Der Einfluß enzymhaltiger Waschmittel auf den Eiweiß- und Lipidmantel der Haut

Influence of Enzyme-Containing Washing Agents on Protein- and Lipid-Layer of the Skin Bioactive enzyme-containing washing agents differ very little from washing agents free of enzymes with regard to their skin tolerance. Whereas dry (sebostatic) skin is attacked more strongly by all the washing agents, water and lipid-rich seborrhoic skin exhibits excellent tolerance towards such washing agents. Primary state of the skin is dependent on the skin-type and age. None of the 609 subjects tested have shown any ekzematisation or rhino-conjunctivitis. These studies reveal the significance of lipid layer of the skin in the tolerance towards washing agents, including those containing enzymes.     

Über die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Blut und Sauerstoffbleichmitteln sowie über die Problematik von enzymatischen Vollwaschmitteln

Interaction between Blood and Oxygenating Bleaching Agents and Problems Involving Enzyme-Containing Washing Agents Haemoglobin catalyzes the decomposition of perborate during the action of washing agents on blood, thus leading to fixation of denaturated blood. The formation of cystine bridges alone does not explain this fixation. The splitting of H₂S followed by cross-linking in blood protein over the double bonds are considered by the author as important processes as well. Fixed blood can only be decomposed by prolonged action of proteases, enzymatic soaking in the absence of perborate being optimum. The injurious action of perborate on enzymes is not the determining factor in the difficulty encountered in the washing of some blood stains by enzymecontaining washing agents.     

Vergleichende Prüfungen verschiedener Enzyme in einem Waschmittel

Comparative Examination of Different Enzymes in a Washing Agent Using fabrics containing strongly denatured blood and egg yolk and by employing long periods of action it was found that the protein can be successfully removed by enzyme-containing washing agents, whereas washing agents free from enzymes are ineffective for the same. Perborate has detrimental effect on the degradation of protein. Amongst lightly denatured protein stains subjected to action of heat at 30°, 45° and 60°C, the detrimental effect of perborate on protein removal is appreciable for 45° and 60°C treatments. No undesirable action was found for the fabrics treated at 30°C. Due to the mechanical influence during washing, the stains were preferably removed by the washing agent so that the enzymatic action could not be appreciably noticed. Protein determinations yielded more reliable results which could be differentiated. Measurements of remission and yellowing values do not always afford reliable conclusions.     

Über Meßergebnisse und Meßmöglichkeiten an der Haut

Possibilities and Results of Measurement on the Skin Taking the example of examination of light-protecting agents, different possibilities of measurements on the skin are discussed. The investigations involving actions and side actions in the shaving procedure as well as those associated with washing agents are described. Thereby, the methods for the measurement of inflammatory changes, estimation of water liberation from the skin as well as assay of pH-values and determinations of alkali neutralisation are dealt with. It is worth-while to combine as many methods as possible in order to evaluate a definite function and to determine different functions in a testing program.     

Der Einfluß von Hautreinigungs- und Textilwaschmitteln auf den Hautlipoidmantel. Bestimmungen mit einer neuen Methode

Influence of Skin Cleansing Agents and Textile Washing Agents on the Surface Lipids of Skin. Determinations Using a New Method The hitherto known methods do not permit the repeated sampling of lipids. A combined absorption and diffusion method was therefore evolved. The lipid removal is most pronounced with textile washing agents and generally lesser (but not in all cases) with skin cleansing agents. The skin surface lipid is hardly affected adversely by bathing with bran. Following a bathing with oil, the lipid content exceeds the initial value. The regeneration of lipids is dependent on the intensity of the preceding lipid removal, requiring longer periods in the case of textile washing agents. The amount of lipid that can be removed immediately after bathing is mostly larger than before. This important fact was overseen uptil now. Soaking of the epidermis layers and emulsifier action must account for this phenomenon.     

Untersuchungen über die toxikologischen Eigenschaften von Waschmittelenzymen

Investigations on the Toxicological Properties of Enzymes Used in Washing Agents Enzymes used in washing agents and enzyme-containing washing agents were tested in animal experiments for their general and local tolerance. The results of these investigations confirm that enzymes employed in washing agents are not toxic. The amounts of enzymes that are added to washing agents do not alter the local tolerance of such products. Similar observations were made in dermatological investigations on testpersons. From the results, it may be concluded that enzyme-containing washing agents do not present any hazard to the health of consumers. The same is also true for allergic reactions. Enzymes used in washing agents do have histamine-and kinin-liberating properties, however, only at such concentration-ranges that are insignificant for the practice.     

Stand der Technik beim manuellen und maschinellen Geschirrspülen

Situation of the Technology in Manual and Mechanical Dish Washing The mode of action of the modern dish washing agents for manual washing depends on its content of neutral surface active agents. On the other hand, in the dish washing machines alkaline washing agents and acid or neutral rinsing agents are used. Health hazards due to the washing agent remaining on the dishes are not to be feared.     

Sekundäres Alkansulfonat Eigenschaften und Einsatzmöglichkeiten in kosmetischen Präparaten

Secondary Alkanesulfonate – Properties and Applications in Cosmetic Preparation Large amounts of secondary alkanesulfonate are used since several years in the production of cleansing and washing agents. Laboratory and practical tests have shown that this new surfactant, produced commercially, can be used in cosmetic preparations as well. Secondary alkanesulfonate in combination with other surfactants such as alkylethersulfates, exhibit special properties when used for the production of cleansing agents for hair and skin. Further interesting effects are achieved by incorporating secondary alkanesulfonate into soaps and emulsifier mixtures. The commercial production of secondary alkanesulfonate by a continuous process is described briefly. A prognosis on the future market for cosmetic body cleansing agents is given.     

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen über die gesundheitliche Verträglichkeit enzymhaltiger Waschmittel

Scientific Investigations on the Tolerance of Enzyme-Containing Washing Agents Washing agents containing enzyme-additives appeared in the German market since 1966 on a wide scale. Today, in the entire western world, this type of detergent constitutes a considerable proportion (80%) of the total consumption of washing agents. In the present work based on experimental results, it is proved that enzyme-containing washing agents are not harmful to health. Test-procedures and results on the toxicity and irritation for these washing agents are reported for cutaneous application, and studies on skin-sensibilisation are described.     

Nichtionogene Tenside für Spezialwaschmittel

Nonionic Surfactants for Special Washing Agents The use of fatty alcoholethoxylates and alkylphenolethoxylates as surfactants for washing agents has considerably increased during the past years. These surfactants show, especially on synthetic fabrics, a superior washing action compared to anion-active surfactants. Owing to superior biodegradability, the ethoxylated primary and secondary alcohols are used in washing and cleansing agents in preference to poorly biodegradable ethoxylated alkylphenols which, in the future, are likely to lose their significance as surfactants for washing agents. At present an extensive use of nonionic surfactants in amounts comparable to anionic surfactants is limited by the relatively high price of the former and the difficulties involved in their processing.     

Über Aktivitätsuntersuchungen proteolytischer Enzyme,insbesondere unter waschtechnischen Bedingungen

Investigations on the Activity of Proteolytic Enzymes Especially Under the Conditions Employed in Washing Technique Number of methods have been suggested for the activity determination of proteases and amylases. A few of these methods are currently employed for enzymes used in washing agents. The results thus obtained do not necessarily permit an evaluation that is of practical significance since very specific conditions prevail in the actual washing technique. A method of testing is reported here in which the conditions employed in the washing operation are especially taken into account. Furthermore the determination of enzymes in biologically active washing agents and the tolerance of proteases towards perborate oxygen are reported.     

Zur unterschiedlichen Wirksamkeit sauer und alkalisch eingestellter Tenside an der menschlichen Haut

Difference in the Action of Surfactants Adjusted to Acidic and Alkaline Conditions on Human Skin Sequel to previous investigations, the results of the examination of synthetic washing agents, which exhibit optimum washing action at pH 6–8, are reported. It was found that the side-effects, such as those involved in the alkali neutralisation test, are directly proportional to pH-value. The side-effects which are associated with the determination of wetting and water removal of skin are directly proportional to values between pH 6 and 8, depending on whether alkali soaps or surfactants of the type Na-laurylsulfate are employed. Unexpectedly, the roughness of the skin increased with increased alkalinity of the solutions. As observed in one particular case, the adjustment of a surfactant to a definite pH-value may result in totally unexpected changes in its action.     

Oberflächenaktive Derivate der Rizinolsäure

Surface Active Derivatives of Ricinoleic Acid Studying the dependence of tenside properties on their constitution, often all the attention is paid to the hydrophilic end, whereas the hydrophobic end is of minor importance. Studies of tensides for many years, produced of special fatty acids, have shown that these have a significant influence on many tenside properties. That does not only regard the special tenside properties as e.g. foaming, washing, purifying and emulsifying but especially the dermatological and lexicological compatibility of these compounds. Ricinoleic acid or its soaps and triglycerides have been known for long as substances which are very well tolerated by skin. Partly they contain marked skin protection or skin preserving properties. It is therefore of significant interest in which way these properties can be transferred to synthetic tensides. This was investigated as well with anionic and non ionogenic derivatives of the ricinoleic acid as with amphoter and kationic derivatives and led partly to surprising results.     

Die Entwicklung von Enzymen zur Verwendung in Waschmitteln

Development of Enzymes for their Use in Washing Agents The author deals with the properties of enzymes which are suitable as additives to biologically active washing agents. Methods for the determination of the above properties are reported. The investigations showed that the efficacy of a biologically active washing agent depends not only upon the properties of the enzymes but on the composition of the washing agent as well. The combination of enzymes and surfactants leads to a synergic effect. The further possibilities of development in the field of biologically active washing agents are given at the end.     

Die moderne Parfümierung neuzeitlicher Waschmittel

Modern Perfuming of Present Day Washing Agents In the introduction, changes in direction of odour in perfuming of washing powders is dealt with. Further discussions are devoted to requirements that have to be fulfilled in the development of pleasent and stable perfume oils for their application in washing powders and enzyme-containing washing agents. In this connection, fixation of the odour in powder and in fabric that is washed presents a special problem.     

Waschverfahren partikulär‐disperser Systeme – Verfahrensspektrum und Aspekte der Verfahrensauswahl

Washing of Disperse Solid Systems – Existing Washing Processes and Guidelines for Choosing the Appropriate Washing Procedure Washing of disperse solid systems is a widely used and complex operation. Since the washing‐step is mostly integrated into other process operations, it is subject to numerous demands, which exceed the primary demands like a good separation result and a low specific wash liquid demand. Because of the phenomenology and limits of different washing procedures it is difficult to choose an appropriate washing process. Additionally, the acting transport mechanisms of some washing procedures are not yet sufficiently understood. This work shows a broad overview over the existing washing processes, the numerous parameters and the demands they have to fulfill. A categorization of washing procedures as well as a classification of the processes concerning their macroscopic transport phenomena are the base for a broad decision chart which compares and evaluates existing washing processes and shows their individual limits. The work can be seen as a rough guideline for choosing the appropriate washing procedure.     

Peroxycarbonsäuren - Neue Bleichwirkstoffsysteme für die Textilniedrigtemperaturwäsche

Peroxycarboxoic Acids - New Systems of Bleaching Substances for the Low Temperature Textile Washing. In the recent time the development of activ oxygen containing bleaching agents for the low temperature textile washing process was increased. Because of their properties peroxycarboxoic acids and preferably diperoxydodecandioic acid can be used in detergent formulations. The stabilization of peracids by in situ desensitization allows safe handling for the formulator as well as for the consumer.     

Discoloration of Nylon 6.6—A Comparison of some Contributory Factors

A wear trial of full-length white nylon underskirts was conducted to compare the contributions to discoloration due to changes in the nylon polymer, to the spin finish, to a fluorescent brightener, to the soap used in washing, to skin fat, and to air-borne dirt. The underskirts, in absence and in presence of spin finish and of brightener, were worn according to a schedule and washed in a standardised way using a low concentration of soap. Greyness and yellowness increased steadily, the greyness being greater in the upper than in the lower parts of the garments. After the wear trial, retained fat was extracted from the garments with organic solvents, weighed and analysed. The high discoloration found in all garments was due mainly to the absorption of skin fat and soap and the associated retention of particulate dirt. Fat and yellow colouring matter could be transferred during washing. Spin finish and fluorescent brightener usually only slightly affected the discoloration. There was negligible discoloration due to the storage of the nylon, repeated washing of clean fabric, and repeated exposure to dirty air followed by washing.     

Hydrotrope Substanzen für die Herstellung flüssiger Waschmittel

Hydrotropic Substances for the Preparation of Liquid Washing Agents The hydrotropic action of short chain alkyl benzenesulfonates was investigated on anion active and non-ionic raw materials for detergents as well as on their combinations containing either or no inorganic salts. In the combinations studied it was found that alkali salts of cumol sulfonate were the best hydrotropic agents. The solubility of the raw materials for washing agents could be improved such that concentrated charges with satisfactory clear-melting point could be prepared. The salting out effect of inorganic salts on aqueous solutions of raw materials for detergents is prevented by alkali-cumol sulfonate.     

Prüfung desinfizierender Handwaschmittel

Examination of Disinfecting Hand Cleaning Agents 8 disinfecting hand cleaning agents marketed in Germany and a conventional liquid soap were compared with respect to their ability for reducing the germ count in hand washing tests. Under identical conditions of application (identical quantity of product and duration of application) only three of the agents proved to be significantly superior to the conventional liquid soap. Compared to the liquid soap these three agents showed an improvement of germ reduction in the order of three to hundred times of the basic value.