with time-varying covariates like health and is flexible with respect to time effects. We have detailed information about health status, presence of a partner and children, neighborhood, and housing. The effect of tenure remains significant after controlling for their impact. A variety of additional potential explanations related to housing wealth and the price of long-term care are found to lack explanatory power. We therefore interpret our findings as the result of a strong desire among the homeowners to stay where they are—in their own property—and the better possibilities that they have—as owners—to realize this desire.     

Colours in Our Life

<正>The world is full of colours.We should learn how to use colours.When feeling sad,we can choose bright colours to cheer ourselves up.When feeling stressed,we can use calm colours to make ourselves feel relaxed.In summer,we can wear     

英语阅读理解分类练习

<正>记叙文-Passage 1-There is no doubt that mothers play an important leading role in the lives of their children.But what about a father’s role?My belief is that fathers play just as important a role as mothers.Fathers give us support.They are the shore(岸)we swim to when our arms and legs feel increasingly tired.They are the strength we rely on as we take our first steps into the world.Fathers can be gentle and powerful,but they probably have the simplest love we ever know.     

The Editor's Foreword

My fundamental thesis is that the ultimate task of architecture is to act in favor of humankind: to interpose itself between us and the natural environment in which we find ourselves, in such a way as to remove the gross environmental load from our shoulders. The central function of architecture is thus to lighten the very stress of life. Its purpose is to maximize our capacities by permitting us to focus our limited energies upon those tasks and activities which are the essence of the human experience.

This successful interposition between humanity and its natural environment furnishes the material basis of all great architecture. To wrest the objective conditions for optimal development and well-being from a Nature which only seldom provides it, to satisfy our physiological and psychological requirements at optimal levels—this beyond question is the objective basis of any architecture which is both beautiful and good. To design such a building, as Gropius once so movingly put it, is an authentic act of love.     

“用”由心造

——来自挪威奥斯陆(北纬59°56′ 58″,东经10°45′ 23″)对彼得·斯塔奇伯里建筑的评论.正值2011年二月,温度在零下14℃. 第一眼看去,一切似乎都完全无法理解,每一件事,每一个陈述,每一个事件或者每一个现象,只有其中的现实具有意义.我们在生命中行走,在迥然相异、互不相容的情境河流中进进出出,而唯一将这些情境连接起来的是我们行走过程中知觉所牵引的那条细长的线:我们将生活编造成可信故事的能力,这可不是件简单的事.     

以色列新班固利恩国际机场

在过去的十年中,大部分的新机场被描述威为现代工程学不可思议的成就。电力、无线电、电话和计算机已经改变了我们的生活,无论它们有多么的神奇,相应的系统有多么的强大,但是它们在人们的日常生活中仅仅是一个小物件,可以轻松地掌控。但是,飞机就完全不同了。飞机是如此的巨大以至于我们可以在里面攀爬,也可以将我们带到世界各地。这毋庸置疑是儒勒·凡尔纳^1的产物!     

Learning to Look After Ourselves

<正>We can always see many parents washing clothes for their children.I don' t think that is good for children.Children need to do something by themselves.But some parents hope their children can have more time to do their lessons.In fact,children must be given enough time to practice so that they can improve themselves as soon as possible.As we know,children are the future of our country.We should not only do our lessons well but also learn to look after ourselves.We should help our parents do housework as much as possible.     

岩土工程的计算机软件综述

随着世界计算机信息技术的飞速发展,引起了当今社会各行各业的巨大变化,促进了生产力的发展和经济水平的快速提高。作为人类自然科学的一部分,岩土工程的计算机应用水平自然也关系到我们是否能抓住机遇,跟上世界经济发展的大趋势。本文就国内外的各种岩土工程专业软件进行了分类概述,提出面对国内外的竞争,作为国内的岩土工程界更应该奋起直追,大力提高自身软件技术开发能力,加强合作,迎接WTO带来的机遇和挑战。     

Open regional science

This presidential address will contrast two worlds of science. The first, and the one we regional scientists currently find ourselves embedded within, is what I will call captured science. While this is our status quo, it is not generally what holds everywhere in the broader scientific community where a second and new type of science is operative. This is what I will call open science. My purpose in this talk is to situate regional science within the paradigm of open science by arguing that our future should be linked to open data, open modeling, open software, open collaboration, and open publication.     

Computer simulation of world systems: biogeochemical cycles

Through the use of computer simulation of three biogeochemical cycles—carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus—we have shown that DDT poisoning of ocean producers (plants) can cause their growth to be limited by nitrogen, whereas ordinarily it is limited by phosphorus.

We must qualify what we have shown because we restricted the simulation by representing only two ecosystems (ocean and land), by using simplified equations for some flow rates, and finally by estimating data for some biomass values and for some flow rates.

In order to remove some of the restrictions on the simulation, we are extending it so that we may include in it knowledge of our own, of ecologists, and of systems analysts. By extending it, we are increasing our ability for using it to understand, and consequently to predict and control, the behavior of the interacting biogeochemical cycles of the world.     

Setting the Scene for Future Planning: Reflections of a Young Planning Scholar

Although it is certainly true that young planning scholars' perceptions of the future differ from those of established academics, not everything they imagine to be new is entirely original. On the contrary, as I myself found out in conversation with senior planning academics, those research ideas which I had previously considered groundbreaking and innovative had already been placed once on the table by previous generations of young planners, only to be forced to the margin or forgotten over the years. It appears that the youthful vigour of young planning scholars can to some extent be compared with that of little children, who reflect the world of their parents but do not replicate it. On the one hand, little children might be seen as continuing their families' mindsets, just as young planning scholars—the ‘little children’ of the scientific community—are heavily influenced by their supervisors' opinions and, more generally, by things learned through their education. But children are also known for saying things very directly, unfettered by the thought of potential consequences. Similarly, young planning scholars at the very beginning of their scientific careers may speak very directly, sometimes even emotionally, urgently wanting to make a contribution towards a better world. However, it should not be forgotten that their audience, the established researchers and academics to whom they speak, were also the upcoming planning generation years ago. As a person at the start of an academic career, I can imagine myself changing over time, becoming more moderate as I make compromises along the route of my scientific journey, but perhaps at the same time forgetting the scientific inquisitiveness which so attracted me to the discipline in the first place. So I am currently wrestling with a question which I imagine occurs more generally across our planning community, namely how to prevent the enthusiasm and spirit of today's young planning scholars from slipping away silently as these young scholars try to find a place within the current research agendas defined by the wider scientific community. From my own experience, I can see that rather than trying to do this alone, there is real value in establishing a genuine intergenerational dialogue, which combines youthful vigour and mature wisdom. As the chair of the Association of European Schools of Planning (AESOP) Young Academics Network ¹ 1. The AESOP Young Academics Network was established in 2003 as a working group of AESOP, and is a creative and open-minded network of young researchers, academics and students from all over the world, developing and disseminating their ideas and research results. Since its foundation it has sought to help younger academics in progressing through their early stages of academic life and establishing themselves as planning researchers. The Young Academic Network organises a regular series of activities, including the annual Conference (Vienna, 2009; Prague, 2010), social events for young academics at a number of AESOP events (such as their Ph.D. Workshop and AESOP Congresses) and arrange Special Sessions, such as Roundtables at the annual AESOP Congresses, which aim to help AESOP members to address the barriers that they face in establishing themselves. from 2008 to 2009, my team and I were able to initiate a number of potential gateways for this meeting of youthful enthusiasm and mature wisdom.2 2. I particularly want to thank my team (in alphabetical order) Laura Basco (Università di Napoli ‘Federico II’), Paul Benneworth (University of Twente), Giancarlo Cotella (Politecnico e Università di Torino), Oliver Frey (Vienna University of Technology) and Vojtěch Novotný (Czech University of Life Sciences Prague) for their great work. As we can only proceed collectively in the planning discipline, this intergenerational dialogue must be considered as an ongoing process. As young planning scholars, we are happy to share our current research ideas with senior academics, hoping to have our voices heard, and in turn receiving feedback as we collaborate in defining planning's future research priorities. It is for this reason that this article draws attention to four thorny topics with which we, younger planning scholars, wrestled in the course of the 2010 Young Academics Network Annual Conference in Kostelec, kindly hosted by the Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague. The idea to structure the 2010 conference around these particular issues emerged from the 2009 Young Academics Network Annual Conference at the Vienna University of Technology, where they were identified as essential focal points for future research. The 2010 conference saw these four themes receive a deeper exploration, not only in the plenary and paper sessions, but also in the framework provided by a ‘world café’ discussion on the very last day of the conference. We are pleased to be able to report that we were able to move the discussions forward, and we would like to express our profound gratitude to the plenary speakers who came and participated fully in the conference, helping us to conduct our own intergenerational dialogue, the results of which we would like to present back to the discipline. This article therefore aims to bring together the most relevant points of the discussion of four broad ‘research debates’ which took place over the 2010 conference. It represents the findings from the intergenerational dialogue that occurred at our conference, but also raises a series of specific research questions which we hope will be addressed and incorporated as planning research's own agendas develop into the future.     

Assessing the sea-level rise vulnerability in coastal communities: A case study in the Tampa Bay Region,US

Sea-level rise (SLR) has drawn unprecedented attention from coastal communities around the world. In fact, many are already being affected and, in response, SLR vulnerability assessments have increasingly emerged in the US as the local communities' first attempt on the adaptation planning agenda. However, to date, little is known about these early planning endeavors in terms of how vulnerability is conceptualized and operationalized. By reviewing the current local SLR vulnerability assessments in the US, we find that most are only focusing on their biophysical exposure to SLR overlooking other important vulnerability factors including sensitivity and adaptive capacity. The limited number of SLR scenarios and the lack of consideration for extreme events are also considered as the major deficiencies. To fill these gaps, we propose a conceptual vulnerability assessment framework to operationalize the full concept of vulnerability and test it through a case study in the Tampa Bay region, Florida. By comparing the vulnerability results of the common practice with our proposed framework, we find large variances in the resulting findings stressing the importance of selecting the proper assessment approach. This paper finally concludes with urban planning and governance implications and future research directions. Coastal planner and managers wanting to improve their understanding of the communities' vulnerability to SLR will benefit from this study.     

Chance and Design: From Architecture to Institutional Design

Much in Alexander’s life happened by chance. Born in Germany, he grew up in South Africa where he discovered design—a continuing concern—and qualified as an architect; chance and inclination led him to practice planning. In Berkeley (CA) for a planning education, curiosity initiated a 30-year academic career as a planning theorist and educator. This Perspective has two threads: design and contingency. Design means devising possible courses of action: Alexander reviews his design engagement at various levels, from designing buildings through policies and plans to institutional design. Contingency planning adapts to complexity and uncertainty; contingency thinking avoids generalizations, hence the need for detailed institutional design. In planning theory, contingency implies dissent and diversity, to suggest that planning is diverse planning practices, each with its planning theories. Alexander’s message: Be critical, of theories, institutions, and practices. Be modest: planners’ roles in knowledge-centered practices (e.g., spatial planning) should reflect their particular practice. Be confident: planners share their substantive knowledge and apply design and planning skills in the co-construction of knowledge that is participative planning. This is our unique contribution to making a better world.     

天然石材的历史性言说片断

运用存在论的解释学方法对天然石材在建筑中的历史性当下存在的进行认识,以期探寻石材的本真所在,从而唤醒对石材在建筑中真实存在的建造活动的领会,进而揭示出对建筑建造原初意图的领会。从西方世界对石材建造的历史性存在片断开始,进而认识东方世界的石材在历史中存在的言说片断;东方世界的石材言说片断具体针对福建泉州地区的石材建造展开。     

The needs of communities and legislation of the road transport vehicle

Transportation systems all over the world have been traditionally geared to high operating efficiency and economy. This is what business operations and the customer in the street has demanded. We now see another need, rising from a social recognition of our past neglect of the environment in which we live and create for ourselves. A need which can only acquire acknowledgement through standards set by legislation to create a situation in which industry can compete equally. There is no doubt that without this spur, many technologies which have developed so rapidly in recent years would have remained dormant. However, in spite of these technological developments in materials and processes, the cost of transportation will certainly increase. The amount of increase depends upon the rationality of the legislators.

There is a very real need to establish basic criteria concerning the control of man's pollution of the environment from all sources. So far as the transportation industries of trading nations are concerned, criteria on a global basis are necessary in order that countries may have common ecologically and economically balanced standards. This may become possible through the recent proposals announced for a United Nations “Earthwatch Programme”.     

The built environment,maintenance of the public sphere and connections to others and to place: an examination of 10 international cities

Using surveys collected from 10 major metropolitan cities across the world, this article examines the factors that affect the extent to which people feel connected to others who live in their neighborhood and feel proud and satisfied with life in their cities. The cities included in the analysis are: New York, London, Paris, Stockholm, Toronto, Milan, Berlin, Seoul, Beijing and Tokyo. We find that certain aspects of the built environment, the conditions of the public sphere, and the extent of positive social networks in the city are critically important for understanding residents’ connections to each other and to their cities. Our findings provide insights for policy makers and planners concerned with making cities viable and livable.     

Obscuring difference through shaping debate: A Lacanian view of planning for diversity

Lacanian theory posits that human subjectivity implicitly seeks to overlook contradiction, difference and ambiguity to fulfil aspirations for a harmonious and complete world. Planning traditionally relies on this “social” desire for its effectiveness in shaping policy frames, or ideological perspectives, from which to strategically orientate urban policy towards the future. This may sit at odds with the conceptualization of the postmodern city as constituted by spaces of difference and diversity. Lacanian discourse theory will be used to examine how the beliefs of the planning profession are shaped and then implemented in our urban environments. The implications of addressing diversity as both a fundamental planning reality underlying many of our urban environments and as a major planning ideal, exemplified by multiculturalism, will be explored in this context and found to be of concern without revision to established institutional planning practices and wider societal expectations of urban management.     

Reconceptualizing Architectural Education for a More Diverse Future: Perceptions and Visions of Architectural Students

This article argues that the field of architecture must engage diversity in two senses of the word simultaneously: both in terms of its demographic composition and in terms of the substantive domain of architecture. Increasing the participation of women and minorities in the field should also mean increasing the substantive domain of the profession, and vice versa. We substantiate this argument within the realm of architectural education through a research study involving nearly 650 students at six different architecture schools. The purpose of the study was to investigate the ways in which both the content and the form of architectural education might impede or support the progress of women and minority students. In particular, we focus on three aspects of the “hidden curriculum”: studio pedagogy; social dynamics; and ideals and expectations. We find that women and members of some ethnic groups (particularly African-Americans and Latinos) do tend to experience the social dynamics and pedagogical practices of their educational milieu differently, often more negatively, than their male or majority counterparts. Our findings also reveal that many women and minorities feel that their career goals may be mismatched with the profession as it is currently defined. To the extent that our school programs ignore the dynamics of the hidden curriculum, not only might we be turning away potentially talented students, but we might be crippling a profession that must operate in a rapidly changing cultural and economic context. In that regard, we believe that all students will benefit from a collective reassessment of architecture's pedagogical conventions and of the definitional scope of the field.     

From long-term homelessness to stable housing: investigating ‘liminality’

Abstract

This paper uses the term ‘liminality’ to refer to the experience of feeling like an outsider when people are transitioning from one housing status (long-term homelessness) to another (housed). Three dimensions of liminality are identified: ‘material’, ‘relational’ and ‘psychological’. The material dimension covers how people feel about their housing and whether they find it difficult to make the transition from homeless to housed. The relational dimension focuses on whether people are able to rebuild relations with family and friends. The psychological dimension includes how people deal with the stigma of homelessness. The paper demonstrates that most people can overcome the material dimension of liminality if they are given appropriate support, but they find it more difficult to overcome the relational and psychological dimensions of liminality. We conclude that moving on from long-term homelessness is not straightforward and we point to the policy implications of these findings.     

What is IAQ?

In spaces for human occupancy indoor air quality (IAQ) is often defined as the extent to which human requirements are met. But what requirements do people have in relation to indoor air? The desire is that the air be perceived as fresh and pleasant, that it has no negative impact on their health, and that the air is stimulating and promotes their work, i.e. it increases their productivity and the learning of their children in the classroom at school. Present ventilation standards and guidelines do not care about productivity and learning and have the very modest requirement that the indoor air shall be 'acceptable,' meaning that the most sensitive group of persons (usually 20%) perceive the air as unacceptable while the remaining less sensitive persons may find the air barely acceptable. With such a modest aim it is not surprising that comprehensive field studies in many countries in buildings in which ventilation standards are met show high percentages of dissatisfied persons and of those suffering from sick building syndrome symptoms. Recent studies show that improvement of IAQ by a factor of 2-7 compared with existing standards increases office productivity and school learning significantly, while decreasing the risk of allergic symptoms and asthma in homes. To make indoor air acceptable, even for the most sensitive persons, an improvement of 1-2 orders of magnitude may be required. The paper will discuss the development of new methods that can provide such substantial improvements of IAQ while maintaining or even decreasing ventilation and energy usage. A paradigm shift is required and further future shifts are foreseen where we learn how to make indoor air equally fresh and pleasant as outdoors when it is best. Or even better, i.e. 'out of this world.' PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The paper estimates an enormous potential for improving IAQ in practice utilizing new emerging technologies. This will enable us to provide IAQ which is acceptable even for the most sensitive persons. Already modest improvements compared to present minimum standards and typical conditions in practice can significantly decrease the risk of asthma/allergy in homes, improve learning in schools and increase productivity.