Fault ride through of fully rated converter wind turbines with AC and DC transmission

Fault ride through of fully rated converter wind turbines in an offshore wind farm connected to onshore network via either high voltage AC (HVAC) or high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission is described. Control of the generators and the grid side converters is shown using vector control techniques. A de-loading scheme was used to protect the wind turbine DC link capacitors from over voltage. How de-loading of each generator aids the fault ride through of the wind farm connected through HVAC transmission is demonstrated. The voltage recovery of the AC network during the fault was enhanced by increasing the reactive power current of the wind turbine grid side converter. A practical fault ride through protection scheme for a wind farm connected through an HVDC link is to employ a chopper circuit on the HVDC link. Two alternatives to this approach are also discussed. The first involves de-loading the wind farm on detection of the fault, which requires communication of the fault condition to each wind turbine of the wind farm. The second scheme avoids this complex communication requirement by transferring the fault condition via control of the HVDC link to the offshore converter. The fault performances of the three schemes are simulated and the results were used to assess their respective capabilities.     

Grid connection of large offshore wind farms using HVDC

This article describes the use of high‐voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems for connection of large offshore wind farms using doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) to the main grid. HVDC systems based on voltage source converters (VSC transmission) and on line‐commutated converters (LCC HVDC) are discussed. The article describes proposed system configurations, operating principles and controls for the two technologies. PSCAD/EMTDC simulations are presented to demonstrate the robust performance of the proposed systems during variation of generation and onshore AC fault conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海上风电场输电方式研究

  [目的]  随着海上风电场规模的扩大,新型输电技术广泛应用于海上风电场的电能传输,海上风电正面临着不同于陆地电网成熟模式的新挑战,需要进一步明确不同输电方式的技术特点与发展前景。  [方法]  概述了海上风电场四种输电方式即高压交流海底电缆、柔性直流输电技术、高压气体绝缘管道母线(GIL)和混合直流输电方式的技术特点和发展前景,并对各种输电方式进行了详细的成本构成分析及计算,对不同输电距离不同输送容量下的输电方式做出经济性比较。  [结果]  研究表明:我国现行海上风电输电方式中高压交流和柔性直流输电技术较为成熟,输电方式的选取受输电距离的影响,以输电距离约52 km为临界点。输电距离低于52 km时,交流输电具有经济优势;输电距离等于52 km时,柔性直流输电与交流输电两种方式成本相等;输电距离超过52 km后,直流输电方式的经济成本将低于交流输电方式,输电容量大小对输电方式的选择不会有太大影响。  [结论]  在不同输送容量下,近海风电输送方式仍然建议采用交流输电,远海风电输送方式建议采用柔性直流输电。     

Coordinate control strategy for stability operation of offshore wind farm integrated with Diode-rectifier HVDC

Due to low investment cost and high reliability, a new scheme called DR-HVDC (Diode Rectifier based HVDC) transmission was recently proposed for grid integration of large offshore wind farms. However, in this scheme, the application of conventional control strategies for stability operation face several challenges due to the uncontrollability of the DR. In this paper, a coordinated control strategy of offshore wind farms using the DR-HVDC transmission technology to connect with the onshore grid, is investigated. A novel coordinated control strategy for DR-HVDC is proposed based on the analysis of the DC current control ability of the full-bridge-based modular multilevel converter (FB-MMC) at the onshore station and the input and output characteristics of the diode rectifier at the offshore. Considering the characteristics of operation stability and decoupling between reactive power and active power, a simplified design based on double-loop droop control for offshore AC voltage is proposed after power flow and voltage–current (I–V) characteristics of the offshore wind farm being analyzed. Furthermore, the impact of onshore AC fault to offshore wind farm is analyzed, and a fast fault detection and protection strategy without relying on communication is proposed. Case studies carried out by PSCAD/EMTDC verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the start up, power fluctuation, and onshore and offshore fault conditions.     

Load flow analysis for variable speed offshore wind farms

A serial AC?DC integrated load flow algorithm for variable speed offshore wind farms is proposed. It divides the electrical system of a wind farm into several local networks, and different load flow methods are used for these local networks sequentially. This method is fast, more accurate, and many factors such as the different wind farm configurations, the control of wind turbines and the power losses of pulse width modulation converters are considered. The DC/DC converter model is proposed and integrated into load flow algorithm by modifying the Jacobian matrix. Two iterative methods are proposed and integrated into the load flow algorithm: one takes into account the control strategy of converters and the other considers the power losses of converters. In addition, different types of variable speed wind turbine systems with different control methods are investigated. Finally, the method is demonstrated using an 80-MW offshore wind farm.     

特高压直流对同塔交流线路的过电压影响分析

随着我国电力工业的发展,特高压直流输电凭借其在远距离输电上的优势而成为我国特高压发展的重要方向。局部地区电力走廊紧缺,使交直流同塔架设输电线路成为必然。当交直流导线同塔架设时,将在导线间产生很强的电磁耦合。主要研究特高压直流线路故障对同塔架设交流线路过电压的影响。根据规划中的锡盟—上海交直流同塔多回输电线路相关数据,采用电磁暂态程序建立了详细的直流换流站模型以及交直流同塔架设输电线路模型,研究了特高压直流输电线路故障对同塔架设的超高压交流线路的影响,并分析了不同故障类型、运行工况、耦合段线路长度、耦合段位置等因素对交流感应过电压的影响。结果表明,交流线路上的感应过电压幅值在交流线路绝缘水平允许范围内;直流发生接地故障时,交流线路通过耦合作用在直流故障弧道产生潜供电流。分析了交流线路不同换位方式对直流线路潜供电流的影响,并对限制措施提出了建议。     

Effect of intermittent voltage source converter faults on the overall performance of wind energy conversion system

The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is interfaced to the AC network through voltage source converters (VSCs) which are considered to be the core of the DFIG system. This paper investigates the impact of different intermittent VSC faults on the overall performance of a DFIG-based wind energy conversion system (WECS). The fault ride through capability of the DFIG under various VSC faults is also investigated. Faults such as open circuit and short circuit across the switches, when they occur within the grid side converter (GSC) and rotor side converter (RSC), are considered and compared in this paper. Short circuit and open circuit across the DC-link capacitor are also considered in this study as common VSC problems. Simulation results indicate that the short circuit faults have a severe impact on the overall performance of the DFIG, especially when they occur within the GSC. This is attributed to the fact that the GSC directly regulates the point of common coupling voltage. The open circuit faults have less impact on the performance of the DFIG-based WECS. A proper controller along with flexible AC transmission device should be available to compensate the required active and reactive power during these faults. A protection technique is necessary to detect these faults in advance to protect the VSC switches and the machine winding from any catastrophic failure.     

基于模糊PI控制的海上风电柔性直流输电整流器研究

为提高海上风电柔性直流输电电压等级,抑制直流侧电压跌落和闪变,将三相电压源变流器用于送端整流器。采用多个功率单元级联的拓扑结构,电流内环采用PI解耦控制、电压外环模糊PI调节双闭环控制方式。分析了变流器数学模型,建立了MATLAB／Simulink仿真模型,实现了电压级联输出．在线PI参数整定。仿真结果验证了该系统在海上风电柔性直流输电应用中的有效性。     

Electrification of offshore petroleum installations with offshore wind integration

Electric power supply to oil and gas platforms is conventionally provided by gas turbines located on the platforms. As these gas turbines emit considerable amounts of CO₂ and NO_x, it is desirable to find alternative solutions. One alternative is to feed the platforms from the onshore power system via subsea power cables, which already have been implemented on some platforms in the Norwegian part of the North Sea. The paper studies a cluster of petroleum installations in this geographic area, connected to the Norwegian onshore power system through an HVDC voltage link. In the study, an offshore wind farm is also connected to the offshore AC power system. The main focus is investigation of transient stability in the offshore power system, and several fault cases have been studied for different levels of wind power generation.Simulations show that faults on the offshore converter platform can be critical due to the dependency of the reactive power delivered by the HVDC link to the offshore AC system. However, it is shown that local wind power production matching the offshore power demand will improve both voltage- and frequency-stability. Further on, it is indicated that offshore reactive power injections or alternative wind farm control topologies could improve voltage stability offshore.     

Fault handling for a wind farm with an internal DC collection grid

As a result of the increased wind power penetration, there are increased requirements for robustness of the wind farms during disturbances and faults. The wind farms are required to stay connected during short grid faults, and also, the disturbances as a result of internal faults should be minimized. In this paper, the fault ride‐through properties during external faults for a wind farm with an internal direct current (DC) grid are investigated. A safe detection of the fault is derived, as well as the reconnection procedure after the fault has been cleared. Also, the operation during internal faults has been investigated, focusing on the faults in the DC bus. It has been shown that the wind farm with an internal DC grid can operate through faults in the external grid and reconnect well within the requirements stated in the grid codes. Further, methods for detection of internal faults are derived, and it was shown that a faulted part can be disconnected and the non‐faulted parts can be back in operation within 100 ms using a DC breaker in each radial and within 300 ms without DC breakers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Control of a wind farm with an internal direct current collection grid

For a high‐voltage, direct current connected wind farm, an internal direct current (DC) collection grid is a possible further development that can reduce the weight of the transformers significantly, with average losses for the DC system of 3%. For the internal DC grid, the DC/DC converters control the power flow and thereby also the voltages. In this paper, the control of the DC/DC converters in the wind farm is investigated in detail. The control strategy is presented, and suitable time constants are chosen depending on the switching frequency of the converters. Also, the required capacitor size to keep the voltage variations within 5% of the rated value in the case without communication within the wind farm is derived. It is shown that the control is stable and can handle faults on the external grid without any communication within the wind farm. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experience with voltage control from large offshore windfarms: the Danish case

This paper gives an overview of the state of the art and lists future challenges to reactive power and voltage control in the Danish transmission system in relation to large offshore windfarms. Today, the reliable and stable operation of the Danish transmission system is based on the voltage and frequency control carried out at central, conventional power plants. Moreover, the control of some larger decentralized combined heat and power units is activated for voltage control and system balancing, which is specific for the Danish system. In the years to come, according to the government's goal of increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the Danish power system, the share of large offshore windfarms in the Danish power generation mix will increase greatly, replacing central power plants, including their control characteristics during periods of strong winds. Large offshore windfarms must therefore provide the transmission system with the necessary voltage and frequency control, e.g. ancillary services, and ensure secure operation of the power system through their contribution to system service. Danish experience, based on the operation of a system with two large offshore windfarms and several smaller ones, has shown that the efficient use of windfarms' reactive power and voltage control for the on‐land transmission system might be limited by several factors. Among such limiting factors are the reactive power and current capability limits of the electronic power converters and switchable capacitor banks of the offshore wind turbines, which are smaller than those of central power plants measured per unit of the active power rating. Combine this with the use of AC cables, tens of kilometres long, to connect the large offshore windfarms to the on‐land transmission system, the reactive power range available to the transmission system gets poor. The Transmission System Operator should already take such limiting factors and alternative solutions for efficient reactive power and voltage control, such as incorporation of a reactive power compensation unit at the on‐land point of connection or evaluation of a Voltage Sourced Converter‐High Voltage Direct Current instead of an AC connection, into consideration during the planning phase for a windfarm connection. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Compensation of network voltage unbalance using doubly fed induction generator-based wind farms

A control strategy for compensating AC network voltage unbalance using doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms is presented. A complete DFIG dynamic model containing both the rotor and grid side converters is used to accurately describe the average and ripple components of active/reactive power, electromagnetic torque and DC bus voltage, under unbalanced conditions. The principle of using DFIG systems to compensate grid voltage unbalance by injecting negative sequence current into the AC system is described. The injected negative sequence current can be provided by either the grid side or the rotor side converters. Various methods for coordinating these two converters are discussed and their respective impacts on power and torque oscillations are described. The validity of the proposed control strategy is demonstrated by simulations on a 30 MW DFIG-based wind farm using Matlab/Simulink during 2 and 4% voltage unbalances. The proposed compensation strategy can not only ensure reliable operation of the wind generators by restricting torque, DC link voltage and power oscillations, but also enable DFIG-based wind farms to contribute to rebalancing the connected network.     

Fault-tolerant control of an open-winding brushless doubly-fed wind power generator system with dual three-level converter

To improve the fault redundancy capability for the high reliability requirement of a brushless doubly-fed generation system applied to large offshore wind farms, the control winding of a brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator is designed as an open-winding structure. Consequently, the two ends of the control winding are connected via dual three-phase converters for the emerging open-winding structure. Therefore, a novel fault-tolerant control strategy based on the direct power control scheme is brought to focus in this paper. Based on the direct power control (DPC) strategy, the post-fault voltage vector selection method is explained in detail according to the fault types of the dual converters. The fault-tolerant control strategy proposed enables the open-winding brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator (BDFRG) system to operate normally in one, two, or three switches fault of the converter, simultaneously achieving power tracking control. The presented results verify the feasibility and validity of the scheme proposed.     

一种交直流混合输电系统直流侧双极故障保护策略

为进一步分析含柔性直流输电(MMC-HVDC)的交直流混合输电系统的故障特征,基于交直流混合输电系统和模块化多电平换流器(MMC)的拓扑结构,推导了MMC的数学模型,研究了直流系统双极短路的故障机理和故障特征,针对含MMC-HVDC的交直流混合输电系统的双极短路故障,设计了限流电路及闭锁换流站与交流断路器跳闸相结合的故障保护方案。以厦门市柔性直流输电系统为例,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了交直流混合系统,并对保护方案进行了仿真验证。结果表明,提出的保护策略能有效地降低故障电流,提高系统稳定性。     

Response analysis and comparison of a spar‐type floating offshore wind turbine and an onshore wind turbine under blade pitch controller faults

This paper analyses the effects of three pitch system faults on two classes of wind turbines, one is an onshore type and the other a floating offshore spar‐type wind turbine. A stuck blade pitch actuator, a fixed value fault and a bias fault in the blade pitch sensor are considered. The effects of these faults are investigated using short‐term extreme response analysis with the HAWC2 simulation tool. The main objectives of the paper are to investigate how the different faults affect the performance of wind turbines and which differences exist in the structural responses between onshore and floating offshore wind turbines. Several load cases are covered in a statistical analysis to show the effects of faults at different wind speeds and fault amplitudes. The severity of individual faults is categorized by the extreme values the faults have on structural loads. A pitch sensor stuck is determined as being the most severe case. Comparison between the effects on floating offshore and onshore wind turbines show that in the onshore case the tower, the yaw bearing and the shaft are subjected to the highest risk, whereas in the offshore case, the shaft is in this position. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于SOM网的风电变流器故障诊断

我国新疆、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙、浙江、黑龙江、江苏、广东等都在大规模建设风电场,这些风电场建成后,其故障维护就有了很大市场.以新疆风电场为基础,尝试开发用于风力机故障智能诊断的系统.首先介绍了风力机及其变频器系统的结构,分析了变频器的故障机理.使用SOM神经网络对风机变流器进行了诊断,用数据验证了诊断结果.把传统的电力电子设备故障诊断技术与新疆风力机变频器的故障诊断相结合,为风电大面积推广应用产生了积极作用.     

Multi-pole permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbines' grid support capability in uninterrupted operation during grid faults

Emphasis in this paper is on the fault ride-through and grid support capabilities of multi-pole permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbines with a full-scale frequency converter. These wind turbines are announced to be very attractive, especially for large offshore wind farms. A control strategy is presented, which enhances the fault ride-through and voltage support capability of such wind turbines during grid faults. Its design has special focus on power converters' protection and voltage control aspects. The performance of the presented control strategy is assessed and discussed by means of simulations with the use of a transmission power system generic model developed and delivered by the Danish Transmission System Operator Energinet.dk. The simulation results show how a PMSG wind farm equipped with an additional voltage control can help a nearby active stall wind farm to ride through a grid fault, without implementation of any additional ride-through control strategy in the active stall wind farm.     

特高压电网对福建电网安全稳定影响研究

分析了交、直流特高压电网对福建电网安全稳定的影响,研究了特高压交流电网、特高压直流系统发生故障时福建电网的安全稳定性以及受端换流站附近交流电网单一或严重故障对直流系统的影响及系统安全稳定水平。分析了特高压电网对福建电网短路电流和无功补偿的影响以及1000kV／500kV电磁环网的解环等问题。结果表明：大容量直流输电系统单极／双极闭锁后主要问题是引起局部500kV网架过载：交流特高压线路单一乃至个别多重故障情况下福建电网均能保持稳定运行。福建电网具有较大的抗扰动能力。     

Maximum power point tracker of wind energy conversion system

In this paper, a simple control strategy for an optimal extraction of output power from grid connected variable speed wind energy conversion system (WECS) is presented. The system consists of a variable speed wind turbine coupled to a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) through a gear box, a diode bridge rectifier, a dc-to-dc boost converter and a current controlled voltage source inverter. The maximum power point tracker (MPPT) extracts maximum power from the wind turbine from cut-in to rated wind velocity by sensing only dc link power. The MPPT step and search algorithm in addition to the DC–DC and DC–AC converters PWM controllers are simulated using MATLAB-SIMULINK software. The obtained simulation results show that the objectives of extracting maximum power from the wind and delivering it correctly to the grid are reached.