糖精钠对电沉积纳米晶镍层组织结构及性能的影响

采用脉冲电沉积法制备纳米晶镍镀层,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜及XRD对不同糖精钠浓度下制得的镍镀层的微观结构进行了表征,采用显微硬度计、DSC及全电位测试仪对镀层的硬度、热稳定性和耐蚀性进行研究.结果表明:镍镀层晶粒尺寸随着糖精钠浓度升高先增后降,浓度为10 g/L时晶粒尺寸最小;当浓度低于15 g/L时,镀层表面较为光滑、明亮;镍镀层的显微硬度在糖精钠浓度为10 g/L时达到最大值,显微硬度与平均晶粒尺寸的关系基本符合Hall-Petch方程;镍层晶粒的失稳长大温度随糖精钠浓度的增加在305℃上下波动;当糖精钠浓度为10 g/L时,镍层的耐蚀性最好.     

电沉积微纳米镍的组织结构与力学性能

在氨基磺酸镍体系的镀液中通过直流、脉冲电沉积分别制备了不同晶粒尺寸的块体镍.通过室温单向拉伸实验比较了这些镍的力学性能. 结果表明:拓宽电沉积纳米镍的晶粒尺寸分布可显著提高其塑性,同时,保留较高的强度.所制备的具有宽晶粒尺寸分布(5～120 nm)的平均晶粒尺寸为27.2 nm的纳米镍,抗拉强度为1162～1211 MPa,断裂伸长率为10.4%～11.4%.与平均晶粒尺寸为22.4nm的窄晶粒尺寸分布(5～60 nm)的纳米镍相比,抗拉强度降低约200 MPa,但断裂伸长率提高了3.4%.通过对纳米镍微观组织的TEM观察,揭示了宽晶粒尺寸分布纳米镍中塑性的显著提高源于塑性变形中大晶粒(100 nm以上)内存在类似传统粗晶材料中的晶内位错滑移.     

温度对柔性摩擦辅助电沉积镍镀层组织结构的影响

为提高镀层质量,采用新型的柔性摩擦辅助电沉积技术在不含任何添加剂的Watts镀液中制备了镍镀层。利用SEM、AFM、XRD、TEM以及硬度计等手段分别对镀层的形貌、生长取向、结构和硬度进行了表征,并与无柔性介质摩擦作用下的电沉积镍进行了比较。结果表明:在20~50℃的温度范围内,柔性摩擦辅助电沉积镍镀层组织结构得到改善。电沉积镍镀层均为面心立方结构,随着镀液温度的升高,柔性摩擦辅助电沉积镍镀层的择优取向由(220)晶面向(111)晶面转变,表面逐渐变得平整致密,硬度(HV)从4550 MPa增加到4750 MPa后趋于平稳。当温度为50℃时,柔性摩擦辅助电沉积镍镀层的平均晶粒尺寸为91.6 nm,远小于电沉积镍的平均晶粒尺寸153.7 nm。     

脉冲时间对Ni-W-P-CeO_2-SiO_2纳米复合镀层特性的影响(英文)

采用方波脉冲电流电沉积了含有CeO2、SiO2纳米颗粒掺杂的Ni-W-P合金镀层.在脉冲峰值电流密度恒定(30A/dm2)下,研究了脉冲导通时间和脉冲关断时间对纳米复合镀层特性的影响,采用化学组成、显微硬度和微观组织进行表征.结果表明:通过Ni、W、P和CeO2、SiO2纳米颗粒的脉冲共沉积,在普通碳钢表面制备了具有细晶结构的Ni-W-P-CeO2-SiO2纳米复合镀层.当脉冲导通时间和脉冲关断时间均控制在100μs时.纳米复合镀层显策硬度最高,为6890 MPa.当脉冲关断时间控制在1000 μs时,纳米复合镀层晶粒尺寸随脉冲导通时间(100～400 μs)的增加而降低,但若脉冲导通时间(400～1000 μs)继续增加,晶粒尺寸又开始增大.当脉冲导通时间控制在100 μs时,增加脉冲关断时间(100～4000 μs),纳米复合镀层晶粒尺寸增大.     

调制脉冲磁控溅射峰值靶功率密度对纯Ti镀层沉积行为的影响（英文）

调制脉冲磁控溅射可通过改变强、弱离化阶段的脉冲强度和占空比等电场参量,大幅调控镀料粒子的离化率、沉积能量和数量,实现对沉积镀层形核与生长过程的精确把控。在非平衡闭合磁场条件下,采用调制脉冲磁控溅射技术,通过对其强离化脉冲阶段的脉冲宽度和靶功率进行调控获得持续增大的峰值靶功率密度,并在此条件下制备多组纯Ti镀层,对其微观形貌和力学性能进行了检测分析。结果表明,当强离化脉冲阶段的峰值靶功率密度由0.15 k W·cm-2持续增大至0.86 k W·cm~(-2)时,所制备的纯Ti镀层具有11 nm的平均晶粒尺寸,且较其他峰值靶功率密度条件下的制备镀层具有更为致密的组织结构、平整的表面质量(表面粗糙度Ra为11 nm)和良好的力学性能。     

电刷镀镍／炭纳米管复合纳米镀层的结构与耐磨性能

用含碳纳米管的快速镍电刷镀液制备了镍／碳纳米管复合纳米镀层。研究了镀液中碳纳米管含量对镀层平均晶粒尺寸、显微结构、力学性能及耐磨性能的影响。结果表明：镀液中碳纳米管含量对镍刷镀层的平均晶粒尺寸和微结构有显著的影响，当镀液中碳纳米管含量为4％（质量分数）时，镀层有约16nm的最小晶粒尺寸：镀层的硬度和耐磨性与镀层的平均晶粒尺寸有非常好的对应关系：碳纳米管的弥散强化作用导致镀层晶粒细化和结构致密化，从而有效地改善了镀层的力学性能和耐磨性能。     

脉冲电沉积纳米镍镀层摩擦磨损性能的研究

采用脉冲电沉积的方法制备纳米镍镀层,研究了纳米镍镀层的微观组织结构,考察了脉冲电流密度和外加载荷对纳米镍镀层摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明,脉冲电沉积方法制备的纳米镍镀层的晶粒均匀致密;电流密度的增大使得纳米镍镀层晶粒尺寸减小,显微硬度和耐磨性提高;随着晶粒尺寸的减小,纳米镍镀层磨损机制从粘着磨损转变为磨料磨损.     

脉冲电沉积纳米晶体镍镀层热稳定性的研究

采用脉冲电沉积法制备了纳米晶体镍镀层，平均晶粒尺寸约为20nm。采用热分析法、透射电子显微镜(17EM)和X射线衍射方法(XRD)研究了纳米镍镀层的热稳定性。结果表明，纳米晶体镍镀层晶粒开始明显长大温度约为255℃，晶粒长大过程分为两个阶段：低温晶粒异常长大阶段(200～300％)和晶粒正常长大阶段(300～500％)。原始镍镀层的(111)和(200)面双织构在低温晶粒异常长大阶段仍存在，但在正常长大阶段逐渐消失。100％加热后镍镀层显微硬度略有增高，随后随着加热温度的升高不断降低。     

柔性摩擦辅助电沉积纳米晶镍的热稳定性（英文）

采用柔性摩擦辅助电沉积技术在无添加剂的Watts液中制备(111)择优取向且平均晶粒尺寸约为24 nm的等轴纳米晶镍镀层。差示扫描热分析结果表明:该纳米晶镍镀层的快速晶粒生长峰值温度约为285.4°C,晶粒生长趋于平衡峰值温度约为431.5°C。等时退火结果表明:该纳米晶镍镀层因无硫而未观察到异常晶粒生长行为;同时由于其初始镀态的低能界面结构和一定量退火纳米孪晶的形成,降低了纳米晶粒生长的驱动力,导致其热稳定性得到改善,使得该镀层在450°C退火后,表现出很小的残余拉应力(约50 MPa)和较高的硬度(约HV 400)。     

电沉积纳米镍-钻合金在金刚石工具制备中的应用研究

采用纳米镍一钴镀层制备电镀金刚石工具以期提高工具的性能。通过考察脉冲参数、细化添加剂、硫酸钴对镀层显微硬度的影响,得出结论：细化添加剂、硫酸钴都能细化晶粒,两者有竞争关系;改变峰值电流密度和开通时间可以细化晶粒,脉冲周期过短会造成晶粒粗化。镀层中钴的质量分数为9％,表面较光整,平均晶粒尺寸在14nm左右,显微硬度达到609HV。确定了制造金刚石工具最佳的电镀工艺参数,由其制得的工具平均寿命比纳米镍镀层材料工具高16％。     

Orientations of dendritic growth during solidification

Dendrites are crystalline forms which grow far from the limit of stability of the plane front and adopt an orientation which is as close as possible to the heat flux direction. Dendritic growth orientations for cubic metals, bct Sn, and hcp Zn, can be controlled by thermal conductivity, Young’s modulus, and surface energy. The control factors have been elaborated. Since the dendrite is a single crystal, its properties such as thermal conductivity that influences the heat flux direction, the minimum Young’s modulus direction that influences the strain energy minimization, and the minimum surface energy plane that influences the crystal/liquid interface energy minimization have been proved to control the dendritic growth direction. The dendritic growth directions of cubic metals are determined by the minimum Young’s modulus direction and/or axis direction of symmetry of the minimum crystal surface energy plane. The dendritic growth direction of bct Sn is determined by its maximum thermal conductivity direction and the minimum surface energy plane normal direction. The primary dendritic growth direction of hcp Zn is determined by its maximum thermal conductivity direction and the minimum surface energy plane normal direction and the secondary dendrite arm direction of hcp Zn is normal to the primary dendritic growth direction.     

金属Zr热力学性质的第一原理研究

应用基于密度泛函与密度泛函微扰理论的平面波赝势方法计算了一组不同晶格常数下hcp结构金属Zr的声子谱及相应的静态总能,由此得到不同晶格常数下的自由能,由准谐近似及自由能极小判据得到自由能与温度的关系,进而计算了金属Zr热膨胀系数、体弹性模量、定容及定压摩尔热容与温度的关系,计算结果在较宽的温度范围内与实验相符.对热膨胀系数,同时应用Debye-Grüneisen模型进行了计算,并与第一原理方法的结果进行了比较.对摩尔热容的计算考虑了电子的贡献,表明在高温区电子热容的贡献不能忽略.     

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of HVOF-Sprayed Co-Cr-W Coating

Co-Cr-W HVOF-sprayed protective coatings are used for their high oxidation and wear resistance. Apart from the oxidation resistance, the stability of their mechanical properties in relation to thermal loading is crucial with respect to the most common high-temperature application areas. This work is focused mainly on evaluation of the heat-induced changes in the phase composition and related mechanical properties. It was shown that the original powder, composed fully from face-centered cubic Co-based alloy, partly changes its phase composition during spraying to a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure. The annealing further increases the ratio of the hcp phase in the structure. The heat-induced phase changes are accompanied by an increase in the coatings’ hardness and cohesion strength. The abrasive and adhesive wear behavior was evaluated. While the coatings’ heat treatment had a positive effect on the coefficient of friction, the abrasive and adhesive wear resistance of annealed coating was lower compared to as-sprayed coating.     

金属Pd的原子状态和物理性质

依据纯金属单原子理论(OA)确定了面心立方结构(fcc)金属Pd的原子状态为[Kr](4dn)5.98(4dc)2.23(5sc)1.56(5sf)0.23,并对Pd的密排六方结构(hcp)和体心立方结构(bcc)初态特征晶体及初态液体的原子状态进行了研究,并在此基础上解释了金属Pd的原子状态与晶体结构的关系,并通过计算得到了fcc-Pd的势能曲线及体弹性模量、线热膨胀系数、比热容和Gibbs自由能等热力学性质随温度变化的曲线,这些性质的理论值与实验值符合较好。     

Co-Ni合金镀层组织结构及性能研究

采用金相显微镜和X射线衍射(XRD)分析测定了Co-Ni镀层和纯Ni镀层的微观形貌和晶体结构;研究了Co-Ni镀层和纯Ni镀层的力学性能、高温抗软化性能以及摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,Co-Ni镀层是具有六方密排结构(hcp)的,以Co为溶剂,Ni溶解在Co中的单相固溶体,而纯Ni镀层为单一的面心立方结构(fcc).与纯Ni镀层相比,Co-Ni镀层具有优异的力学性能和良好的高温抗软化性能.Co-Ni镀层所具有的六方密排结构(hcp)的组织结构降低了它的摩擦系数,使得Co-Ni镀层具有良好的耐磨损性能.     

First-principles study of shear deformation in TiAl alloys

The stress-induced phase-transition γ-TiAl ↔ ₂-Ti₃Al in TiAl alloys was systemically studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We found that the key role in such phase-transition is the alloy composition. Firstly through studying the relationship between the formation energy, structure (fct and hcp) and alloy composition (Ti:Al = 1–3), we acquired that the stability of fct or hcp phases depends on the Ti:Al ratios. When the ratio meets about 1.5, the formation energies of fct and hcp phases are very close, which means both structures have the similar stability. Further shear deformation calculations on such alloys with different structures and compositions show that phases with Ti:Al value close to 1.5 have smaller dislocation nucleation energies and lower maximum shear strengths than those of the stoichiometric TiAl and Ti₃Al phases. Such results not only reveal the composition's effect on the reversible phase transition, but also exhibit the intrinsic controlling role on the alloying properties.     

Structure and stability of hcp bulk and nano-precipitated Ag2Al

We study the short- and long- range chemical ordering in hcp bulk Ag₂Al using the Monte Carlo method based on a Hamiltonian constructed via structural formation energies from ab initio electronic-structure calculations. We find that the ground-state structure of bulk Ag₂Al is that proposed from X-ray data, but there are several competing metastable hcp structures. Our results provide the structural and thermodynamic properties of Ag₂Al, with good agreement to experimental short-range order data (after reprocessing our data according to experimental procedure). We also discuss the influence of the Al:Ag₂Al interface, coherency strain, and off-stoichiometric disorder on the structure of metastable Ag₂Al γ′ nano-precipitates in an fcc Al matrix. We show that γ′ precipitates are off-stoichiometric and we provide a new structure that reproduces the observed transmission electron microscopy image while allowing for a distribution of Ag concentrations amongst the precipitates.     

Ti600高温钛合金600 ℃下表面稳定性研究

对Ti600合金600℃下氧化特性和氧化对力学性能的影响进行了研究。结果表明,Ti600合金氧化皮生长接近氧扩散控制的氧化皮生长规律。经过600℃长时间氧化,表面主要形成TiO2和Al2O3氧化物,固溶于α-Ti的氧元素主要存在于八面体间隙中,使得α-Ti晶格a、b轴几乎不变,c轴畸变明显。通过力学性能对比分析,证明表面氧化是Ti600合金热暴露后塑性降低的最主要原因,要使合金在600℃稳定使用,采取表面保护措施是必要的。     

影响硬质合金粘结相结构变化的因素分析

用X射线衍射分析（XRD）研究了Co及WC－Co硬质合金粘结相的相变行为。结果表明，在纯Co和Co粘结相从fcc向hcp结构的转变过程中，机械应变和由多次热循环效应引起的热应力、应变是重要的诱发因素。但添加稀土元素能够抑制RE－Co和RE－Co粘结相向hcp结构转变。     

Structure and mechanical properties of nanolaminated Ti-Al thin films

The stability of crystal structures in multilayers of titanium and aluminum is influenced markedly by the bilayer thickness. Thus, as the bilayer thickness is decreased, the crystal structure of the titanium layers changes from hexagonal close-packed (hcp) to face-centered cubic (fcc) and then reverts back to hcp. In the case of the aluminum layers, there is a transition from fcc to hcp structure at very small values of the bilayer thickness. The reasons for these variations are not well understood, but they may well be influenced by the variation of stacking fault potentials. Nano-indentation has been used to derive the elementary mechanical properties of these multilayers, namely the Young’s modulus and hardness. No super-modulus effect is observed as the bilayer thickness is reduced. The hardness values increase markedly as the bilayer thickness is reduced, following a Hall-Petch relationship with this parameter.