岩石亚临界裂纹扩展的应力腐蚀

介绍了岩石亚临界裂纹扩展的应力腐蚀机理,采用双扭试件常位移松弛法,对金川矿区的三种岩样进行亚临界裂纹扩展速率测试,得出了应力强度因子与亚临界裂纹扩展速率间的关系。实验数据按腐蚀理论进行线性回归分析,线性相关系数较高。所测岩样的应力腐蚀亚临界裂纹扩展是拉应力和裂纹尖端物质与环境中的腐蚀介质发生化学反应,使化学键断裂这两种机制联合作用的结果。     

类岩石裂纹压剪流变断裂与亚临界扩展实验及破坏机制

进行双轴压缩条件下类岩石裂纹的压剪流变断裂实验,采用双扭试件的常位移松弛法对类岩石材料进行亚临界裂纹扩展与断裂韧度试验。在实验室尺度上证实了类岩石裂纹流变断裂现象的存在,并且得到了翼形裂纹–翼形裂纹贯通、翼形裂纹–原生裂纹贯通和翼形裂纹–翼形裂纹–剪切裂纹贯通的 3 种流变断裂贯通模式。类岩石材料的流变断裂是一种稳定的裂纹扩展,其本质原因是类岩石裂纹的亚临界扩展。以黏弹性断裂力学、流变力学和能量准则为理论依据,推导以应力强度因子、翼形裂纹长度和时间为内变量的相应势函数,建立多种破坏机制的 压剪岩石裂纹的流变断裂 判据和计算模型。 利用 流变断裂 实验对计算模型进行验证,得出裂纹流变 贯通的 理论时间与实验时间较为吻合,当翼形裂纹的扩展方向与最大压应力方向偏离较大时实验结果与理论模型误差较大。提出的计算方法和理论判据为研究岩石裂纹的流变断裂的细观机理及岩体工程流变破坏的宏观机制提供了一个新而实用的研究手段。     

双扭法研究岩石亚临界裂纹扩展速度和断裂韧度

从断裂力学角度来研究岩石强度的时间效应必须以测定岩石的断裂韧度K_IC和亚临界裂纹扩展速度与应力强度因子的关系K_I-V为基础。笔者用双扭方法在伺服试验机上测定了5种岩石的K_IC和3种岩石的K_I-V结果表明,岩石的K_IC测值与试件厚度无关,双扭试件所测K_IC与其它试件所测值基本一致,岩石的K_I-V关系符合Charles理论及Hillig和Charles理论,岩石裂纹中的水能明显加速亚临界裂纹扩展。     

三峡船闸花岗岩亚临界裂纹扩展试验研究

采用双扭试件和自行研制的加载装置,对三峡船闸花岗岩进行了亚临界裂纹扩展试验研究。采用ＵＣＡＭ５Ｂ自动巡回监测仪量测加载过程中试件的位移和应变。根据试验结果,得到了花岗岩亚临界裂纹扩展速度与应力强度因子之间的关系和花岗岩的断裂韧度。由于试验方案设计合理,试验结果可靠     

数字图像相关法测定岩石Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹应力强度因子

提出了一种通过数字图像相关方法测定岩石Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹尖端位置和应力强度因子的试验方法。试验通过数字图像相关方法测定裂纹尖端区域位移场数据,将位移场数据带入极坐标系下位移场方程,计算裂纹尖端位置和应力强度因子。试验结果表明：采用该方法可以准确的测定岩石Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹应力强度因子、裂纹尖端位置及裂纹扩展长度,解决了以往研究方法因不能准确测定裂纹尖端位置和扩展方向,而无法准确测定岩石应力强度因子的难题。     

数字散斑相关方法测定岩石I型应力强度因子

提出一种通过数字散斑相关方法测定岩石I型裂纹尖端位置和应力强度因子的试验方法。采用数字散斑相关方法观测三点弯曲加载条件下,含I型预制裂纹的花岗岩半圆盘试件裂尖区域的位移场,采用牛顿–辛普森方法求解含未知参量的非线性位移场方程组,计算裂尖位置和应力强度因子。研究结果表明,采用该方法可以准确测定岩石I型应力强度因子、裂尖位置及裂纹扩展长度,揭示岩石断裂及裂纹扩展的演化特征。该方法解决以往研究中因不能准确测定裂纹尖端位置,而无法计算岩石断裂参数的难题。     

岩石断裂力学的扩展有限元法

针对岩石材料的断裂力学问题阐述扩展有限元法的单元位移模式的选择、确定平面裂纹空间位置的水平集法和特殊单元的数值积分方法。介绍最大周向应力裂纹扩展判据和计算应力强度因子的相互作用积分法,进而建立岩石断裂力学的扩展有限元法。建立Ⅰ型裂纹和Ⅱ型裂纹的岩石断裂力学的扩展有限元计算模型,对I裂纹的应力强度因子和Ⅱ型裂纹的裂纹扩展路径进行扩展有限元法数值模拟计算。结果表明,建立的岩石断裂力学扩展有限元法可对岩石材料的断裂力学参数和裂纹扩展路径进行数值模拟分析,验证了数值计算结果的合理性,能有效地描述岩石断裂力学特性。     

含裂纹试件双轴压缩裂纹扩展数值模拟研究

为研究内水压作用下的岩石内部裂纹扩展规律,利用围线积分计算裂纹在水压及单、双轴压力下的裂纹扩展特性,并与现有的试验结果进行了对比。研究结果表明:单、双裂纹首先在裂纹的尖端生成“翼形裂纹”,水力压裂因子越大,单裂纹翼裂纹与原预制裂纹的夹角越小;水力压裂因子越大,监测点的裂纹扩展速率越快,对于单裂纹而言,断口处的扩展速率要高于长轴,对于双裂纹试样,裂纹内侧的扩展速率则要大于外侧;水力压裂因子越大,1、2、3型应力强度因子也越大。研究成果为认识水压力以及双轴应力下的单、双内裂纹扩展机理提供了一定的参考。     

花岗岩材料在动态压应力作用下力学特性的实验和模型研究

 博士学位论文摘要　岩石材料动态力学特性是评价岩石结构在爆炸以及地震载荷作用下稳定性的重要参数, 是国防和民用防护工程研究的基本资料, 具有重要的学术价值和应用价值。对花岗岩材料在动态压应力(单轴和三轴) 作用下的力学特性进行了较系统的实验和理论研究。首先通过实验研究了花岗岩材料的动态断裂特性以及在单轴和三轴动态压应力作用下的强度以及变形特性。结果表明, 花岗岩的动态断裂韧度随加载速率的增加以及加载时间的减小而增加。在单轴情况下, 花岗岩的抗压强度随应变速率的增加而增加, 杨氏模量以及泊松比随应变速率的变化很小。在三轴情况下, 花岗岩的抗压强度也随应变速率的增加而增加, 强度的增加幅度随围压的增加有减小的趋势, 杨氏模量以及泊松比随应变速率的变化不大; 花岗岩的杭压强度随围压的增加明显增加, 在不同的应变速率下具有相同的趋势, 花岗岩的杨氏模量以及泊松比随围压的增加有小幅度的增加趋势。在实验研究的基础上, 应用滑移型裂纹模型对花岗岩材料在压缩应力作用下的力学特性进行了理论研究。在单轴情况下, 采用一组与轴向应力平行的滑移型裂纹系列模拟岩石材料的劈裂破坏模式同时考虑裂纹间的相互作用。根据裂纹的动态扩展准则以及能量平衡理论, 得到了不同应变速率下花岗岩的理论强度值以及应力应变关系, 这些理论结果与实验结果符合得非常好。本部分的研究还表明, 在动载荷作用下, 裂纹的扩展速率以及岩石材料的动态断裂韧度的率相关特性导致岩石材料的单轴抗压强度随应变速率的增加而增加。当应变速率为10- 4～ 100S- 1范围时, 裂纹的扩展速率对岩石材料的破坏影响可以忽略, 岩石材料的抗压强度随应变速率的增加仅仅由于岩石材料的动态断裂韧度的率相关特性造成。在三轴情况下, 用一组与轴向应力成一定夹角的滑移裂纹系列模拟岩石材料的剪切破坏模式, 并根据虚拟力方法得到了该裂纹系列的应力强度因子表达式。根据动态裂纹扩展准则以及能量平衡理论, 也得到了不同围压以及不同应变速率下花岗岩的理论强度值以及应力应变关系。结果表明, 花岗岩的抗压强度以及应力应变关系随应变速率的变化规律与实验结果符合得比较好。模型结果还表明, 由模型得到的强度以及应力应变曲线随围压的变化规律在较低围压时(小于110M Pa) 与实验结果符合得比较好。本项研究在实验研究的基础上, 创新性地从研究岩石内部固有的微裂纹在动载荷作用下的扩展聚合特性入手, 结合细观力学以及动态断裂力学的相关理论, 揭示了花岗岩的率相关特性机理, 初步建立了岩石材料宏观动态力学特性与岩石内部固有的裂纹动态扩展特性的关系以及岩石材料强度与应变速率的关系和率相关的岩石材料本构模型, 构筑了系统研究岩石材料率相关特性的基本框架。     

水力裂缝遇斜交层理弱面的扩展规律解析分析

为研究水力压裂裂纹与层理弱面斜交时的裂纹扩展规律,利用复变函数和保角变换等推导得出任意方向裂纹面尖端的应力集中解答。根据最大拉应力准则,通过比较压裂裂纹面在原扩展方向和层理弱面处以及沿层理扩展的应力状态及相应抗拉强度,得出均质岩体区裂纹稳定扩展遇斜交层理时,即垂直最小地应力方向裂纹遇任意方向层理的扩展规律。建立表示裂纹转向层理弱面扩展难易程度指标,即临界强度比,该指标与地应力状态、层理和岩石基体强度以及层理方位有关,其值越小表示裂纹满足转向层理扩展条件时所对应的层理和岩石基体的抗拉强度比越小。通过对规律解析分析得出:临界强度比随第一、第二与第三主地应力差降低或层理弱面与裂纹面夹角变小而增大;随岩石基体强度降低或层理弱面和裂纹面交线与中间主地应力夹角变小而减小。将解析分析结果与实验数据进行对比验证,规律一致。     

Sub-critical crack growth in anisotropic rock

In this study, subcritical crack growth in granite was investigated experimentally using the double torsion (DT) test. The orthorhombic elastic properties of granite, caused by the preferred orientation of pre-existing microcracks, were used to estimate the crack velocities and the stress intensity factors. The results showed that the crack velocity in granite varied depending on its direction of propagation. The fastest crack velocities for a given water vapor pressure were obtained when the crack propagated in the direction parallel to the plane in which the crack density of the pre-existing microcracks was the highest. Hence, subcritical crack growth in granite is affected by pre-existing microcracks. It was shown that the crack velocity was high when the water vapor pressure was high. From the results obtained under different temperatures and water vapor pressures, values of the activation energy for subcritical crack growth were estimated. The crack velocity under any given temperature, water vapor pressure, and stress intensity factor can be predicted theoretically if the activation energy is accurately estimated. The activation energy in granite is higher than that in glass. Cracks propagate in a straight line in glass, whereas they do not form a straight line in rocks due to the heterogeneity. The total length and surface area of cracks in rocks are therefore greater than those of straight cracks in glass. The larger activation energies in rocks are due to their heterogeneity.     

Study of subcritical crack growth in andesite using the Double Torsion test

Subcritical crack growth is one of the main causes of time-dependent behavior in rocks. Double torsion (DT) tests have often been used to study subcritical crack growth in rocks. There are three methods used for the DT test, each with different loading conditions: the constant load (CL) method, the constant displacement (CDR) method, and the load relaxation (RLX) method. The RLX method is convenient, because the wide range of data of subcritical crack growth can be obtained with a single experimental run. In this study, subcritical crack growth in andesite was investigated using RLX method of the DT test.To determine the appropriate shape for the guide groove in DT specimens, tests were performed using rectangular, semi-circular, and triangular section grooves. The level of reproducibility of the test results was highest for specimens with a rectangular groove. Hence, this is an appropriate guide groove shape for DT specimens.DT tests were also performed for different water vapor pressures to investigate the effects on subcritical crack growth. The results showed that crack growth was facilitated at higher water vapor pressures. Additionally, the activation energy for subcritical crack growth in andesite was determined from the experimental results, and the crack velocity values for various temperature, humidity, and stress conditions were calculated theoretically. The crack velocity can be predicted from theory for various environmental and stress conditions.     

Effects of relative humidity and temperature on subcritical crack growth in igneous rock

Effects of relative humidity and temperature on subcritical crack growth in igneous rock have been investigated experimentally on samples of Kumamoto andesite and Oshima granite. Stress intensity factors and crack velocities were measured using the double-torsion technique, and all experiments were conducted in moist air. Our results show that in experiments conducted under the same relative humidity, crack velocity increased with increasing temperature, in agreement with previous studies. Our results also show that, in experiments conducted at the same temperature, crack velocity increased dramatically with increasing relative humidity. A three- to fourfold increase in relative humidity resulted in an increase in crack velocity of between one and four orders of magnitude. Such an increase is larger than that predicted by classical stress corrosion theory. It is suggested that capillary condensation of water vapour close to crack tips of small aperture influences the rate of crack growth. It is concluded that relative humidity needs to be controlled to avoid time-dependent weakening and extend the lifetime of structures in a rock mass.     

Theoretical and numerical studies of crack initiation and propagation in rock masses under freezing pressure and far-field stress

Water-bearing rocks exposed to freezing temperature can be subjected to freezeethaw cycles leading tocrack initiation and propagation, which are the main causes of frost damage to rocks. Based on theGriffith theory of brittle fracture mechanics, the crack initiation criterion, propagation direction, andcrack length under freezing pressure and far-field stress are analyzed. Furthermore, a calculation methodis proposed for the stress intensity factor （SIF） of the crack tip under non-uniformly distributed freezingpressure. The formulae for the crack/fracture propagation direction and length of the wing crack underfreezing pressure are obtained, and the mechanism for coalescence of adjacent cracks is investigated.In addition, the necessary conditions for different coalescence modes of cracks are studied. Using thetopology theory, a new algorithm for frost crack propagation is proposed, which has the capability todefine the crack growth path and identify and update the cracked elements. A model that incorporatesmultiple cracks is built by ANSYS and then imported into FLAC3D. The SIFs are then calculated using aFISH procedure, and the growth path of the freezing cracks after several calculation steps is demonstratedusing the new algorithm. The proposed method can be applied to rocks containing fillings such asdetritus and slurry.
2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

岩石裂纹扩展诱发的强度弱化模型研究

岩石应力应变本构关系对于判断岩石强度、变形力学特性有着重要的意义,细观裂纹对岩石力学特性又有着重要的影响。基于细观裂纹扩展模型,将裂纹角度影响引入模型,并结合宏细观损伤定义联系,建立了一个考虑裂纹角度影响的轴向应力应变本构模型,并解释了围压与轴向应变本构关系,分析了裂纹贯通与岩石失效极限应变之间的联系,然后将该本构模型,与常规压缩试验与循环加卸载试验对比分析得到的试验规律相结合,提出了一个岩石内部裂纹扩展、变形损伤作用下岩石压缩强度弱化模型。并通过将不同围压下的裂纹启裂应力试验值和理论公式相结合,预测了模型中难以试验直接获取的关键参数μ,a,β,φ。其中初始裂纹尺寸a与裂纹角度φ,是由真实岩石中随机分布裂纹尺寸、角度平均化思维获取。随着裂纹扩展或应变增加,岩石压缩强度开始保持不变,当岩石达到一定损伤后不断降低。该强度弱化模型的应用,为地下工程围岩稳定性评价提供了一个重要的理论支持。     

含缺陷PMMA介质的定向断裂控制爆破试验研究

 以PMMA为试验材料,采用新型数字激光动态焦散线方法试验系统,从试验角度将裂纹缺陷和空孔缺陷纳入同一研究体系,进一步研究缺陷对定向断裂控制爆破裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明,缺陷形态对爆生主裂纹扩展长度的影响并不明显。爆生主裂纹的扩展分为2个阶段,I阶段(0～120 μs)：爆生主裂纹的扩展速度和尖端动态应力强度因子均迅速减小;II阶段(120 μs～止裂)：从缺陷处反射的应力波对裂纹尖端的作用效应逐渐明显,加强了裂纹尖端的能量积聚和应力集中,使得速度和动态应力强度因子均有较大程度的跃升;随着试件缺陷两侧曲率的增加,II阶段的爆生主裂纹速度峰值和动态应力强度因子峰值均逐渐减小。