碰撞试验中泡沫填充铝管的最优化设计

对泡沫填充空心方铝管进行轴向撞击粉碎试验。此外，为获得更多有关撞击过程的信息，也对试验进行了有限元模拟分析。为找到更有效轻便的撞击减震器，并达到吸收最多能量的目的，在方矩形管的优化设计中采用了多元设计优化方法（MDO）。基于管的最佳几何尺寸考虑将具有最轻重量并且吸收能量最多作为设计目标。前期研究表明，使用高密度蜂窝材料填充会使管吸收更多能量，但重量不是最轻[Zarei HR，Kroger M．Optimum honey-comb filled crash absorber design．Mater Des 2007，29：193-204]。因此，为了解采用不同密度的泡沫填充管的撞击性能，进行了全面的研究，。采用MDO方法寻找一种优化填充管，使其吸收的能量与最优空心管吸收的能量一样多。     

Multiobjective crashworthiness optimization of circular aluminum tubes

This research deals with the development of circular aluminum tubes for crashworthiness. The dynamic crash responses of aluminum tubes are determined from the finite element simulation. In order to validate the FE results some dynamic impact test on aluminum tubes are performed. Multiobjective optimization technique is adopted to solve the problem of maximization of absorbed energy and specific absorbed energy of tubes. The D-optimal design of experiments [Atkinson AC, Donev AN, Optimum experimental designs. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications; 1992] and the response surface method are applied to construct an approximated design sub-problem and the optimization process is repeated until the convergence criteria are satisfied.     

Mechanics of axial plastic collapse in multi-cell,multi-corner crush tubes

Quasi-static nonlinear finite element simulations are performed to study the energy absorption characteristics of axially crushed thin-walled aluminum tubes with different multi-cell, multi-corner configurations. By considering the kinematically consistent representation of plastic collapse as observed in the crush simulations, an analytical formula for the mean crush force is derived using the super folding element theory. In this model, the isotropic material is treated as rigid-perfectly plastic and the total internal energy is calculated by considering both bending and membrane deformation during the folding process. The simulation results show a strong correlation between the cross-sectional geometry and the crush response of the tubes. The analytical predictions for the mean crush force are compared with the FE results as well as other analytical models reported in the literature.     

Crashworthiness design of functionally graded foam-filled multi-cell thin-walled structures

Foam-filled thin-walled structure has recently gained attention due to its excellent crashworthiness. Based on the previous study, a new kind of foam-filled thin-walled structure called as functionally graded foam-filled thin-walled structure has more excellent crashworthiness than the traditional uniform foam-filled thin-walled structure. Moreover, as far as we know multi-cell thin-walled structure has more excellent crashworthiness than the traditional single-cell thin-walled structure. As an integrator of the above two kinds of excellent thin-walled structures, functionally graded foam-filled multi-cell thin-walled structure (FGFMTS) may has extremely excellent crashworthiness. Based on our study, the crashworthiness of the FGFMTSs is significantly affected by the design parameter of the graded functional parameter m. Thus, in order to obtain the optimal design parameters, the FGFMTSs with different cross sections and different wall materials are optimized using the multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm to achieve maximum specific energy absorption (SEA) capacity and minimum peak crushing force (PCF). At the same time, the corresponding uniform foam-filled multi-cell thin-walled structures (UFMTS) which have the same weight as these FGFMTSs are also optimized in our study. In the multiobjective design optimization (MDO) process, polynomial functional metamodels of SEA and PCF of FGFMTSs are used to reduce the computational cost of crash simulations by finite element method. The MDO results show that the FGFMTS with PCF in the initial period of its crash not only has better crashworthiness than the traditional UFMTS with the same weight but also performs superior balance of crashing stability. Thus, the optimal design of the FGFMTS with PCF occurring in the initial crash is an extremely excellent energy absorber and can be used in the practical engineering.     

Multiobjective optimization for tapered circular tubes

As more and more new functional requirements are placed, some novel development of sectional configurations of the structural members has been increasingly introduced. This paper presents the optimal design for tapered tubes of three different configurations, namely hollow single, foam-filled single and collinear double tubes. To represent complex crashworthiness objective functions, a surrogate model method, more specifically, response surface method (RSM), was adopted in this study. The design of experiments (DoEs) of the factorial design and Latin Hypercube Sampling techniques is employed to construct the response surface models of specific energy absorption (SEA) and the maximum impact load (MaxL), respectively. In this paper, the linearly weighted average, geometrical average and particle swarm optimization methods are utilized in the multiobjective optimization for these three different tapered tube cases, respectively. A comparison is made among the different tapered profiles with the different optimization algorithms, and the crashworthiness merits of foam-filled tapered tubes are identified.     

A vehicle front frame crash design optimization using hole-type and dent-type crush initiator

The hole-type crush initiators according to various ratios of thickness to width (t/b) were studied. And the approximate equation to quickly predict the optimum size of the crush initiator by impact velocity for each ratio of thickness to width was introduced. Also, the simple rectangular and circular dent-type crush initiators of a front frame with non-uniform closed-hat section in a vehicle were studied for frontal crashworthiness according to various ratios of thickness to width (t/b).The optimum size and dent depth of a crush initiator, whose location is decided by the homogenization method, were studied by using design of experiment and response surface method. Design analysis results of the dent-type crush initiators were compared with those of the hole-type crush initiator of the same size as the dent-type crush initiators.The rectangular dent-type crush initiator absorbed more crash energy than the circular dent-type crush initiator. Dynamic mean crushing loads of a rectangular dent-type crush initiator of size equal to that of the hole-type crush initiator designed by the homogenization method were similar to those of the hole-type crush initiator.The trend curve of the optimum size rectangular dent-type crush initiator design is similar with the trend curve of hole-type crush initiator design. Therefore, the approximate equation used to predict the optimum size of the hole-type crush initiator can be applied to find the optimum size of the rectangular dent-type crush initiator.     

Multiobjective crashworthiness optimization of hollow and conical tubes for multiple load cases

Much attention of current design analysis and optimization of crashworthy structures have been largely paid to the scenarios with single load case in literature. Nevertheless the designed structures may often have to be operated in other load conditions, thus raising a critical issue of optimality. This paper aims to understand and optimize the dynamic responses and energy absorption of foam-filled conical thin-walled tubes under oblique impact loading conditions by using multiobjective optimization method. The crashworthiness criteria, namely specific energy absorption (SEA) and crushing force efficiency (CFE), are related to loading parameters and design variables by using D-optimal design of experiments (DoE) and Kriging model. To obtain the optimal Pareto solutions of hollow and foam-filled conical tubes, design optimization is first performed under different loading case (DLC) using multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm separately. The optimal designs indicate that hollow tube has better crashing performance than the foam-filled tube under relatively high impacting velocity and great loading angle. To combine multiple load cases (MLC) for multiobjective optimization, a double weight factor technique is then adopted. It is found that the optimal foam-filled tube has better crashing performance than empty conical tube under any of overall oblique loading cases concerned. The study gains insights in deriving multiobjective optimization for multiple load cases, providing a guideline for design of energy absorber under multiple oblique loading.     

Theoretical prediction and crashworthiness optimization of multi-cell triangular tubes

The triangular tubes with multi-cell were first studied on the aspects of theoretical prediction and crashworthiness optimization design under the impact loading. The tubes׳ profiles were divided into 2-, 3-, T-shapes, 4-, and 6-panel angle elements. The Simplified Super Folding Element theory was utilized to estimate the energy dissipation of angle elements. Based on the estimation, theoretical expressions of the mean crushing force were developed for three types of tubes under dynamic loading. When taking the inertia effects into account, the dynamic enhancement coefficient was also considered. In the process of multiobjective crashworthiness optimization, Deb and Gupta method was utilized to find out the knee points from the Pareto solutions space. Finally, the theoretical prediction showed an excellent coincidence with the numerical optimal results, and also validated the efficiency of the crashworthiness optimization design method based on surrogate models.     

级配碎石基层在河南驿阳高速公路的应用研究

结合河南驿阳高速公路级配碎石层试验段的建设,详细介绍了级配碎石基层的材料设计、施工工艺以及检测方法,最后根据反算方法得到了级配碎石层的模量,为级配碎石基层在该地区的进一步应用提供依据。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of static and dynamic axial crushing of circular aluminum tubes

A comprehensive experimental and numerical study of the crash behavior of circular aluminum tubes undergoing axial compressive loading is performed. Non-linear finite element analyses are carried out to simulate quasi-static and dynamic test conditions. The numerical predicted crushing force and fold formation are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. A summary of available analytical solutions is presented in order to estimate the mean crushing load and establish a comparison between these analytical loads and the experimental one. Some observations are made on the influence of geometrical imperfections and material strain rate effect.     

Multi-Objective Optimization of aluminum hollow tubes for vehicle crash energy absorption using a genetic algorithm and neural networks

A numerical study of the crushing of thin-walled circular aluminum tubes has been carried out to investigate their behaviors under axial impact loading. These kinds of tubes are usually used in automobile and train structures to absorb the impact energy. A Multi-Objective Optimization of circular aluminum tubes undergoing axial compressive loading for vehicle crash energy absorption is performed for five crushing parameters using the weighted summation method. To improve the accuracy of the optimization process, artificial neural networks are used to reproduce the behavior of the crushing parameters in crush dynamics conditions. An explicit finite element method (FEM) is used to model and analyzed the behavior. A series of aluminum cylindrical tubes are simulated under axial impact condition for the experimental validation of the numerical solutions. A finite element code, capable of evaluating parameters crush, is prepared of which the outputs are used for training and testing the developed neural networks. In order to find the optimal solution, a genetic algorithm is implemented. With the purpose of illustrating optimum dimensional ratios, numerical results are presented for thin-walled circular aluminum AA6060-T5 and AA6060-T4 tubes. Multi-Objective Optimization of circular aluminum tubes has been performed in the basis of different priorities to create the ability for designer to select the optimum dimension ratio. Also, crush parameters of two aluminum alloys has been compared.     

Experimental investigations on the crush behaviour of AA6061-T6 aluminum square tubes with different types of through-hole discontinuities

An experimental investigation was conducted to compare the crush characteristics and energy absorption capacity of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy extrusions with centrally located through-hole discontinuities. Three different types of geometrical discontinuities, namely, circular, slotted and elliptical holes were fabricated into AA6061-T6 extrusions which had a length of 200 mm, nominal side width of 38.1 mm and wall thickness of 3.15 mm. Furthermore, three different major axis lengths (7.14, 10.72, and 14.29 mm) and three different aspect ratios (1.33, 2.0, and 3.0) of the slotted and elliptical discontinuities were considered. It was found that by introducing crush initiators into the structural members, a splitting and cutting deformation mode was generated rather than global bending deformation which was observed for specimens without any discontinuities. The peak crush load was reduced by incorporating the through-hole crush initiators within a range of 5.2–18.7%, and total energy absorption was increased within a range of 26.6–74.6%. The most significant improvement was noted in the crush force efficiency, which was increased within the range of 54.5–95.8%. For specimens with discontinuities which had a major axis length of 7.14 mm the peak crush load and total energy absorption was independent of initiator geometry and aspect ratio. However, for specimens which had discontinuities with a major axis length of 10.72 and 14.29 mm and an aspect ratio of 3, a geometrical influence on the peak crush load and total energy absorption was apparent.     

Field of application of high strength steel circular tubes for steel and composite columns from an economic point of view

This paper presents the results of a global comparison between high strength steel and normal steel circular tube used to build steel and composite columns submitted to static loading, as regards the economic aspects. The comparison is based on an optimum design taking into account the strength, stability and stiffness conditions of Eurocode 3 and 4. The automatic implementation of the algorithms allows achieving a high amount of case studies, covering the realistic possibilities of building columns. The investigations are realized on simple columns, columns included in braced or un-braced frames and whole frames. The field of application of high strength steel (vs normal steel), regarding the total cost of the member, is provided in a chart clearly indicating where the use of high strength steel becomes economic.     

公路箱梁高性能混凝土应用初探

结合我省忻保高速公路路基第六合同段施工实际,从混凝土设计、施工及经济性等方面,介绍了高性能混凝土的施工情况,提出了其施工中应注意的一些事项,通过与普通混凝土进行性能比较,总结了高性能混凝土的优点,以期促进高性能混凝土在道路工程中的应用。     

热水用塑料管材的选用方法

介绍了用于生活热水、各种供暖热水的塑料管的力学性能和使用条件以及基于ISO标准的选用计算方法，给出了其管径标注方法。     

深基坑支护在建筑中的优化设计和应用探讨

建筑工程项目中深基坑结构越来越常见,为了较好促使建筑工程项目的深基坑施工能够具备较为理想的可靠性价值,避免在施工处理以及后续应用中出现坍塌或者是变形缺陷,必须要重点围绕着深基坑支护工作进行严格把关,促使其能够具备理想的可靠支撑效果,这也就必然需要保障深基坑支护能够在建筑设计以及应用中表现出理想的优化作用。本文就重点围绕着深基坑支护在建筑中的优化设计和应用工作进行了简要分析论述。     

胶东调水高疃泵站出水系统设计优化

高疃泵站具有扬程高、输水距离长、管线起伏大等特点，输水系统非常复杂，为此对其出水系统进行了优化，以无压水池代替单向水池。优化后，泵站设计条件简单、明确，运行控制简便．大大提高了泵站运行的经济性和可靠性。     

试论建筑结构设计优化方法在房屋结构设计中的运用问题

笔者从建筑结构设计优化方法理论入手,针对房屋建筑结构优化的重要性进行了探讨。在此基础上,对建筑结构设计优化方法在房屋结构设计中的具体应用进行了简单地分析,以期能起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

试论建筑结构设计优化方法在房屋结构设计中的运用问题

笔者从建筑结构设计优化方法理论入手,针对房屋建筑结构优化的重要性进行了探讨。在此基础上,对建筑结构设计优化方法在房屋结构设计中的具体应用进行了简单地分析,以期能起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

武汉地铁站深基坑支护结构参数优化系统研究

以武汉地铁站二号线一期深基坑工程为研究背景,针对武汉地铁站深基坑岩土条件特殊、地铁站沿线工程条件复杂等问题,分析深基坑支护结构设计和优化设计的基本原理,建立支护结构计算分析求解模型,应用有限元法、非线性规划方法、遗传算法、以及MATLAB语言编程等研究手段,对地铁深基坑的支护结构参数进行优化,建立科学、合理的优化模型和优化软件,并据其选择相关支护结构参数,为地铁深基坑支护结构设计提供合理的依据。以武汉市地铁积玉桥站基坑工程中的应用为例,分析结果表明优化软件的计算结果可靠准确。研究成果对武汉市地铁站工程具有重要的经济意义及指导意义。