高压直流输电系统运行特性及故障影响的仿真研究

直流输电系统的暂稳态仿真对于电力系统研究规划和设计运行等起着重要的作用．为了能较好地反映扰动下交直流系统间的相互作用,在MATLAB／Simulink软件环境下,针对高压直流输电（HVDC）系统及其变换器建立了详细的模型,进行了系统的稳态、电流参考值突变和直流联络线上的故障仿真,给出了相应的仿真波形,分析了直流输电系统中交直流系统间和直流系统间的复杂动态特性,为进一步研究HVDC系统运行稳定性提供了依据和基础．     

特高压直流对同塔交流线路的过电压影响分析

随着我国电力工业的发展,特高压直流输电凭借其在远距离输电上的优势而成为我国特高压发展的重要方向。局部地区电力走廊紧缺,使交直流同塔架设输电线路成为必然。当交直流导线同塔架设时,将在导线间产生很强的电磁耦合。主要研究特高压直流线路故障对同塔架设交流线路过电压的影响。根据规划中的锡盟—上海交直流同塔多回输电线路相关数据,采用电磁暂态程序建立了详细的直流换流站模型以及交直流同塔架设输电线路模型,研究了特高压直流输电线路故障对同塔架设的超高压交流线路的影响,并分析了不同故障类型、运行工况、耦合段线路长度、耦合段位置等因素对交流感应过电压的影响。结果表明,交流线路上的感应过电压幅值在交流线路绝缘水平允许范围内;直流发生接地故障时,交流线路通过耦合作用在直流故障弧道产生潜供电流。分析了交流线路不同换位方式对直流线路潜供电流的影响,并对限制措施提出了建议。     

HVDC Offers the Key to Untapped Hydro Potential

Long transmission lines are required to transmit power from remote generation sites to the population centers. When transmission is by AC, the large reactances of the long lines limit the power transmissibility. By siting FACTS controllers or HVDC stations, which have strong voltage support, at the midpoint of the lines, the transmission distance between voltage supported nodes is halved and so is the line reactance. Thus, the maximum steady-state power can be twice that of the original lines. Digital simulation comparison of a realistic AC transmission system shows that the gain factor, based on the steady-state stability limit, is only 1.59 and not 2. This paper reports on analysis undertaken to account for the discrepancy. The analysis shows that the distributed capacitance in the original long transmission line is already providing voltage support. For this reason, the voltage support by the midpoint sited FACTS controllers or HVDC stations becomes less significant. Furthermore, the FACTS controllers or HVDC stations are inserted at the midpoint through transformers, whose leakage reactances add to the line impedance.     

一种交直流混合输电系统直流侧双极故障保护策略

为进一步分析含柔性直流输电(MMC-HVDC)的交直流混合输电系统的故障特征,基于交直流混合输电系统和模块化多电平换流器(MMC)的拓扑结构,推导了MMC的数学模型,研究了直流系统双极短路的故障机理和故障特征,针对含MMC-HVDC的交直流混合输电系统的双极短路故障,设计了限流电路及闭锁换流站与交流断路器跳闸相结合的故障保护方案。以厦门市柔性直流输电系统为例,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了交直流混合系统,并对保护方案进行了仿真验证。结果表明,提出的保护策略能有效地降低故障电流,提高系统稳定性。     

海上风电场输电方式研究

  [目的]  随着海上风电场规模的扩大,新型输电技术广泛应用于海上风电场的电能传输,海上风电正面临着不同于陆地电网成熟模式的新挑战,需要进一步明确不同输电方式的技术特点与发展前景。  [方法]  概述了海上风电场四种输电方式即高压交流海底电缆、柔性直流输电技术、高压气体绝缘管道母线(GIL)和混合直流输电方式的技术特点和发展前景,并对各种输电方式进行了详细的成本构成分析及计算,对不同输电距离不同输送容量下的输电方式做出经济性比较。  [结果]  研究表明:我国现行海上风电输电方式中高压交流和柔性直流输电技术较为成熟,输电方式的选取受输电距离的影响,以输电距离约52 km为临界点。输电距离低于52 km时,交流输电具有经济优势;输电距离等于52 km时,柔性直流输电与交流输电两种方式成本相等;输电距离超过52 km后,直流输电方式的经济成本将低于交流输电方式,输电容量大小对输电方式的选择不会有太大影响。  [结论]  在不同输送容量下,近海风电输送方式仍然建议采用交流输电,远海风电输送方式建议采用柔性直流输电。     

多回超/特高压交流输电线路交叉跨越情况下无线电干扰特性研究

鉴于我国特高压交流线路跨越超高压交流线路架设的情况越来越普遍,电晕放电引起的无线电干扰问题已成为线路导线选型和杆塔结构优化设计的重要考虑因素之一,建立了输电线路无线电干扰特性仿真计算模型,利用模态传播原理获取电晕放电电流在导线上的分布特性,获得了不同路径上的无线电干扰分布情况,通过测量河南省南阳市境内实际运行中的一条1 000kV特高压交流输电线路跨越500kV超高压交流输电线路的无线电干扰特性验证了所建模型的有效性,进而建模分析了线路不同对地高度、交叉角度等对无线电干扰特性的影响规律。结果表明,增加线路对地距离可有效减少场强幅值,但衰减速度会减慢;增大交叉角度可减小场强幅值,增大衰减速度,使边相外20m场强值有所增加。     

A novel approach for fault location on transmission lines

A new approach for power transmission line fault location is investigated. The fault locator estimation is based on the noise generated by the fault in the sending-end current signal. The proposed scheme consists of a wavelet-based filter module, a Prony-based signal processor and an ANN-based estimator. Input data has been generated using the Alternative Transient Program (ATP). A three-phase, frequency-dependent (FD) transmission line model was used. The scheme is tested using data employed in the ANN training as well as new data sets. The proposed locator has a good level of accuracy     

Performance evaluation of series compensated self-excited six-phase induction generator for stand-alone renewable energy generation

This paper presents the steady-state behavior of a series compensated (short-shunt) self-excited six-phase induction generator (SPSEIG) configured to operate as stand-alone electric energy source in conjunction with a hydro power plant. A purely experimental treatment is provided with the emphasis placed on operating regimes that illustrate the advantages of using SPSEIG. In particular, it is shown that the SPSEIG can operate with a single three-phase capacitor bank, so that the loss of excitation or fault at one winding does not lead to the system shutdown. The generator can also supply two separate three-phase loads, which represent an additional advantage. Experimental results include loading transients with independent three-phase resistive and resistive–inductive load at each of the two three-phase winding sets, and measured steady-state characteristics for various load and/or capacitor bank configurations. Practical results for long-shunt configuration are also given for comparative performance evaluation of series compensated SPSEIG.     

提升距离保护适应性的新能源主动故障控制研究

该文以新能源送出线路为研究对象,通过研究新能源故障控制方法,提升距离保护在新能源电力系统中的适应性。首先,分析过渡电阻和逆变器控制对于距离保护的影响机理。然后,提出新能源故障控制策略,主动调整新能源输出特性,使故障附加阻抗呈纯阻性。接着通过利用有效故障阻抗、测量阻抗及故障附加阻抗在阻抗复平面中的关系,求解有效故障阻抗,以提升距离保护在新能源系统中的耐过渡电阻能力。最后,利用Matlab/Simulink仿真验证所提方法的有效性,为新能源送出线的保护与控制协调配合提供了理论基础。     

Coordinate control strategy for stability operation of offshore wind farm integrated with Diode-rectifier HVDC

Due to low investment cost and high reliability, a new scheme called DR-HVDC (Diode Rectifier based HVDC) transmission was recently proposed for grid integration of large offshore wind farms. However, in this scheme, the application of conventional control strategies for stability operation face several challenges due to the uncontrollability of the DR. In this paper, a coordinated control strategy of offshore wind farms using the DR-HVDC transmission technology to connect with the onshore grid, is investigated. A novel coordinated control strategy for DR-HVDC is proposed based on the analysis of the DC current control ability of the full-bridge-based modular multilevel converter (FB-MMC) at the onshore station and the input and output characteristics of the diode rectifier at the offshore. Considering the characteristics of operation stability and decoupling between reactive power and active power, a simplified design based on double-loop droop control for offshore AC voltage is proposed after power flow and voltage–current (I–V) characteristics of the offshore wind farm being analyzed. Furthermore, the impact of onshore AC fault to offshore wind farm is analyzed, and a fast fault detection and protection strategy without relying on communication is proposed. Case studies carried out by PSCAD/EMTDC verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the start up, power fluctuation, and onshore and offshore fault conditions.     

Analysis of the steady state characteristics of doubly fedsynchronous machines

A theoretical and experimental analysis of the steady-state characteristics of a doubly fed synchronous machine (DFSM) is presented. The basic equations and the equivalent circuit that represent the steady state of the DFSM are derived. In the experiments, a three-phase symmetrical wound-rotor terminals were connected to the three-phase bus, and the rotor terminals were connected to the slip-frequency source. A DC generator was directly connected to the DFSM as a load. An AC generator driven directly by a DC motor was used as the slip-frequency source. The theoretical results were confirmed. The rotor iron loss remains an important factor, but its effect is shown to be small when slip is small     

一种经济型故障限流器及其控制策略

提出了一种应用柔性输电技术改善电网电能质量和提高稳定性的经济型短路故障限流器。在输电线路正常运行时,串联在线路中,几乎无能量损耗;当有故障发生时,快速切换到故障限流模式,有效的限制短路电流。分析了这种经济限流器的参数整定及其控制策略,并利用PSCAD和MATLAB软件对其进行了特性分析和电磁暂态稳定性仿真,结果证明了该模型有良好的限流性能和控制策略的可行性。     

突变量接地方向阻抗继电器性能分析

分析了反映突变量接地方向阻抗继电器正反向单相接地时动作特性、继电器用于长距离输电线路对侧母线跳闸后误动原因,提出了当被保护线路较短且保护方向等效电源容量很大时方向性和正向接地故障时允许较大过渡电阻间存在矛盾的解决方案.     

非全线同塔双回架设的1000kV换位线路电流不平衡度研究

在地形复杂或覆冰较严重处,输电线路无法采用全线同塔双回的方式架设,而采用并行单回架设的线路段时需研究其对全线三相电流不平衡的影响。对此,在推导电流不平衡度计算方法的基础上,通过ATPEMTP仿真建模计算,研究了有一个整循环换位的1 000kV双回分段架设线路中相序排列、换位方式及单回线路段的首尾连接方式、回间距离等因素对电流不平衡度的影响,得出了较优的换位、相序排列组合方案及单回线路段连接方式,并总结了单回线路段的回间距离对线路电流不平衡度的影响规律,对改善实际非全线同塔双回架设的线路中出现的电流不平衡问题有参考意义。     

送端不对称和受端对称四回线构成的混合线路故障测距新方法

针对送端不对称和受端对称的同杆四回线构成的混合四回线线路故障测距问题,提出等效的同杆四回线线路模型,基于故障点的相阻抗和故障距离成正比的关系,利用实测同步双端电气量构造双端故障测距算法,从原理上消除了测距算法易受过渡电阻影响的问题。大量的PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果表明,该测距方法的测距精度不受故障回路选择和过渡电阻等因素影响,验证了该方法的可行性和精确性,为混合线路故障测距提供了一种新方法。     

The first polyphase system: a look back at two-phase power for AC distribution

This paper describes the first "polyphase" (more than one phase) system developed for the distribution of alternating current (AC) power. This two-phase system was subsequently rendered obsolete, however, by the superior three-phase system that is now universally used throughout the world. Today, the large-scale generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power is by means of the three-phase AC system; that is, three individual single-phase voltages and currents having a 120/spl deg/ phase relationship to each other and intermingled on three wires. The three-phase system has been adopted because it provides for a constant rather than pulsating power flow to motors, and because it is an efficient system as far as the amount of copper required per kilowatt transmitted. The theoretical complexity of the three-phase system, however, delayed its complete acceptance in the early days of electric power system development.     

A simplified fault currents analysis method considering transientof synchronous machine

The transient fault currents of a synchronous machine fault were mathematically analyzed by using the two-reaction theory, Clarke's components, etc. However, the methods were extremely complicated and the transient fault analysis of synchronous machine with a load was not carried out except for three-phase faults. This paper proposes a simplified fault currents analysis method considering synchronous machine transients. The method is based on the symmetrical components scheme. The advantages of the method are that the transient analysis is able to be accomplished more easily than the conventional method when the fault point is a synchronous machine terminal or a transmission line. The accuracy of the method is confirmed by comparing the analysis results with Electro-Magnetic Transient Program (EMTP) digital simulations     

VSC-HVDC在海上风电输电系统的应用研究

海上风电须进行远距离传输,大规模风电场采用直流输电技术的运营费用比交流输电技术低。为保证风能质量和电网稳定性,提出了应用VSC-HVDC直流输电技术,重点研究该直流输电系统的控制技术特点。在VSC-HVDC稳态数学模型的基础上,提出了用于该系统的闭环PI控制器,并辅以PSCAD/EMTDC建模仿真。仿真结果表明,该控制器简便有效,能够满足稳定运行的需求。     

考虑弧垂情况下交流输电线路的地面电场分布

为研究交流输电线路下方的实际地面电场分布,分别分析了导线对地高度对导线电荷量和地面电场的影响。分析结果表明:导线对地高度对电荷量影响不大;在电荷量一定的前提下,导线对地高度对地面电场影响很大。因此,在假设导线对地高度不影响导线电荷的基础上,考虑导线的弧垂形状,以微分矢量叠加的方式求解线路下方的实际地面电场分布并以交流特高压为例进行了计算与验证。分析结果表明:线路下方的高场强范围只在导线档中附近存在,电场强度在远离档中的区域迅速减小,与以对地最小对地高度计算得到的地面电场分布差异很大。研究成果对房屋拆迁的判断有重要的指导意义。