助表面活性剂及油水比对微乳液相行为的影响

以脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚-9(AEO-9)为表面活性剂,NaCl为无机盐,正辛烷或柴油为油相,考察了正丁醇、异丁醇和仲丁醇3种助表面活性剂及其含量对微乳液相行为的影响。结果表明,随着助表面活性剂含量的增加,微乳液体系相态由WinsorⅠ经WinsorⅢ到WinsorⅡ型转变。对正辛烷微乳液体系,正丁醇、异丁醇和仲丁醇所对应的微乳相最大体积分数分别为91.63%、80.00%和65.49%;对柴油微乳液体系,对应的微乳相最大体积分数分别为68.42%、68.29%和63.33%,3种助表面活性剂微乳液体系对正辛烷的增溶性能更好。通过醇度扫描实验,对每种助表面活性剂和油相分别筛选出WinsorⅠ和WinsorⅢ型微乳液配方,考察了油水体积比对微乳液相行为的影响。发现随着油水体积比的增大,所有体系最终均变为WinsorⅠ型;初始为WinsorⅢ型的体系转变为WinsorⅠ型所需的油水比更大。     

非离子表面活性剂微乳液体系的相行为和增溶性能研究进展

综述了非离子表面活性剂微乳液体系的相行为和增溶性能及研究进展,对不同非离子表面活性剂、醇、油和盐类及温度等对其微乳液增溶性能的影响进行了讨论。     

表面活性剂复配对胶束和微乳液形成的影响

本文通过十二烷基磺酸钠（C_(12)H_(25)SO_3Na）和多种烷基羧酸盐（CnH_(2n+1)COONa）的复配，研究了复配对胶束与微乳液形成和结构的影响。这一研究对揭示二元表面活性剂混合体系中分子间相互作用的机理和影响因素，以及对探索复配的基本规律都有实际意义；同时，对三次采油、日用化工等许多应用研究也有参考价值。     

双生表面活性剂微乳液的制备及其相行为研究

制备了双生表面活性剂α-磺基硬脂酸聚乙二醇双酯钠盐/醇/正辛烷/水微乳液体系,绘制了其拟三元相图,探讨了不同碳链长度的醇及0.1mol/LKCl、NaOH、HCl溶液对微乳区域的影响,利用电导率分析了微乳液的结构类型。结果表明:以α-磺基硬脂酸聚乙二醇双酯钠盐作为乳化剂,可以制备稳定的微乳液。在中等链长范围内,作为助表面活性剂的醇类,链长的比链短的醇具有更好的助活作用。电解质溶液一般使微乳区域缩小,以电解质溶液或纯水为分散介质的微乳液的电导率变化趋势基本相同。     

农药微乳液相行为及微乳结构的研究

首先绘制了LAS/TX—10/正丁醇/仲丁威/水体系的拟三元相图,讨论了m(LAS)/m(LAS+TX—10)及m(正丁醇)/m(LAS+TX—10)对相区的影响。发现m(LAS)/m(LAS+TX—10)越高,液晶区越大;比例越低,乳液区越大。m(正丁醇)/m(LAS+TX—10)越低,液晶区越大;比例越高,液晶区越小。通过电导率的测定研究了微乳结构及结构转变。当m(正丁醇)/m(LAS+TX—10)=1,m(LAS)/m(TX—10)=1/9或6/4时,微乳液转变经历了由W/O到双连续最后到O/W型;m(LAS)/m(TX—10)=9时,微乳液转变经历了由W/O到双连续、液晶最后到O/W型。     

Gemini表面活性剂微乳液相行为的影响因素研究

研究了Gemini表面活性剂微乳液的界面相行为,考察了中间联接基团长度、表面活性剂和助表面活性剂的配比、醇链长和烷烃链长对相图的影响。结果表明：短链联接基团较易形成单相微乳液,表面活性剂用量较少且有较高的含水量;随着烷烃链长增加,形成O/W区域所需表面活性剂含量增加,且区域面积在逐渐减小;醇链长改变时,沿着油-（S＋A）轴都能形成W/O型微乳液。     

基于表面活性剂复配体系的低浓度中相微乳液研究

探讨了表面活性剂复配体系对低浓度中相微乳液的影响,重点研究了十二烷基苯磺酸钠/脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚（SDBS/AEO）复配比例、总浓度、盐度及温度对界面性质和微乳液稳定性的调控机制。通过正交实验设计和多种表征手段,系统考察了复配体系的界面行为、粒径分布及结构稳定性。研究发现,当SDBS与AEO物质的量的比为3∶2、总浓度1.0%时,体系表现出显著的协同效应,在38℃下界面张力降至1.2×10^-3mN/m,形成粒径均一、结构稳定的中相微乳液。     

复配表面活性剂的生成及对热力学函数的探讨

本文应用环法对阴离子表面活性剂（十二烷基苯磺酸钠以下用Ｃ１２示）和非离子表面活性剂（Ｔｒｉｔｏｎ－１０）所形成的复配体系的表面性质进行了研究，产通过有关数据处理得到一系列的热力学函数值，应用物理化学的基本原理，对一些现象作了解释。     

Phase Behavior of Glycerol Trioleate‐Based Ionic Liquid Microemulsions

Glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions are promising biolubricant alternatives. This study presents the formation and the phase behavior of glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions. Areas of the single‐phase domain were calculated to illustrate the phase‐forming capacities of the designed systems. The effects of ionic liquid anions and cations, oxyethylene groups’ number of surfactant, mass ratio of surfactant to co‐surfactant, chain length of co‐surfactant, and temperature on the phase behavior and phase‐forming capacities of glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions were investigated using pseudo‐ternary phase diagrams. The results showed that the phase‐forming capacities of glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions with different ionic liquids were Tf₂N^?‐based > PF₆^?‐based > BF₄^?‐based, OMIM⁺‐based > HMIM⁺‐based > BMIM⁺‐based > EMIM⁺‐based. The designed systems contained ionic liquid‐glycerol trioleate amphiphilic balance; thus, glycerol trioleate‐surfactant micelles achieved the maximum solubilization capacity for the ionic liquid when the surfactant had approximately five oxyethylene groups with a surfactant to co‐surfactant mass ratio of 4:1. Moreover, increasing the temperature and the aliphatic chain length of co‐surfactant from C2 to C6 enhanced the ability of glycerol trioleate and ionic liquids to form microemulsions.     

Magnetic and Phase Behavior of Magnetic Water-in-Oil Microemulsions

Magnetic water-in-oil microemulsions with anisotropic morphology have been generated by mixing single-chain magnetic surfactants (dodecyltrimethylammonium trichloromonobromoferrate, DTAF) with non-magnetic di-chain analogues (didodecyldimethylammonium bromide, DDAB). Full phase diagrams have been mapped as a function of surfactant composition, water content, and temperature. It was shown that for all surfactant concentrations [Surfactant_total], on replacing 30 wt% DDAB with DTAF optimum (i.e. wt% of the total surfactant) w ratios (w = [water]/[surfactant]) could be achieved; up to w = 120 for [Surfactant_total] = 0.050 M. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) indicated that microemulsion droplets have a rod-like morphology with a radius commensurate with the surfactant tail length and an aspect ratio between 6 and 35. In the presence of a large magnetic field (6.7 T) no reorientation of the droplets was observed by SANS.     

混合表面活性剂水溶液自组装特性研究

在以表面活性剂为模板的仿生合成中,模板的自组装特性是关键环节。由于混合胶团的存在,两种表面活性剂的水溶液体系的效能高于单一表面活性剂溶液;利用试验优选合适的混合表面活性剂用于仿生合成,耗费时间长,成本高。本文从热力角度出发,分析了混合成胶自由能的影响,建立了离子 非离子混合表面活性剂的自组装模型,利用该模型模拟考察了混合表面活性剂的混合临界胶团浓度和胶团组成等参数,得到了其影响因素及作用规律,并进行了部分试验验证,二者吻合得较好。     

水-丙酸二元体系汽液平衡的热力学性质

用新型泵式沸点仪测定了在101.325kPa下水-丙酸二元系在不同液相组成时的沸点,用过量自由焓函数Q,采用间接法由Tpx推算了水-丙酸二元系的汽相平衡组成y。汽相的非理想性用截至第二项的维里系数的状态方程求出汽相混合物中组分逸度系数。二元体系活度系数的关联分别用Wilson模型、NRTL模型、Margules模型和vanLaar模型进行关联,用最小二乘法求出了它们的液相活度系数模型参数。用所得的液相活度系数来计算三个二元体系的过量吉布斯自由焓函数GE/RT。计算的泡点温度与实验测得的沸点温度吻合良好,由面积积分法检验这些模型参数计算的二元体系相平衡数据,得到很好的热力学一致性。     

vGemini表面活性剂的聚集行为及应用的新进展

综述了已报道的几种新型Gemini表面活性剂的化学结构，并对它们在气／液、气／固界面及溶液中的聚集行为和应用做了讨论。     

不同因素对CTAB/TX-100微乳液相图的影响

用ε-β"鱼状"相图法研究了阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)与非离子表面活性剂辛基苯酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚(TX-100)以不同摩尔比复配形成的CTAB/TX-100/醇/油/NaCl水溶液微乳液体系的相行为和增溶性能.结果表明,随着醇浓度的增加,体系由水包油型(O/W)(winsor Ⅰ or (2-)...     

含离子液体的复配表面活性剂微乳液的电导性质

研究了CTAB和TritionX-100复配表面活性剂在氯仿作为溶剂时,增溶离子液体bmimBF(IL)时所形成非水微乳液的电导性质,并且与含水体系的微乳液作了比较,发现两者存在较大的差别.在非水微乳液中,随着离子液体质量分数的增加,体系经历了IL/O型微乳液、双连续相、O/IL微乳液三种状态,并且采用循环伏安法对此结论进行了验证.两种表面活性剂复配后,在IL/O型微乳液阶段电导率随着CTAB的摩尔分数(α)增大而增大,在双连续相和O/IL微乳液阶段,体系的电导率随着α增大而减小.在含水微乳液中,只出现O/W型微乳液,而且随着增溶水质量分数的增加电导率下降.增溶水量一定的情况下,电导率随着α值增大而增大.     

添加剂对烷基糖苷微乳液相图的影响

通过实验绘制了烷基糖苷(APG)微乳液的拟三元相图,发现少量的离子型表面活性剂能够使APG形成的单相微乳液区域变大。氯霉素、硼酸 /硼酸钠的缓冲溶液、NaCl以及洁而灭对微乳液区域影响非常小;透明质酸钠使微乳液相图区域减小,双连续的微乳液区域消失,这可能是因为透明质酸钠在油水中分配得不均匀,油包水型向双连续型微乳液过渡时,水含量增加,同时透明质酸钠的含量增加,油核里很难包结这种大分子,因此,微乳液被破坏。硼酸 /硼酸钠缓冲溶液的加入有助于提高氯霉素的稳定性。     

Viscoelastic Behavior, Thermodynamic Compatibility, and Phase Equilibria in Block Copolymer-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives

The viscoelastic behavior, thermodynamic compatibility, and phase equilibria in block copolymer-based pressure-sensitive adhesives were investigated. The block copolymers investigated were: (1) polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene (SBS) copolymer (KRATON® D-1102, Shell Development Company) and (2) polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene (SIS) copolymer (KRATON® D-1107, Shell Development Company). The tackifying resins investigated were: (1) WINGTACK® 86 (Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company) and (2) PICCOTAC® 95BHT (Hercules Inc.). Samples of various compositions were prepared by a solution-casting method with toluene as solvent. Measurements of dynamic storage modulus (G'), dynamic loss modulus (G'), and loss tangent (tan δ) were taken, using a Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer. It was found that: (1) both WINGTACK 86 and PICCOTAC 95BHT were equally effective in decreasing the plateau modulus (G^O_N), and increasing the glass transition temperature (T_g) of the polyisoprene midblock of KRATON 1107; and (2) WINGTACK 86 was very effective in decreasing the G^O_N and increasing the T_g of the polybutadiene midblock of KRATON 1102, whereas PICCOTAC 95BHT was not. The observed difference between WINGTACK 86 and PICCOTAC 95BHT in decreasing the G^O_N and increasing the T_g of the polybutadiene midblock of KRATON 1102, whereas PICCOTAC 95BHT was not. The observed difference between WINGTACK 86 and PICCOTAC 95BHT in decreasing the G^O_N and increasing the T_g of the polybutadiene midblock of KRATON 1102 (perhaps to SBS block copolymers in general) is explained by the values of the interaction parameter for WINGTACK 86 and KRATON 1102, and for PICCOTAC 95BHT and KRATON 1102. The interaction parameter was determined, using the piezoelectric quartz sorption method. Phase diagrams were constructed for the four block copolymer/tackifying resin systems investigated, using information obtained from both dynamic viscoelastic measurements and optical microscopy. It was found that when mixed with KRATON 1102, PICCOTAC 95BHT formed separate domains whereas WINGTACK 86 did not over the range of concentrations and temperatures investigated. This confirms the evidence obtained from two other independent experimental techniques, namely, dynamic viscoelastic measurements and the piezo-electric sorption method. We have concluded from the present study that PICCOTAC 95BHT is not as an effective tackifying resin as WINGTACK 86, when each is mixed with KRATON 1102. It is pointed out further that information on the order-disorder transition temperature T_r, which was determined from a rheological technique proposed by us, is valuable in determining optimal processing conditions for block copolymer-based pressure-sensitive adhesives.     

水-乙酸二元体系汽液平衡的热力学性质分析

用新型泵式沸点仪测定了在101.325kPa下水-乙酸二元系在不同液相组成时的沸点,用过量自由能函数Q,采用间接法由Tpx推算了水-乙酸二元系的汽相平衡组成y。汽相的非理想性用截至第二项的维里系数的状态方程求出汽相混合物中组分逸度系数。二元体系活度系数的关联分别用Wilson模型、NRTL模型、Margules模型和vanLaar模型进行关联,用最小二乘法求出了它们的液相活度系数模型参数。所得的液相活度系数来计算三个二元体系的过量吉布斯自由能函数GE/RT。计算的泡点温度与实验的所测得的沸点温度吻合良好,由面积积分法检验这些模型参数计算的二元体系相平衡数据得到很好的热力学一致性。