药芯焊丝工艺性评价方法探析

焊接材料的工艺性对焊接工艺质量有重要的影响。本文以电弧物理为理论基础,利用高速摄影技术和汉诺威焊接质量分析系统采集焊接过程中的信号,对获取的信号进行分析处理,提出以短路时间t1集中分布系数ξ对药芯焊丝的工艺性进行评价的方法。     

干式高压环境对TIG焊接电弧温度的影响

干式高压焊接时,环境压力对焊接电弧的影响不容忽视.电弧温度是焊接电弧物理特性的重要参数之一,测定高压环境下的电弧温度对于深入理解焊接电弧在高压环境下的物理特性,从而寻求改善水下干式高压焊接质量的新途径有重要意义.介绍了电弧等离子体光谱诊断方法,对高压环境下的TiG电弧光谱进行分析,建立了一套切实可行的高压环境电弧温度测量方法.对高压环境焊接电弧温度变化规律进行了分析,建立了环境压力与电弧温度的函数关系式,并对试验结果进行了讨论.研究结果对于高压环境焊接电弧物理特性的研究具有参考价值.     

输油管TIG焊接电弧温度的光谱诊断

测定电弧温度对于深入理解焊接电弧在不同环境下的物理特性,从而寻求改善焊接质量的新途径有重要意义.笔者介绍了电弧等离子体光谱理论及光谱诊断方法,对TIG焊电弧光谱进行了采样分析.通过对光谱数据的分析指出钨元素谱线具有较好的利用价值.利用等离子体光谱诊断法对不同电流和不同弧长的电弧光谱和电弧温度进行了对比分析,并时其变化规律做出了解释.本研究工作对于输油管TIG焊接电弧物理的研究具有参考价值.     

高频调制电弧超声发射及其物理特性

由于传统的超声发射方法在实际焊接过程中的局限,提出了一种新的超声发生机构。利用高频功率电子开头逆变技术,在TIG焊接电弧回路中施加调制信号,对应着调制电流的上升沿和下降沿可分别激发出电弧超声。在调制度不大时,传声器接收到的声信号幅值和调制电流成正比。当调制脉宽超过一定值后,上升沿和下降沿激发出的超声信号可分开。试验表明,高频调制电弧的伏安特性更为无序。通过波动方程和对调制电弧物理特性的分析,解释了电弧超声产生的原因和声信号特征,电弧超声发射对于控制焊接过程、提高接头质量具有很高的工程价值。     

不同参数下MIG焊电弧光谱波动特点

熔化极惰性气体保护焊(MIG)过程中,熔滴过渡、弧长波动等会引起辐射的剧烈变化,其变化规律对于焊接质量检测具有重要意义.文中通过采集不同参数下的MIG焊电弧光谱分布,研究其在焊接过程中的变化规律;并结合该参数下熔滴过渡特征,基于电弧物理理论,对典型参数下光谱波动的规律进行物理解释.结果表明,不同参数下电弧光谱的分布和变化规律不同,具有各自的光谱分布特征;在MIG焊接过程中,由于熔滴过渡会造成光谱信息的规律波动,但在过渡的不同时间段,光谱信号在不同谱段(紫外区、可见光区、近红外区)的变化规律存在较大差异.     

GMAW焊接过程干扰信号的模糊模式识别

基于电弧传感的检测方法,提出了一种识别GMAW焊接过程干扰信息的方法。该方法对GMAW焊接过程中的电参数进行两次统计处理,其二次统计结果作为电弧传感信号的特征值,通过模糊模式识别对信号识别分类,可以在GMAW焊接过程中在线识别焊接过程中的干扰信息。这对于焊接过程质量的监测和控制具有重要的应用价值。     

基于LabVIEW的焊接过程多信息分析平台

基于焊接多信息同步采集系统,采用LabVIEW图形化语言,以熔化极气保焊的焊接电流、电弧电压、电弧光谱为信号源,构建了包括电信号参数设置、电信号数据分析模块、光信号参数设置与自动选择、光信号数据分析的焊接过程多信息分析平台。可实时显示焊接电流波形、电弧电压波形、电弧辐射光谱等;系统还通过数据分析处理得到U-I相图、焊接电流和电弧电压概率密度、短路时间频次图、电弧辐射光强与波长对应图、计算焊接温度的玻尔兹曼图等,通过上述信息分析,检测电弧状态和信息,可用于焊接过程诊断和焊接电弧物理研究等。     

基于电弧声信号的高压干法水下脉冲MIG焊接稳定性分析

高压焊接实验舱的封闭结构特征为电弧声信号在舱内低噪声传播创造了条件。在对传声器校准的基础上,建立了同步采集硬件系统,同步采集不同环境压力下脉冲MIG焊接的电流、电压和电弧声信号,并在时域和频域上分析了不同环境压力下的电弧声信号,研究电弧声信号特征与高气压环境下脉冲MIG焊接过程的相关性。结果表明,电弧声信号可以反映不同环境压力下脉冲MIG焊接的稳定性以及高压环境焊接过程的电弧能量损失,为进一步研究高压干法水下脉冲MIG焊接创造了条件。     

宋天虎副理事长、潘际銮院士及德国莱布尼滋大学D.Rehfeldt教授倾情作序 《焊接电弧现象与焊接材料工艺性》

正王宝宋永伦著林尚扬审本书以对焊接电弧现象的大量、细致的观察为切入点,揭示熔滴过渡现象与工艺性之间的具体联系。通过焊接质量分析仪提取反映某些工艺状态的电弧现象的数据信息,用电弧物理指数加以描述,从该类电弧过程的属性寻求有效的分析方法,提出了对其特征现象及物理意义的定量认识和解读。将对焊接材料工艺性的评价由人的直感和经验提升到信息化、知识化的层面上,从而实现焊接材料分析     

基于时频分析的CO2焊接电弧信息提取

利用Choi-Williams分布二次型时频分析方法研究CO2焊接过程所采集的电弧电压信号,获得信号的时频分布图。通过时频图像信息提取,进一步获得焊接过程特征信息,即信号的能量谱密度和瞬时频率估计。结果表明,利用Choi-Williams分布可以描述弧焊过程中电弧电压信号的时频能量分布。在时频分析基础上进行电弧信息提取,可以得到短路、断弧等物理现象的时间特征及瞬时频率信息。电弧特征信息的奇异点表现出明显不同的瞬时频率特性,以此界定电弧物理过程。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.