磁浮列车工程中的Halbach永久磁体结构的优化

Halbach磁体结构是工程上理想结构的近似,故可予以优化设计。磁体结构优化的目标是用最少量的磁体产生最强的磁场。针对磁浮列车用直线型Halbach磁体,提出优化指标,得到磁体结构的优化结果(解析表达式),并用实验验证。该解析表达式对直线型Halbach磁体的工程应用具有意义,因为在减轻磁体重量同时提高磁场强度是磁浮列车来的关键技术。     

单边核磁共振Halbach磁体结构设计

传统核磁共振仪器多采用封闭式磁体结构,导致仪器开放性和便携性差,制约其应用范围。为解决上述问题,该文基于电磁场理论,利用二阶有限元方法,研究半环形Halbach磁体的结构设计方法,分析磁块几何结构和尺寸等参数对Halbach磁体产生的中心场强、横向均匀度和纵向梯度的影响。验证该磁体结构无需增加线圈,即可产生核磁共振实验所需的横向均匀纵向梯度分布的磁场。优化后的单边Halbach磁体结构为:磁块尺寸为0.5 m×0.095 m×0.095 m、磁体结构半径为0.63 m,在50 cm×50 cm区域得到中心场强为0.020 9 T,不均匀度为3.085×10~(-4),梯度为0.739 mT/cm的磁场。     

直线型Halbach磁体和导体板构成的电动式悬浮系统的实验装置设计

 永磁和导体板构成的电动式悬浮系统由导体板和直线型Halbach永久磁体构成,悬浮力和磁阻力是导体板上产生的涡流和磁体的相互作用的结果.研究了实验装置的结构,包括磁体和直流电机,测试、分解电磁力为悬浮力和磁阻力的机构,最后制造实验装置.实验和仿真的对比,说明力的解耦是成功的.这是永久磁体导体板悬浮系统工程化的第一步.     

脉冲强磁体导体材料研究

在脉冲强磁体设计中,磁应力是我们面临的最大挑战,当磁场强度达到100T时,磁体绕组中的磁应力高达4GPa,这是目前任何实用导体材料都无法承受的,因此,脉冲强磁体的发展在很大程度上取决于磁应力的解决情况.文章从提高导体材料机械强度的角度出发,介绍了目前各种导体材料的加工过程和技术参数,包括铜、铜宏复合导体材料、铜微复合导体材料、多层绞线复合导体材料等.     

烧结钕铁硼磁体的组织结构及合金成分优化研究进展

烧结钕铁硼磁体因具有优异的磁性能、较好的机械加工性和低成本等优势而被广泛应用在现代工业和电子技术领域。然而,随着科技的不断进步,对烧结钕铁硼磁体的磁性能提出了更高要求,高剩磁、高矫顽力、高磁能积磁体成为今后发展的重要趋势。磁体组织结构决定了磁体性能,磁体组织结构又与磁体成分密切相关。成分优化是改善烧结钕铁硼磁体磁性能的有效途径。本文在分析烧结钕铁硼磁体组织结构的基础上,详细梳理了近几十年来烧结钕铁硼磁体组元元素替代和掺杂的研究成果。在此基础上,指出了元素替代和掺杂在改善烧结钕铁硼磁体磁性能中存在的问题及今后的发展方向,为进一步提高烧结钕铁硼磁体磁性能提供理论参考。     

氮氧自由基类有机磁体的研究与展望

氮氧自由基因其结构优势已成为有机磁体的重要构件.从纯氮氧自由基类有机磁体和含金属的氮氧自由基类有机磁体两方面综述了氮氧自由基类有机磁体的结构、种类及发展历史.分析指出氮氧自由基类有机磁体目前存在的主要问题是转换温度Tc较低及磁构关系不明确,但由于其具有诸多的优越性能而将得到大力研发.     

强磁体结构的磁场和应力同步分析方法

在强磁体结构中，电磁力是主要载荷。由于磁场计算和结构分析属不同学科，这两部分研究一般都是孤立地、分别进行的。本文指出了这样研究的弊病，提出了磁场和应力同步分析的方法。并以中国ＨＬ－１托卡马克磁体为例，采用有限元应力分析和三维磁场计算同步进行的方法，得到了托卡马克环向场线圈的磁体力、应力和变形分布。     

各向异性HDDR工艺Nd(Fe,Co)B粘结磁体的反磁化过程和矫顽力

研究了取向磁场对ＨＤＤＲ工艺制备的各向异性Ｎｄ（Ｆｅ,Ｃｏ）Ｂ粘结磁体顽力的影响。实验指出：阴着施加取向磁场强度的逐渐增强,磁体的制磁和矫顽力不同程度的增加。磁体的反磁化过程包括晶粒内部的成核过程和晶粒之间的畴壁位移过程,矫力应由两种反磁化过程的共同作用决定。     

基于磁场力的发动、发电机研究(连载)

<正>(上接20期)八、磁动力机的开关与调速开关与调速是一个原理,用同一套机构完成的。原理是用磁力的"同性相斥"的特性即以磁体对应面积多少和对应距离大小而决定。磁动机力量的大小决定于磁体大小和块数的多少所构成同磁极相对应的距离远近和面积多少。磁体大并块数多,相互对应面积就多,两磁距离近力量就大,反之则小。如图:     

烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体的角度差与取向度

用Helmholtz线圈测量了烧结Nd-Fe-B小立方磁体组合成大组件磁体的总磁矩,实验结果表明,高取向烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体的有效宏观磁矩符合矢量线性叠加原理。烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体的取向度越高磁矩角度差越小,但磁矩角度差小的磁体其取向度不一定高。同时利用有限元方法计算了Halbach阵列的磁力线分布。     

Magnet Guideways for Superconducting Maglevs: Comparison Between Halbach-Type and Conventional Arrangements of Permanent Magnets

The characteristics of the permanent magnets composing the guideway in superconducting magnetic levitation devices are very important for their performance in terms of levitation force and stability. From a model based on minimizing the magnetic energy in the superconductor and considering realistic parameters of actual maglev devices, we calculate the levitation and guidance forces and stability arising from both conventional arrangements and recently proposed Halbach-like arrangements. When a comparison is carefully made under similar conditions, we conclude that not always complicated arrangements based on Halbach arrays bring significant improvements with respect to some simpler arrangements that also provide large force. These results may help improving the design of actual maglev devices.     

Design of a Halbach Magnet Array Based on Optimization Techniques

We have designed a Halbach magnet array by using a numerical optimization method based on finite-element analysis. The magnetization direction of each element is defined as the design variable. The optimal magnet arrays composed of two and three linear magnet layers can then be investigated to increase the attractive, repulsive, and tangential magnetic forces between magnet layers. We have applied a magnet array maximizing the tangential force to a torsional spring composed of two- and three-magnet rings. The two-dimensional finite-element analysis incorporates optimization techniques such as the sequential linear programming and the adjoint variable method.      

Investigation of the Lateral Reversible Region of YBCO Bulk above a Permanent Magnet Guideway

The lateral reversible region of the high-T _c superconductor (HTSC) bulk YBCO above a permanent magnet guideway (PMG) is investigated experimentally in this study. The dependence of the lateral reversible region upon selected parameters, such as Field Cooling Height (FH), Working Height (WH), and magnetic field structure, is studied. Results show that the lateral reversible region of the HTSC bulk is not only proportional to the magnitude of the guidance force or guide-force hysteresis, but closely related to the external applied magnetic field structure, FH, WH, and the size and shape of the HTSC bulk. A conclusion that the lateral reversible region of an HTSC bulk over the single peak symmetrical PMG prior to multipeak Halbach PMG is drawn. The results may be helpful to the design and optimization of maglev systems composed of a permanent magnet guideway and HTSCs.     

球形永磁阵列振动能量收集器设计与优化

为实现多方向环境能量收集,设计球形电磁式振动能量采集器。基于二维Halbach阵列设计的球面Halbach永磁阵列,较传统永磁阵列能提高线圈中磁链变化梯度,从而提高结构输出性能;建立数学解析模型,据解析结果对模型各参数进行优化;对该模型进行有限元仿真分析及实验性能测试。结果表明,该模型能有效响应空间任意方向振动,进而转化为电能;外部激励为10 Hz、激励为水平方向、负载阻值50 Ω时,该球形振动能量采集器输出电能达最大,单个线圈中最大负载功率可达0.8 mW。     

3-D Magnetic Field and Torque Analysis of a Novel Halbach Array Permanent-Magnet Spherical Motor

We present a three-dimensional (3-D) torque model based on spherical harmonic functions of a Halbach array permanent-magnet (PM) spherical motor. Using the torque model, we show how to realize three-degree-of-freedom motion. We compare the Halbach array PM spherical motor and the conventional parallel magnet array spherical motor in terms of spherical harmonic component and amplitude of the torque. We discuss our study of variations of air-gap magnetic field with parallel magnetization directions along different spatial positions in each magnet segment. We also discuss the parasitic effect of the proposed spherical Halbach array magnet. We have verified our results by finite-element method.      

磁悬浮运动平台的磁场分析及优化设计

研制了一种新型磁悬浮平台,该平台定子采用无铁心式的克莱姆绕组,消除了固有齿槽效应,动子采用Halbach 磁阵列结构方式,由于平台输出推力与悬浮的稳定性主要与其气隙磁场的分布情况有直接关系,因此提高气隙磁场的正弦分布是改善其工作特性的难点和重点. 为了改善气隙磁场的分布问题,提出了一个优化磁场分布的目标函数,并采用步长加速法对平台磁场进行了优化设计,大大降低了磁场谐波分量,改善了气隙磁场分布状态. 将优化结果运用到实际的平台中,对该运动平台进行了阶跃响应实验,实验结果表明满足平台需要达到纳米级精度的要求.     

Levitation Force Relaxation of HTS Bulk above NdFeB Guideways at Different Approaching Speeds

The zero-field cooling levitation force relaxation of the YBCO bulk above two types of NdFeB guideways, which were used in the high-temperature superconducting maglev vehicle system, was studied experimentally when the bulk moved towards the guideways at different speeds. In this experiment, a sample with the diameter of 50 mm and thickness of 15 mm was used; the time range in the relaxation measurements was from 0 s to 200 s. As a result, a nearly linear logarithmic decay of the levitation forces with time was observed. It was found that the influence of the approaching speeds on the levitation force relaxation is different, and that the levitation force decay is closely related to the guideway structures. Based on the monopole peak PMG, the approaching speeds will influence more the levitation force decay than the multipole Halbach. So the maglev vehicle above mutipole Halbach structure PMG will work more stably than that above the monopole peak PMG.      

Vibrational Properties of High-T_{c} Superconductors Levitated Above a Bipolar Permanent Magnetic Guideway

A bipolar permanent magnetic guideway (PMG) has a unique magnetic field distribution profile which may introduce a better levitation performance and stability to the high- $T_{c}$ superconducting (HTS) maglev system. The dynamic vibration properties of multiple YBCO bulks arranged into different arrays positioned above a bipolar PMG and free to levitate were investigated. The acceleration and resonance frequencies were experimentally measured, and the stiffness and damping coefficients were evaluated for dynamic stability. Results indicate that the levitation stiffness is closely related to the field-cooling-height and sample positioning. The damping ratio was found to be low and nonlinear for the Halbach bipolar HTS-PMG system.     

Flux Concentrator Optimization of PMG for High-Temperature Superconducting Maglev Vehicle System

The permanent magnetic guideway (PMG) composed of permanent magnet (PM) and steel is developed under flux concentration principle, which is the crucial component of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) maglev vehicle system. Optimum PMG design is an effective way to increase levitation force and associated stiffness for improving the load capability of HTS maglev vehicle. In order to realize higher vertical field component B _z in upper surface, three PMG demonstrators with three different forms of flux concentrator are fabricated with same volume of magnet. The levitation performances of onboard HTS bulks array over them are studied. The experimental results indicate that the PMG with a permanent magnet as the flux concentrator would produce biggest levitation force, levitation stiffness and trapped flux when interacting with HTS superconductor.