基于ZIF8/rGO的高性能NO2室温传感器

二氧化氮气体是一种常见的大气污染物, 对自然环境和人类健康造成严重的危害, 开发检测该类有毒有害气体的高效检测设备势在必行。新型复合薄膜气体传感器可以在常温下对二氧化氮进行高选择性、高灵敏度检测, 为自然环境和人类健康保驾护航。本工作采用化学沉淀法和超声法制备了多孔、高比表面积的ZIF8/还原氧化石墨烯(ZIF8/rGO)复合材料, 以此为气敏材料构建NO₂传感器, 并系统研究了其在室温下对NO₂的气敏性能, 进一步探讨了ZIF8/rGO气敏传感器感应NO₂的可能机理。气敏实验结果表明：ZIF8/rGO气敏传感器对50×10^-6 NO₂的响应达到34.77%, 是纯rGO气敏传感器的3.2倍。ZIF8/rGO传感器在4个可逆循环测试中表现出较好的可重复性, RSD(Relative Standard Deviation)为3.9%。此外, ZIF8/rGO传感器表现出优秀的长期稳定性(RSD为2.5%)、选择性和低的检出限(3.8×10^-8)。室温下灵敏感应NO₂的气敏性能主要归因于ZIF8的多孔结构和超大的比表面积以及rGO的优越性能。本工作将为ZIF8/rGO作为气敏材料检测有毒有害的NO₂气体提供新思路。     

Power stabilized cryogenic sapphire oscillator

Microwave oscillators of exceptional short-term stability have been realized from cryogenic sapphire resonators with loaded Q factors in excess of 10⁹ at 11.9 GHz and 6 K. This has been achieved by a power stabilized loop oscillator with active Pound frequency stabilization. These oscillators have exhibited a fractional frequency stability of 3-4×10^-15 for integration times from 0.3 to 100 s. The relative drift of these two oscillators over one day is a few times 10^-13. To reduce the long-term drift, which is principally due to excessive room temperature sensitivity, we have added cryogenic sensors for the power and frequency stabilization servos to one of these oscillators. We have also implemented a servo to reduce the room temperature sensitivity of our phase modulators. Testing of this oscillator against a Shanghai Observatory H-maser has shown an Allan deviation of 4×10^-15 from 600 to 2000 s     

一维Pt/SnO2纳米纤维的制备及NOx气敏性研究

为了制备出室温条件下对NO_x气体具有更高灵敏度和更快响应的传感器纳米材料并研究其气敏性能, 本研究通过高压静电纺丝法制备出一维Pt/SnO₂中空纳米纤维。采用XRD、SEM、TEM等表征手段对其结构和形貌进行研究, 同时进行了NO_x的气敏性能测试并予以探讨。研究结果表明: Pt/SnO₂纳米材料是一维中空管状及类似管状结构; 当Pt掺杂量为0.3wt%、NO_x浓度为9.7×10^-5 (V/V)时, NOx响应最快为11.33 s, 灵敏度最高可达109.6%; 当Pt掺杂量为0.5wt%时, 对NO_x检测限最低浓度可达2.91×10^-6 (V/V)。     

Highly Selective Cyanide Coated-Wire Electrode Based on a Recently Synthesized Co(II) Complex With the N,N′ -Bis(2-Quinolinecarboxamido)- 1,2-Benzene Applying Batch and Flow Injection Analysis Techniques

A poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-based coated wire electrode based on [Co(II)bqb] (bqb = N,N'-bis(2-quinolinecarboxamido)-1,2-benzene) as a novel sensing material for determination of trace amounts of cyanide ions is successfully developed. The effect of electrode substrate, membrane composition and pH of the working solution on the behavior of the sensor was investigated. The electrode was also used in flow injection potentiometry by a home-made flow cell. The electrode revealed Nernstian response towards cyanide anion over the concentration ranges 3.2times10^-7 to 2.0times10^-4 molldrL^-1 and 5.0times10^-6 to 1.0times10^-3 molldrL^-1 applying batch and flow injection analysis (FIA), respectively. The lower detection limits are 3.2times10^-7 molldrL^-1 and 5.0times10^-6 molldrL^-1 for batch and FIA, respectively. The electrode shows a short response time (<5 s) in the whole concentration range. The selectivity of the electrode in comparison with most of cyanide selective electrodes is high. The flow cell is simple to construct and free from memory effect problems over long periods of use. The proposed electrode was successfully applied for the determination of cyanide in commercially available spring water under both batch and flow injection conditions. A comparative study revealed no significant difference between ASTM method and the proposed technique.     

The study of Pt Schottky contact on porous GaN for hydrogen sensing

This article reports the studies of Pt Schottky contact on porous n-type GaN for hydrogen sensing. A simpler and improved electroless etching method has been developed to generate porous GaN in which high uniformity of the porous area could be achieved. Hydrogen sensor was subsequently fabricated by depositing Pt Schottky contacts onto the porous GaN sample. For comparative study, a standard hydrogen sensor was also prepared by depositing Pt Schottky contacts on the as-grown sample. Hydrogen detection was carried out at room temperature and 100 °C. This Pt/porous GaN sensor exhibited a significant change of current upon exposure to 2% H₂ in N₂ gas as compared to the standard Pt/GaN sensor. Morphological studies by scanning electron microscopy revealed that Pt contact deposited on porous GaN having a very rough surface morphology with pores distributed all over the contact layer. Therefore, the increase of current could be attributed to the unique microstructure at porous Pt/porous GaN interface which allowed higher accumulation of hydrogen and eventually led to stronger effect of the H-induced dipole layer.     

Parameter evaluation in automated digital deep-level transientspectroscopy (DLTS)

A method of directly evaluating the activation energy ΔE, capture cross section σ, and density N_T, of deep-level traps from the pulsed reverse bias capacitance transient is described. The main advantages of this technique are that it requires only a single temperature scan, and it can resolve nonexponential transients due to closely-spaced energy levels. The test samples used for this paper consisted of Schottky diodes fabricated on nonirradiated and 1-MeV electron-irradiated n-type VPE (vapor-phase epitaxy) GaAs wafers. The well known EL2 trap was identified with ΔE of 0.81 eV, and σ _n of 1.0×10^-13 cm² for the nonirradiated sample. These values were found to be in good agreement with published data using established, conventional DLTS techniques. For the irradiated samples a nonexponential capacitance transient was found in the EL2 range of temperatures. The discussed technique was able to resolve two closely spaced deep levels lying at E_c-0.81 eV and E_c-0.84 eV, and with capture cross sections of 1.5×10^-13 cm² and 2.5×10^-12 cm², respectively     

Highly Selective Potentiometric Membrane Sensor for Hg(II) Based on Bis(Benzoyl Acetone) Diethylene Triamine

A new ion selective PVC membrane sensor is described based on bis(benzoyl acetone) diethylene triamine as a potentiometric sensor for Hg²⁺ ions. The membrane having bis(benzoyl acetone) diethylene triamine as an electroactive material, sodium tetraphenyl phthalate (NaTPB), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as an anion excluder in PVC matrix in the percentage ratio 4.21:2.11:60.25:33.43 (Ionophore:NaTPB:DBP:PVC) (w/w) of exhibits a linear response to Hg²⁺ of 1.0 times 10^-6 to 1.0 times 10^-1 M with a limit of detection of 3.7 times 10^-7 M and with a slope of 29.8 plusmn 1.0 mV/decade over the pH range of 2.0-11.5. Selectivity coefficients for Hg(II) relative to a numbers of potential interfering ions were investigated. The sensor is highly selective for Hg²⁺ ions over a large number of mono-, bi-, and trivalent cations. Normal interferents like Ag⁺ and Cd²⁺ do not interfere in the working of the sensor. The sensor has been found to be chemically inert to other ions and showing a fast response time of 1 s and was used over a period of three months with a good reproducibility. The sensor was successfully applied to determine mercury(II) in water samples with satisfactory results.     

Low–Temperature Hydrogen Sensors Based on Au Nanoclusters and Schottky Contacts on ZnO Films Deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition on Si and SiO2 Substrates

Unintentionally doped n-type ZnO thin films deposited on Si and SiO₂ substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) techniques, were functionalized as H₂ gas sensors by a) incorporating Au nanoclusters in the surface, and b) developing Au Schottky diodes on ZnO. The influence of the catalytic action of the Au nanoclusters on the sensing properties of the devices was examined and found to provide faster response times at a reduced working temperature of 150 degC. The field-assisted sensing of the Au Schottky diodes demonstrated for the first time in this system, a more dramatic reduction in the working temperature of the sensor to nearly room temperature     

SnO2/NiO复合半导体纳米纤维的制备及气敏性能研究

采用静电纺丝技术结合化学沉淀法和高温煅烧处理,制备了具有不同Sn含量的SnO2/NiO复合半导体纳米纤维.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),X射线衍射仪(XRD)和能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDS)对样品的形貌,结构以及各元素含量进行表征.以乙醇为目标气体,探究SnO2/NiO纳米纤维的气体传感性质,以及Sn含量对复合纳米纤维...     

A sensitive magnetoresistive power amplifier

A small, sensitive, low noise, high gain power amplifier, using the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect in thin film permalloy, has been designed and its characteristics calculated. The minimum detectable input current is determined by Johnson noise and hence by input resistance and desired bandwidth. An example of theoretical performance is as follows. For an amplifier unit with approximate dimensions of300 times 300 times 2 mum and with input and load resistances of 50 Ω each the calculated noise at room temperature is equivalent to 10^-8A for a bandwidth (BW) of 1MHz or to 10^-7A for a BW of 100 MHz. At the 10^-8A input current level, the calculated power gain issim 600,000corresponding to a current gain of 775. Power gain decreases with input current asI^{-4/3}, reaching unity atI = 2.1 times 10^{-4}A. Hence, for a BW of 1 MHz, at room temperature, the input current operating range for both amplification and signal-to-noise ratio greater than one is fromI=10^{-8}A to2.1 times 10^{-4}A. To achieve high gain, the amplifier is configured so that the magnetization of the permalloy is biased to lie nominally along the hard axis, the sensing current in the permalloy makes an angle of 45° with the nominal magnetization direction, and the input current produces a magnetic field along the easy axis. This microsize, low noise, silicon compatible power amplifier will be useful in digital and FM applications and possibly as an amplifier for crosstie and bubble memories.     

Considerations on the adsorbed water concentration of sulfuric porous aluminium oxide

To understand the mechanism determining the over long response time of porous alumina humidity sensors, the study of the interaction between water and the anodic alumina was begun by determining the adsorbed water concentration at room temperature and pressure of the most utilized alumina—the sulfuric porous anodic alumina. The adsorbed water concentration in a dissociated state can be estimated as 100 OH nm⁻², a constant value in a large domain of preparation conditions: 8.4–27 wt.% sulfuric acid concentration, +10 to −15 °C, and 40–400 A m⁻² anodic current density.     

High-Sensitivity Temperature Measurement With Miniaturized InSb Mid-IR Sensor

This paper reports the development and evaluation of an InSb photovoltaic infrared sensor (InSb PVS) operating at room temperature. The InSb PVS consists of 700 InSb p⁺ - p^- - n⁺ photodiodes connected in series, on a semi-insulating GaAs (100) substrate. An Al_0.17rIn_0.83Sb barrier layer between p⁺ and p^- layers was used to reduce diffusion of photo-excited electrons. Cutoff wavelength was 6.8 mum and output signal was almost linear with irradiance up to 0.6 mW/cm². Sensitivity of 67 muV/K and noise equivalent temperature difference of 2.2 mK/Hz^1/2 was obtained at room temperature, which shows the sensor to be a suitable for noncontact thermometry.     

Spray synthesis of rapid recovery ZnO/polyaniline film ammonia sensor at room temperature

As an excellent room temperature sensing material, polyaniline (PANI) needs to be further investigated in the field of high sensitivity and sustainable gas sensors due to its long recovery time and difficulty to complete recovery. The ZnO/PANI film with p‒n heterogeneous energy levels have successfully prepared by spraying ZnO nanorod synthesized by hydrothermal method on the PANI film rapidly synthesized at the gas‒liquid interface. The presence of p‒n heterogeneous energy levels enables the ZnO/PANI film to detect 0.1‒100 ppm (1 ppm = 10⁻⁶) NH₃ at room temperature with the response value to 100 ppm NH₃ doubled (12.96) and the recovery time shortened to 1/5 (31.2 s). The ability of high response and fast recovery makes the ZnO/PANI film to be able to detect NH₃ at room temperature continuously. It provides a new idea for PANI to prepare sustainable room temperature sensor and promotes the development of room temperature sensor in public safety.     

Determination of Lead Ions by an Optical Sensor Based on 2-Amino-Cyclopentene-1-Dithiocarboxylic Acid

A new spectrophotometric sensor for the determination of lead at trace level was developed using chemically immobilized 2-amino-cyclopentene-l-dithiocarboxylic acid (ACDA) on a triacetylcellulose. The sensor provided a wide concentration range of 1.0 x 10^-6 to 5.0 x 10^-1 M Pb(II) with a limit of detection of 6.9 X 10^-7 M Pb(II). The method also showed a reproducible result with relative standard deviation of less than 3.5% and response time of the optode was 10 min. Interference studies showed that Co(II) and Ni(II) ions interfered during the determination. The interference of potential interfering ions could be eliminated using a simple extraction procedure. The method was successfully used to determination of Pb(II) ions in reference alloy, water, and waste water samples with satisfactory results.     

组氨酸功能化碳点/石墨烯气凝胶的制备及超级电容器性能

通过一步水热法制备组氨酸功能化碳点/石墨烯气凝胶(His-CDs/GA)。该材料具有独特的三维多孔结构、丰富的含氮和含氧官能团, 有利于电解液离子的快速扩散和提供更多的活性位点。当GO与His-CDs的质量比为2 : 1时, His-CDs/GA-2在1 A·g ^-1电流密度下比电容达到304 F·g ^{- 1}, 比GA(172 F·g ^-1)提高了76.7%; 当电流密度从1 A·g ^-1增加到50 A·g ^-1, 其比电容保持率为71.4%; 在电流密度10 A·g ^-1下, 循环充放电30000次后, 比电容仍保留93.5%。由His-CDs/GA组装的对称超级电容器展现出高能量密度(在功率密度为250 W/kg时, 能量密度达到10.14 Wh/kg)和良好的循环性能(在5 A·g ^-1下循环充放电20000次后, 比电容保持率为88.4%)。结果表明, His-CDs/GA是一种应用前景广阔的超级电容器电极材料。     

缺陷诱导的Cr掺杂TiO2纳米粉末的铁磁性

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了金红石 Ti_1-xCr_xO₂ (x=0、0.04、0.08) 纳米粉末。磁性测量结果显示, 制备的 Cr 掺杂金红石 TiO₂ 纳米粉末具有室温铁磁性, 样品 x=0.04 和0.08 的饱和磁化强度M_s分别为 0.55×10^-3和 1.6×10^-3 emu/g, (emu/g=4π×10^-7Wb•m/kg)矫顽力H_c分别为 220和 40 Oe(Oe=10³/(4π)A/m)。Cr 掺杂量较大的样品的饱和磁化强度较大, 在 Ar 气中退火可以使粉末呈超顺磁性。Cr2p 区域的密集扫描 X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS)分析显示, 在所有的样品中 Cr都是以Cr³⁺存在。电子顺磁共振谱 (EPR)分析表明, 样品中的 Cr³⁺ 离子仅对其顺磁性有贡献。这些结果提示, 粉末微弱的室温铁磁性来源于掺杂引入的结构缺陷, 其中, 氧空位起重要作用。     

Cadmium Selective PVC-Membranes Sensor Based on 1, 2-Bis (Quinoline-2-Carboxamido) -4-Chlorobenzene as a Neutral Carrier

The 1, 2-bis(quinoline-2-Carboxamido)-4-chlorobenzene (H₂Clbqb) was used as an excellent ionophore in the construction of a cadmium(II)-selective PVC-based membrane sensor. The influences of membrane compositions on the potentiometric response of the electrodes have been found to substantially improve the performance characteristics. The best performance was obtained with a membrane composition of (H₂Clbqb) (5%): PVC (31%): DBP (61%): NaTPB (3%). The sensor shows a Nernestian response for cadmium ions over a wide concentration range (1.0times10⁶ to 1.0 times 10^-1 mol.L^-1) with slope of 30.3 plusmn0.4 mV decade¹. The limit of detection was 8.0 times10^-7 mol.L^-1. It illustrates a relatively fast response time in the whole concentration range (< 10 s) and it can be used for at least 8 weeks without any divergence in potential. The electrode can be used in the pH range from 2.4 to 9.0. The selectivity coefficient of some alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions towards Cd²⁺ion have been determined. The results show proposed Cd sensor is selective over a number of mono, bi- and trivalent cations such as Pb²⁺, Fe³⁺, Ni²⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺. The analytical usefulness of the proposed electrode has been evaluated by its application in the determination of cadmium in real samples. It was successfully applied for the direct determination of Cd²⁺ in standard and real sample solutions.     

Noise Characteristics of ZnO-Nanowire Photodetectors Prepared on ZnO:Ga/Glass Templates

In this paper, we report the fabrication of vertically well-aligned ZnO nanowire ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors on ZnO:Ga/glass templates. With 1 V applied bias, it was found that dark current density of the device was only 1.37times10^-7 A/cm². It was also found that UV-to-visible rejection ratio of the fabricated photodetector was around 1000 with a maximum quantum efficiency of 12.6%. It was also found that noise equivalent power and normalized detectivity of the ZnO nanowire photodetector were 5.73times10^-11 W and 6.17times10⁹ cmHz^0.5W^-1, respectively.     

MWCNTs/多孔ZnO纳米材料的制备及室温NO气敏性研究

为开发室温气敏传感器材料,以Zn(NO3)2.6H2O为锌源、尿素为沉淀剂,在制备水合碱式碳酸锌(Zn4CO3(OH)6.H2O)的过程中加入羧基化的MWCNTs(MWCNT-COOH),焙烧制备了MWCNTs/ZnO复合材料.采用XRD,SEM和TEM等对其进行了分析.结果表明:复合材料中MWCNTs分散均匀,ZnO呈多孔纳米片状,纳米片由多个尺寸在10～20 nm的ZnO颗粒组成;在室温、空气湿度为50%的氛围中测试复合材料对NO的气敏响应发现,复合材料对体积浓度1×10-4的NO气敏响应灵敏度大约是MWCNT-COOH的3倍,明显高于MWCNT-COOH;对比加入不同量MWCNT-COOH制备的3种复合材料对NO的气敏性可知,加入200 mg MWCNT-COOH所制备的复合材料对低浓度(体积浓度≤50×10-6)的NO气体表现出较高的灵敏度.     

Temperature Insensitive Refractometer Using Core and Cladding Modes in Open-Top Ridge Waveguide

In order to overcome the well-known limitation of temperature instability in Bragg grating waveguide sensors, a temperature insensitive open-top ridge waveguide refractometer is developed by using a cladding mode resonance as a temperature reference. The relative shift of the core mode resonance to cladding mode resonance is used to measure the refractive index of substances under test. Specifically, the device fabricated here produces a relative resonance shift of 1 pm for every 5 times10^-4 of measured index change, with a temperature sensitivity ~ 0.5 pm/degC.