槽式太阳能热发电双罐式熔融盐间接储热系统设计研究

在槽式太阳能热发电储热系统的作用及特点基础上,综述了几种主要储热形式,双罐式熔融盐间接储热系统在槽式太阳能热发电中应用最为广泛。通过对比各种储热介质的配比成分、物理特性和成本,确定了用于槽式太阳能热发电双罐式熔融盐间接储热系统的熔融盐介质,并给出了该熔融盐的物理性质及品质要求。提出储热系统设备选型原则及槽式太阳能双罐式熔融盐间接储热系统设备布置的推荐意见,并进一步提出储热系统的运行模式及运行要求。     

Li2CO3/Na2CO3/K2CO3及其混合熔融盐储热材料热物性分子动力学研究

对Li₂CO₃/Na₂CO₃/K₂CO₃及其二元和三元混合熔融盐的密度、比热容、黏度、热导率进行分子动力学模拟(MD),对比得出模拟结果与现有的实验数据和模拟值相近。结果表明：随着温度的升高,密度逐渐减小,离子之间的距离增加,导致对剪切应力的抵抗力变小,这说明单组分、二元和三元熔融盐黏度的负温度依赖性。对于熔融盐的热导率,单组分和二元熔融盐也呈现出负温度依赖性,而三元熔融盐趋势是随温度的升高呈上升状态。     

应用于储热领域的混合钠基废盐热物性分析

近年来工业废盐的堆积量剧增引发一系列环境问题。废盐的处置方法已成为制约废盐资源化利用的瓶颈。针对以NaCl和Na₂SO₄为主要成分的工业废盐(杂质离子包含钙、镁、钾等金属离子),本工作提出利用钠基废盐作为储热材料的处置思路并对其热性能进行分析。采用分子动力学方法,分析废盐中主要杂质对钠基盐体系热物性影响。进一步通过高温熔融法制备二元钠基共晶盐NaCl-Na₂SO₄,分别添加质量分数为1%和5%的KCl模拟含有微量K+废盐,研究其对混合盐热物性影响。结果表明K⁺对钠基盐的热物性有显著提升,含有1%和5%KCl的混合钠基盐相比二元钠基共晶盐的相变潜热分别提高了64%和60%,导热系数提高了2～3倍。K⁺的存在有利于废盐热物性改善,为该类固废资源化利用提供了途径。     

现场测试地下岩土平均热物性参数方法

平均热物性参数的大小对钻孔的数量及钻孔的深度具有显著的影响,进而影响地源热泵系统的初投资。为了能够在现场测量地下岩土的平均热物性参数,利用一套现场测量设备测量了对地下埋管回路施加的热流与回路中循环水温度随时间的变化,使用自行开发的软件,采用参数估计方法,计算并确定了地下岩土的平均热物性参数。     

塔式太阳能热发电吸热器技术进展

文中介绍了现有塔式太阳能热发电吸热器技术,针对不同吸热器结构和传热介质,结合国内外现有主要塔式太阳能热发电站,对吸热器性能进行比较研究。结果表明,外露管式吸热器结构简单、造价低,应用广泛;而熔盐作为传热和蓄热介质具有较好的性能,系统无压运行且能承受高热流密度,是将来的研究方向。     

新型相同钠离子混合熔盐相图预测及物性测量

为了提高第三代聚光式太阳能热发电技术的效率,降低系统的运行成本,需要开发出具有更高使用温度的新型高温储热/蓄热材料.本文基于相同阳离子的原则,选取3种相同钠离子熔盐NaNO3、NaCl、Na2CO3作为基盐,借助相图原理指导混合熔盐的配制,通过FactSage软件对NaNO3-NaCl-Na2CO3三元体系进行相图热力...     

氯化物熔盐单质及其混合物热物性子动力学模拟研究

采用分子动力学模拟的方法对3种常用的氯化物熔盐单质（KCl、NaCl和LiCl）、二元混合氯化物熔盐（LiCl-KCl和 LiCl-NaCl）和三元混合氯化物熔盐（KCl-LiCl-NaCl）的比热容、粘度和热导率进行系统研究。研究中粘度采用平衡分子动力学方法进行计算,而热导率采用非平衡分子动力学方法进行计算。结果表明,3种氯化物熔盐单质的比热容模拟值与实验值相比误差均在6.8%以内;NaCl、KCL、LiCl熔盐单质的粘度平均误差分别为5.3%、10.9%以及11.7%;热导率除了LiCl外,其余两种氯化物熔盐的热导率误差均在9%以下。与文献不同混合比例的NaCl-KCl的热导率平衡分子动力学方法模拟值比较,偏差均在12.5%以内。综合结果表明模拟结果均与实验值表现出较好的一致性。为了更好地从微观结构上理解氯化物熔盐的热物性,通过计算径向分布函数对熔融盐体系及局部结构进行分析。     

三元混合碳酸熔盐热物性实验研究

为满足超临界二氧化碳太阳能光热发电系统高温传热储热的要求,对3种不同比例的高温混合碳酸熔盐的热物性进行研究.实验结果表明,1号、2号、3号混合碳酸熔盐的熔点分别为388.7、337.9、391.3℃;初晶点分别为454.9、639.7、535.4℃;1号、3号混合碳酸熔盐的分解温度分别为916.2、920.4℃.通过分...     

太阳能热发电熔盐槽式集热回路流量分配特性研究

在太阳能热发电站中,抛物面槽式集热系统多回路的流量分配特性对集热工质出口温度和电站运行性能具有重要影响。传统U型集热回路采用调节阀可实现各回路流量的平衡分配,但对系统的控制水平要求较高,且建设成本较大。该文以熔盐槽式集热系统为研究对象,提出采用Z型布置结合母管变径的新型集热回路,以实现多回路流量自平衡;通过开展流量分配的理论设计计算,以及基于Apros软件搭建的集热系统动态仿真模型,研究太阳直接法向辐射DNI、入口质量流量变化以及云遮扰动工况下,Z型集热回路的流量分配、出口温度和回路压降的稳态和动态变化规律。研究结果表明,槽式集热回路Z型布置结合母管变径的方式在稳态和瞬态工况下都具有较好的流量自平衡特性。     

单相电极盐浴炉熔盐电阻计算及电极尺寸设计

本文研究了单相马蹄形、平行板形(相对或同侧)电极盐浴炉熔盐电阻的计算及电极尺寸的设计方法。实践表明,文中的计算方法可满足工程要求。     

Gasification characteristics of organic waste by molten salt

Recently, along with the growth in economic development, there has been a dramatic accompanying increase in the amount of sludge and organic waste. The disposal of such is a significant problem. Moreover, there is also an increased in the consumption of electricity along with economic growth. Although new energy development, such as fuel cells, has been promoted to solve the problem of power consumption, there has been little corresponding promotion relating to the disposal of sludge and organic waste. Generally, methane fermentation comprises the primary organic waste fuel used in gasification systems. However, the methane fermentation method takes a long time to obtain the fuel gas, and the quality of the obtained gas is unstable. On the other hand, gasification by molten salt is undesirable because the molten salt in the gasification gas corrodes the piping and turbine blades. Therefore, a gasification system is proposed by which the sludge and organic waste are gasified by molten salt. Moreover, molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) are needed to refill the MCFC electrolyte volatilized in the operation. Since the gasification gas is used as an MCFC fuel, MCFC electrolyte can be provided with the fuel gas. This paper elucidates the fundamental characteristics of sludge and organic waste gasification. A crucible filled with the molten salt comprising 62 Li₂CO₃/38 K₂CO₃, is installed in the reaction vessel, and can be set to an arbitrary temperature in a gas atmosphere. In this instance, the gasifying agent gas is CO₂. Sludge or the rice is supplied as organic waste into the molten salt, and is gasified. The chemical composition of the gasification gas is analyzed by a CO/CO₂ meter, a HC meter, and a SO_x meter gas chromatography. As a result, although sludge can generate CO and H₂ near the chemical equilibrium value, all of the sulfur in the sludge is not fixed in the molten salt, because the sludge floats on the surface of the carbonate by the specific gravity of sludge lighter than the carbonate, and is not completely converted into CO and H₂. Moreover, the rice also shows good characteristics as a gasifying agent. Consequently, there is high expectation to using the organic waste as a molten salt gasifying agent. However, this requires lengthening the contact time between the organic waste and the molten salt.     

Thermal characteristics and performance of salt gradient solar ponds

A mathematical model with various parameters such as effective absorptivity-transmitivity product and total heat loss factor, including ground losses and angle of refraction, which are related to the physical properties and dimensions of the pond, is developed to study the thermal behaviour of salt gradient solar ponds at different operational conditions. A linear relation is found between the efficiency of the solar pond and the function (ΔT/H ). The convective heat loss, the heat loss to the atmosphere due to evaporation through the surface of the pond and ground heat losses have been accounted for in finding out the efficiency of the pond. The dependence of the thermal performance of the solar pond on the ground heat losses is investigated and minimized using low cost loose and insulating building materials such as dry dunes and, Mica powder and loose asbestos at the bottom of the pond. The ground heat losses are considerably reduced with the asbestos (loose) and the retention power of solar thermal energy of the pond increases.     

Transient characteristics of small molten salt reactor during blockage accident

This paper reports the results from a transient core analysis of a small molten salt reactor (MSR) when a duct blockage accident occurred. The focus of this study is a numerical model employed in order to consider the interaction among fuel salt flow, heat transfer, and nuclear reactions. The numerical model comprises continuity and momentum conservation equations for fuel salt flow, two‐group neutron diffusion equations for fast and thermal neutron fluxes, transport equations for six‐group delayed neutron precursors, and energy conservation equations for fuel salt and graphite moderators. The analysis results show the following: (1) the effect of the self‐control performance of the MSR on the effective multiplication factor and thermal power output of the reactor after the blockage accident is insignificant, (2) fuel salt and graphite moderator temperatures increase drastically but locally at the blockage area and its surroundings, (3) the highest fuel salt temperature after the blockage accident is 1,363 K; this value is lower than the boiling point of fuel salt and the melting temperature of the reactor vessel, (4) the change in the distributions of fast and thermal neutron fluxes after the blockage accident when compared with the distributions at the rated condition is very slight, and (5) delayed neutron precursors, especially the first delayed neutron precursor, accumulate at the blockage area due to its large decay constant. These results imply that the safety of the MSR is assured in the case of a blockage accident. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(6): 434–450, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20123     

Thermovoltaic properties of technical silicon melted by solar radiation

The thermovoltaic characteristics of the p-n junction fabricated on the basis of technical silicon melted by means of solar radiation have been measured. The thermovoltaic effect that becomes apparent at temperatures T ≥ 60°C has been detected. This effect is evidently associated with the thermal generation of electron-hole pairs with the participation of impurities and surface states of intergrain boundaries.     

Physical characteristics of carbon materials derived from pyrolysed vascular plants

The purpose of this study was to develop new monolithic porous carbon materials from vascular plants using highly controlled pyrolysis. Perennial plants belonging to the grass family Poaceae such as bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) and to the family Agavaceae such as yucca (Yucca flaccida) characterized by a homogeneous profile and homogenous vessel distribution were selected for the study. They were heat-treated at temperatures 550 and 950 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere to produce a crack-free monolithic porous carbon materials for which physical characteristics such as density, porosity, yield and dimensional changes were determined. The EPR spectroscopy, ultrasonic technique and optical microscopy were applied for further characterization.All samples studied demonstrated a reduction in apparent density and dimensions due to carbonisation. It was found that similarly as in the case of hardwoods, the higher the carbonisation temperature, the greater the dimensional shrinkage. The greatest changes were observed in “transverse” to plant fibres directions, i.e., for radial and tangential. It was found that the dimensional changes under heat-treatment exhibited transverse isotropy. Carbonised plants were characterised by elastic moduli almost independent of apparent density in contrast to elasticity of precursors. Elastic moduli of samples carbonised to 950 °C were higher than those heat-treated to 550 °C. Results showed that materials carbonised at higher temperature were more stiff—more ordered in structure. Microscopic observations showed that during heat-treatment of yucca and bamboo, their tissue structure remained unaltered. There was the increase in order of aromatic layers in the walls of fibres expressed by the increase of optical reflectance values through the carbonisation process. It was found that heating plants to 950 °C quenched paramagnetic centres in carbonised samples. This effect resulted from an increase of multi-ring aromatic units in the samples. The observed lack of saturation of the EPR spectra evidenced that during slow pyrolysis defects were not created.Carbonised woody stems of perennials studied were found as very porous, but stiff materials, which can be excellent precursors (as skeleton) for new eco-materials, e.g., for wood-ceramics.     

Thermal characteristics of hydrated salt blended with Tio2 for thermal energy storage

Development leads to an increment in the demand for energy. Conventional sources of energy are fulfilling our energy demands but they are crossing environmental barriers resulting in adverse climatic change. Renewable source of energy is becoming popular as a solution to the energy crisis. To reduce the gap between energy demand and supply, energy storage methods should be developed more. In this paper, performance improvement of phase change material for energy storage purposes has been investigated. NaNO₃/KNO_3, which is a salt hydrate, is used as a phase change material. The weight proportion of NaNO₃ and KNO₃ is 55% and 45%, respectively. TiO₂ is used as an additive for performance improvement of phase change material in nanoparticle form with different particle sizes of 10, 20, and 30 nm. All the abovementioned nanoparticles were blended with phase change material (PCM) to make three different samples for testing. The weight percentage of TiO₂ is constant in every sample, which is 5%. Specific heat, thermal conductivity, charging, and discharging of PCM have been measured for different particle sizes along with the effects of temperature variation on the abovementioned properties. Specific heat has shown an increment by 16%, 20.5%, and 23.6%, and thermal conductivity has shown a decrement by 13%, 16.5%, and 21.5% for 10, 20, and 30 nm particle sizes, respectively. Blending with TiO₂ has increased the rate of heating and decreased the rate of cooling of phase change material.