Der Einfluß enzymhaltiger Waschmittel auf den Eiweiß- und Lipidmantel der Haut

Influence of Enzyme-Containing Washing Agents on Protein- and Lipid-Layer of the Skin Bioactive enzyme-containing washing agents differ very little from washing agents free of enzymes with regard to their skin tolerance. Whereas dry (sebostatic) skin is attacked more strongly by all the washing agents, water and lipid-rich seborrhoic skin exhibits excellent tolerance towards such washing agents. Primary state of the skin is dependent on the skin-type and age. None of the 609 subjects tested have shown any ekzematisation or rhino-conjunctivitis. These studies reveal the significance of lipid layer of the skin in the tolerance towards washing agents, including those containing enzymes.     

Über die Unschädlichkeit von Enzymen in Waschmitteln

Harmlessness of Enzymes in Washing Agents Before introducing them into the market, the enzymatic washing agents were subjected to extensive tests. As regards acute toxicity through oral intake as well as skin irritation and skin sensitivity no difference was found between the enzyme-containing products and those which did not contain the enzymes. Accordingly, the use of enzymatic washing agents do not offer any hazard to the health of housewives.     

Zur unterschiedlichen Wirksamkeit sauer und alkalisch eingestellter Tenside an der menschlichen Haut

Difference in the Action of Surfactants Adjusted to Acidic and Alkaline Conditions on Human Skin Sequel to previous investigations, the results of the examination of synthetic washing agents, which exhibit optimum washing action at pH 6–8, are reported. It was found that the side-effects, such as those involved in the alkali neutralisation test, are directly proportional to pH-value. The side-effects which are associated with the determination of wetting and water removal of skin are directly proportional to values between pH 6 and 8, depending on whether alkali soaps or surfactants of the type Na-laurylsulfate are employed. Unexpectedly, the roughness of the skin increased with increased alkalinity of the solutions. As observed in one particular case, the adjustment of a surfactant to a definite pH-value may result in totally unexpected changes in its action.     

Untersuchung über die Wirkung enzymatischer Vorwaschmittel

Investigation on the Action of Enzymatic Prewashing Agents Sections of Krefeld standard cotton fabrics were uniformly soiled with blood, condensed milk, cocoa and egg yolk. After varying storage periods and denaturating treatments the soiled fabrics were soaked in or mechanically prewashed with enzyme-containing and enzyme-free solutions. Finally, a boiling and a peroxide bleach followed. The effect of enzyme-containing and enzyme-free washing agents on the soil removal was checked by measuring the degree of whiteness and protein content. The degree of whiteness provides information of limited use, whereas, extensive conclusions on the washing agent can be obtained from the protein determinations.     

Untersuchungen über die toxikologischen Eigenschaften von Waschmittelenzymen

Investigations on the Toxicological Properties of Enzymes Used in Washing Agents Enzymes used in washing agents and enzyme-containing washing agents were tested in animal experiments for their general and local tolerance. The results of these investigations confirm that enzymes employed in washing agents are not toxic. The amounts of enzymes that are added to washing agents do not alter the local tolerance of such products. Similar observations were made in dermatological investigations on testpersons. From the results, it may be concluded that enzyme-containing washing agents do not present any hazard to the health of consumers. The same is also true for allergic reactions. Enzymes used in washing agents do have histamine-and kinin-liberating properties, however, only at such concentration-ranges that are insignificant for the practice.     

Über die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Blut und Sauerstoffbleichmitteln sowie über die Problematik von enzymatischen Vollwaschmitteln

Interaction between Blood and Oxygenating Bleaching Agents and Problems Involving Enzyme-Containing Washing Agents Haemoglobin catalyzes the decomposition of perborate during the action of washing agents on blood, thus leading to fixation of denaturated blood. The formation of cystine bridges alone does not explain this fixation. The splitting of H₂S followed by cross-linking in blood protein over the double bonds are considered by the author as important processes as well. Fixed blood can only be decomposed by prolonged action of proteases, enzymatic soaking in the absence of perborate being optimum. The injurious action of perborate on enzymes is not the determining factor in the difficulty encountered in the washing of some blood stains by enzymecontaining washing agents.     

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen über die gesundheitliche Verträglichkeit enzymhaltiger Waschmittel

Scientific Investigations on the Tolerance of Enzyme-Containing Washing Agents Washing agents containing enzyme-additives appeared in the German market since 1966 on a wide scale. Today, in the entire western world, this type of detergent constitutes a considerable proportion (80%) of the total consumption of washing agents. In the present work based on experimental results, it is proved that enzyme-containing washing agents are not harmful to health. Test-procedures and results on the toxicity and irritation for these washing agents are reported for cutaneous application, and studies on skin-sensibilisation are described.     

Zur Zellkinetik in der Talgdrüse

Cell Kinetics in the Sebaceous Gland Skin surface lipids are a mixture of sebaceous gland lipids and epidermal lipids. Seborrhoea (fatty skin) is a result of excessive secretion of the sebaceous gland. Even in patients with akne, seborrhoea is caused by increased lipid synthesis in the sabaceous gland. The sebaceous glands are holocrine glands; i. e. they do not contain lumen and their secretion is formed by degradation of the cells. They occur in the entire skin with the exception of palm and sole. The secretion of the sebaceous gland is genetically determined. Influence of age and sex on the secretion of the sebaceous gland indicate a hormonal regulation. Cell kinetics of the sebaceous gland and the effects on the same by medicaments, such as hormones, selenium disulfide, benzoyl peroxide etc., can be determined by measuring the skin surface lipids, rate of mitosis, time of DNA synthesis and time of migration.     

Vergleichende Lipidmessung an der menschlichen Haut

Comparative Lipid Measurement of Human Skin Two washing emulsions of the same basic recipe, but with different part of refattening are examined with 10 voluntary test persons after washing with aqueous solutions of 2%. The test was double blind with respect to its influence on the sebum secretion of its frontal skin. Two different methods are used for the lipid measurement: 1.the Sebumeter method, 2.the Bentonit method. Both investigation procedures are explained in detail and their correlation concerning the special test is exhibited. Both methods showed clearly that already an addition of the refattening agent olive oil ethoxylate in the range of 1% increases significantly the ratio skin sebum secretion and improves the refattening kinetics.     

Über Meßergebnisse und Meßmöglichkeiten an der Haut

Possibilities and Results of Measurement on the Skin Taking the example of examination of light-protecting agents, different possibilities of measurements on the skin are discussed. The investigations involving actions and side actions in the shaving procedure as well as those associated with washing agents are described. Thereby, the methods for the measurement of inflammatory changes, estimation of water liberation from the skin as well as assay of pH-values and determinations of alkali neutralisation are dealt with. It is worth-while to combine as many methods as possible in order to evaluate a definite function and to determine different functions in a testing program.     

Die Entwicklung von Enzymen zur Verwendung in Waschmitteln

Development of Enzymes for their Use in Washing Agents The author deals with the properties of enzymes which are suitable as additives to biologically active washing agents. Methods for the determination of the above properties are reported. The investigations showed that the efficacy of a biologically active washing agent depends not only upon the properties of the enzymes but on the composition of the washing agent as well. The combination of enzymes and surfactants leads to a synergic effect. The further possibilities of development in the field of biologically active washing agents are given at the end.     

Introductory remarks

Surface active agents are used in the textile industry during the processing of fibers into yarns and fabrics, the finishing of leather products and during the removal of soil from textile products by laundering or dry cleaning. In these introductory remarks to the symposium, attention is directed to the phenomena occurring at solid-liquid interfaces during these processes. The properties of the surface active agents and the solvents used, the surface free energy and structure of the polymeric textile products and other, often poorly defined, surface chemical and physical characteristics of the products influence the interactions of these agents. The interactions of surface active agents, often derived from fats and oils, dissolved or dispersed in liquids, with textile materials, including natural products such as cotton, wool and leather, as well as man-made fibers, are considered in this symposium. One of eight papers being published from the Symposium “Surface Active Agents in the Textile Industry,” presented at the AOCS meeting in New Orleans, April 1970. So. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Über den Einfluß der Hautoberflächenlipide auf Alkalineutralisationsfähigkeit und Alkaliresistenz der Haut

The Influence of Surface Lipids of Skin on Its Ability Towards Alkali Neutralisation and Its Alkali Resistance On 28 experimental persons, the alkali neutralisation time was determined by the method of Tronnier, and the alkali resistance was measured by the method of Burckhardt. Furthermore, the skin surface lipids were extracted with petroleum ether and determined gravimetrically. The composition of skin-surface lipids was determined by thin-layer chromatography. At short alkali neutralisation time, considerably more skin surface lipids were found than for the long periods. Any additional effect of the composition of skin surface lipids on the ability of skin towards alkali neutralisation could not be detected. No evidence on the significance of skin surface lipids towards alkali resistance was found.     

Nichtionogene Tenside für Spezialwaschmittel

Nonionic Surfactants for Special Washing Agents The use of fatty alcoholethoxylates and alkylphenolethoxylates as surfactants for washing agents has considerably increased during the past years. These surfactants show, especially on synthetic fabrics, a superior washing action compared to anion-active surfactants. Owing to superior biodegradability, the ethoxylated primary and secondary alcohols are used in washing and cleansing agents in preference to poorly biodegradable ethoxylated alkylphenols which, in the future, are likely to lose their significance as surfactants for washing agents. At present an extensive use of nonionic surfactants in amounts comparable to anionic surfactants is limited by the relatively high price of the former and the difficulties involved in their processing.     

Verhalten von Triolein auf Baumwollgewebe

Behaviour of Triolein on Cotton Fabric An attempt has been made to explain the behaviour of triolein, a major component of skin lipids, during washing, heating and exposure to light. The experiments reported here belong to extensive studies on the behaviour of skin lipids on textiles during washing, drying and exposure to light. Further studies will be carried out with other components of the skin lipids.     

CERAPHYL RMT——赋予洗去型个人护理产品卓越保湿性

作为国际特品公司在皮肤脂质类似体领域推出的最新原料 ,在具有良好的安全性能的同时 ,Ceraphyl RMT能以与皮肤角质层中神经酰胺和甾醇同样的作用方式和脂肪酸形成有序的脂质结构。当被应用于洗去型个人护理产品配方时 ,它能提供良好的长效保湿功能。同时 ,皮肤外观和纹理也能得到明显的改善     

Die moderne Parfümierung neuzeitlicher Waschmittel

Modern Perfuming of Present Day Washing Agents In the introduction, changes in direction of odour in perfuming of washing powders is dealt with. Further discussions are devoted to requirements that have to be fulfilled in the development of pleasent and stable perfume oils for their application in washing powders and enzyme-containing washing agents. In this connection, fixation of the odour in powder and in fabric that is washed presents a special problem.     

Hautfette,eine Gruppe ungewöhnlicher Lipide bei Mensch und Tier

Skin Lipids, a Group of Unusual Lipids in Man and Animals Skin lipids in man and animals show significant structural differences in comparison to other organ lipids, which is documented by the unusual positions of double bonds and the degree of substitution of the fatty acids. This is demonstrated for human skin and birds uropygial gland lipids as example. The structures of these lipids are supposed to correlate with certain functions. Bacteriostatic and fungistatic functions, individual odoration profile, and lipids as excretion vehicles for fat-soluble substances are discussed.     

A rapid method for extraction of total lipids from whey protein concentrates and separation of lipid classes with solid phase extraction

A modified procedure for extraction of total lipids from whey protein concentrates was developed such that stable emulsion with extracting solvents was avoided and the solvent system remained monophasic. Nonlipid contaminants from the extract were removed using gel filtration instead of traditional aqueous washing to prevent any loss of polar lipids. The extraction of total lipids by the modified procedure was complete and comparable with a reference procedure. Traditional thin-layer chromatography is tedious and more qualitative than quantitative for lipid class separation. Total lipids were further separated into free fatty acids, phospholipids, cholesterol ester, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, diacylglycerol, and monoacylglycerol, using modified solid phase extraction procedure. Columns with 2 g amino propyl packing allowed separation of up to 80 mg of total lipids into lipid classes gravimetrically. The values for anhydrous milk fat for all lipid classes agreed with those in the literature. Separation of total lipids into lipid classes with solid phase extraction is easy, quantitative, and can also be performed on a preparative scale.     

Erfahrung im Umgang mit Enzymen bei der Herstellung von Waschmitteln

Experience in Handling Enzymes in the Production of Washing Agents The incorporation of proteolytic enzymes in washing agents has aroused great deal of controversy owing to possible hazards to the health, not only for the workers of the plants manufacturing such washing agents but also for the consumer of these articles. In the meanwhile extensive investigations have shown that there is no risk of injury to the health of the consumer. Even in the plants, the health of the workers is not endangered, provided certain precautionary measures, as practiced since several years, are adopted. In this connection it is to be noted that in the past years considerably improved enzyme preparations are commercially available which do not dust at all.