能量回收技术在D触发器上的应用

将能量回收技术应用于灵敏放大器型D触发器(SAERD),该电路采用单相正弦时钟,用来回收时钟端的能量,对于触发器的内部节点和存储单元仍采用恒定电源。在时钟频率为100～300MHz时,时钟端的功耗较输入方波时平均节省约80%。在SMIC0.13μm工艺下将SAERD应用于一款函数发生器,并与传统主从型D触发器(MSD)实现的电路进行功耗比较。仿真结果显示,时钟频率为200MHz时,功耗节省高达17.1%。     

用于移动支付的高精度高灵敏度时钟恢复电路

介绍了一个应用在移动支付系统里的全集成载波时钟恢复电路。它由一个采样检测模块和一个电荷泵锁相环组成。与传统13.56MHz标签里的时钟恢复电路相比,这个电路能够从开关键控信号里恢复高精度的连续载波时钟。整个芯片由0.18μm EEPROM CMOS工艺制造,工作电压为1.5V。实验结果表明该电路恢复频率的偏移为0.34%,灵敏度为8mV。     

一种占空比可调的两相非重叠时钟发生器

本文通过调谐压控振荡器输出信号的占空比,直接产生了两相非重叠时钟信号。这一设计集振荡信号发生与非重叠时钟产生于一身,突破了传统标准电路的设计思路。本项工作获得了20%~80%的信号占空比可调范围,同时还实现了两相信号之间不重叠时间间隔的可调谐。利用SMIC 0.18μm 1P6M CMOS工艺,所需电源电压为1.8V,整个电路仅需30个晶体管。     

用于12.5Gbit/s SerDes系统锁相环倍频器设计

采用0.18μm CMOS工艺设计了一款6.25 GHz锁相环倍频器,该倍频器适用于12.5 Gbit/s半速率复接的串行器/解串器(SerDes)发射系统。该锁相环倍频器不仅为SerDes发射系统提供6.25 GHz的时钟,也为系统提供1.25 GHz占空比1∶4的时钟。设计中鉴频鉴相器采用真单相时钟(TSPC)触发器,电荷泵采用电流舵结构,压控振荡器采用三级双延时环路结构,20分频器中的高速五分频采用源极耦合场效应晶体管逻辑(SCFL)触发器、低速四分频采用TSPC触发器。电路芯片面积为0.492 mm×0.668 mm。测试结果显示,锁相环的锁定范围为4.78～6.6 GHz,在1.8 V电源电压下核心电路的功耗为67.5 mW。当锁相环工作在6.25 GHz时,10 MHz频偏处相位噪声为-98.5 dBc/Hz,峰峰抖动为15 ps,均方根(RMS)抖动为3.5 ps。     

低功耗能量回收时钟发生器和触发器的设计

在深入研究能量回收和门控时钟技术的基础上,提出了能量回收时钟发生器和触发器的新型设计方案.该方案在SMIC0.35 μm CMOS标准工艺下,利用Spectre软件进行仿真.仿真结果表明,采用能量回收技术后,新型结构的功耗比传统结构下降约42%;采用门控时钟技术后,新型结构的功耗比传统结构下降约65%.     

基于异或门自选通的低功耗时钟树综合方案

本文介绍一种降低时钟网络功耗的方法。该方法基于电路中寄存器本身的状态值,在采用异或门进行自选通后构建时钟树结构,从而减少时钟信号额外翻转,降低芯片功耗。将该方法应用于一款基于SMIC0.18μmEflash 2p4m工艺下的非接触式智能卡芯片的物理设计。仿真结果表明,与传统时钟树综合方法相比,芯片功耗降低了10.7%。     

一种用于锁相环快速锁定的动态鉴频鉴相器

设计了一种用于电荷泵锁相(CPPLL)快速锁定的动态鉴频鉴相器(PFD).该PFD采用传统结构,利用开关延时动态D触发器预充电,复位时间内输入时钟边沿未发生丢失,有效地消除了盲区.基于TSMC 0.18μm CMOS工艺,用Cadence Spectre对其进行仿真验证.结果显示,采用新型PFD的锁相环,其锁定速度提高40.3%,频率范围达1 MHz～2 GHz.     

用于CDR电路的相位插值选择电路设计

时钟数据恢复电路是高速多通道串行收发系统中接收端的关键电路,其性能的优劣直接影响了整个系统的功能.描述了双环时钟数据恢复电路利用相位正交的参考时钟进行工作的原理,分析了传统的正交时钟产生方案,提出一种新的相位插值-选择方案并给出了CMOS电路实现.在SMIC 0.18 μm CMOS工艺下采用Cadence公司的仿真工具Spectre进行了晶体管级验证,结果显示,利用该电路恢复出来的时钟对数据进行重定时,能较好地消除传输过程中积累的抖动,有效地提高了输入抖动容限.     

适用于谐振时钟的CMOS触发器研究

构建的两种适用于谐振时钟的CMOS触发器结构:SAER(Sense Amplifier Energy Recovery)和SDER(Static Differential Energy Recovery),克服了传统触发器在谐振时钟触发下短路功耗大的问题,适用于对时钟网络实现能量回收与节省的系统.在SMIC 0.13 μm工艺下进行功耗和时序参数仿真,对比应用在同样谐振时钟下的传统主从结构触发器MSDFF(Master-Slave D Flip-flop)和高性能触发器HLFF(Hybrid Latch Flip-flop),SAER在测试的频率范围内保证高性能时序参数的同时,实现了三分之一以上的功耗节省.     

一种基于电容充放电的低功耗时钟发生器

基于SMIC 0.18μm CMOS工艺,设计了一种基于电容充放电的新型低功耗时钟发生器。为了减小温度变化引起的频率波动,设计了负温度系数偏置电路。采用了传统的占空比调节电路,可调节振荡波形的占空比。仿真结果显示,在3.3 V电源电压下,该振荡器可以稳定输出7.16 MHz频率的信号,相位噪声为-104.4 dBc/Hz,系统功耗为1.411 mW,其中环形振荡器功耗为0.811 mW。在-40℃～110℃温度变化范围内,振荡器的频率变化为7.116～7.191 MHz,容差在1.05%以内。同其他时钟发生器相比,该电路具有结构简单、功耗低,以及在宽温度范围内具有较高的频率稳定性等显著特点,能够满足芯片的工作要求,为芯片提供稳定时钟。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks