非线性滤波方法及其在故障诊断中的应用

传统的滤波方法一般基于线性化和高斯假设,在一定程度上影响了滤波精度和非线性系统故障诊断的准确率。该文从"近似非线性"和"近似概率"的方法入手,分析3种常用的非线性滤波算法:扩展卡尔曼滤波器(EKF)、U-卡尔曼滤波器(UKF)以及粒子滤波器(PF)的原理、方法及特点并介绍其在非线性故障诊断中的应用价值。     

UKF在永磁直线同步电动机无位置传感器控制中的应用

Unscented卡尔曼滤波器(UKF)在许多非线性估计问题中是一种估计性能优于扩展卡尔曼滤波器(EKF)的非线性滤波方法。然而在永磁直线同步电动机无位置传感器控制中,UKF是否能提高永磁直线电动机位置与速度的估计性能却尚未见研究。针对永磁直线同步电动机进给系统的特点,建立用于位置与速度估计器的永磁直线同步电动机进给系统模型,提出永磁直线同步电动机无位置传感器控制系统。通过仿真和试验对UKF的估计性能进行评估,并与EKF进行了比较。仿真及试验结果表明,UKF在估计性能与EKF相当, 然而UKF的计算量却比EKF大,使得在高速永磁直线同步电动机无位置传感器控制这一特定问题上,EKF比UKF更有效。     

基于旋转不变信号参数估计技术与模式搜索算法的异步电动机转子故障检测新方法

提出一种基于旋转不变信号参数估计技术(Estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique,ESPRIT)与模式搜索算法(Pattern search algorithm,PSA)的异步电动机转子故障检测新方法。模拟形成转子故障情况下的定子电流信号并以之检验ESPRIT性能。结果表明:即使对于短时信号,ESPRIT仍具备高频率分辨力,可以准确估计定子电流各个分量的频率;但对其幅值、初相角的估计欠缺准确性、稳定性。随后,采用PSA确定各个频率分量的幅值、初相角。对一台异步电动机完成了转子故障检测试验,结果表明:基于ESPRIT与PSA的异步电动机转子故障检测方法是切实可行的,并且因仅需短时信号即可达到高频率分辨力而适用于负荷波动情况。     

基于DSP的无位置传感器无刷直流电机控制系统

介绍一种基于DSP的无位置传感器无刷直流电机控制系统,电机的转速和位置信号由扩展卡尔曼滤波器估算.首先介绍了无刷直流电机的控制原理,然后给出了控制系统的框图,介绍了系统硬件电路和软件流程图,最后给出了结论.     

Online Detection of Broken Rotor Bar Fault in Induction Motors by Combining Estimation of Signal Parameters via Min-norm Algorithm and Least Square Method

Current research in broken rotor bar (BRB) fault detection in induction motors is primarily focused on a high-frequency resolution analysis of the stator current. Compared with a discrete Fourier transformation, the parametric spectrum estimation technique has a higher frequency accuracy and resolution. However, the existing detection methods based on parametric spectrum estimation cannot realize online detection, owing to the large computational cost. To improve the efficiency of BRB fault detection, a new detection method based on the min-norm algorithm and least square estimation is proposed in this paper. First, the stator current is filtered using a band-pass filter and divided into short overlapped data windows. The min-norm algorithm is then applied to determine the frequencies of the fundamental and fault characteristic components with each overlapped data window. Next, based on the frequency values obtained, a model of the fault current signal is constructed. Subsequently, a linear least squares problem solved through singular value decomposition is designed to estimate the amplitudes and phases of the related components. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a simulated current and an actual motor, the results of which indicate that, not only parametric spectrum estimation technique.     

一种快速GPS/DR组合导航系统状态估计算法研究

无轨迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)技术在非线性系统(GPS/DR车载组合导航系统)的状态估计中取得了比扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)更好的滤波精度和收敛速度.为了进一步减少采样点数目,提高UKF滤波实时性,一组n+2个采样点被构造用于逼近系统状态分布.蒙特卡洛仿真表明RUKF和UKF在滤波精度和收敛速度上是一致的,RUKF的计算效率好于UKF.     

变频供电异步电动机转子断条故障诊断

异步电机转子断条故障发生时,定子电流（变频器输出侧电流）中会出现对称频率（1±2s）f1（f1为定子电流频率）的故障特征附加电流信号。以此为依据,定子电流特征频谱分析（MCSA）发展为经典转子断条故障在线检测方法。在工程实际过程中,变频供电异步电动机容易采集到的信号是开关柜二次侧供电电流（变频器输入侧电流）．因此要实现变频异步电动机转子断条故障诊断,必须清楚供电电流中是否也含有断条故障特征信息。首次对变频异步电动机供电电流进行分析．得出供电电流中也包括转子断条故障特征信息的结论,以此为基础。利用连续细化傅立叶和自适应滤波相结合的方法,实现了变频异步电动机转子断条故障诊断。     

基于变增益UKF的单站无源定位算法

将一种适用于非线性系统的UKF应用于单站无源定位,并结合具体应用背景,设计了变增益UKF滤波器。变增益UKF滤波器具备UKF滤波器精度高,稳定性好,不易发散的优点。蒙特卡罗仿真结果表明,该滤波器适用于实际情况,且具有比UKF和EKF更好的跟踪性能。     

Intelligent fault monitoring and diagnosis in electrical machines

The aim of this paper is to develop an intelligent diagnosis method for fault detection and isolation in induction motors. We consider failures in three components of induction motor: bearing, stator winding and rotor winding. Firstly, a model-based nonlinear observer in the proposed method is designed based on available information. The fault detection decision is carried out by comparing the model-based observer speed with their signatures. Secondly, multiple state observers are constructed based on possible fault function set. The fault isolation decision is made by checking each residual generated by observer state estimation. Finally, simulation tests are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis scheme.     

Kinematic modeling of a track geometry using an Unscented Kalman Filter

New data filtering methods based on the Kalman filter concept are investigated for application to track geometry, where a track trolley is normally used to measure the track coordinates, cant and gauge, among others. Continuous as well as discrete measurements of the trolley are conceptually modeled, and the accuracy of the sampling scheme is also investigated. For this, a modified kinematic model of the track geometry involving transition and circular curves is proposed based on the tangential as well as normal acceleration, and both a nonlinear Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and an augmented Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) are applied to optimize the measured data. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed models of EKF and UKF having a new kinematic equation is verified with ideal track geometry and with statistical methods including Root Mean Square (RMS). In addition, field measurement data are also considered to check the applicability of the models. Finally, future work on track geometry modeling based on a high-speed measurement vehicle is briefly outlined.     

Nonlinear system identification based on Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy modeling and unscented Kalman filter

This paper proposes two novel Kalman-based learning algorithms for an online Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model identification. The proposed approaches are designed based on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and the concept of dual estimation. Contrary to the extended Kalman filter (EKF) which utilizes derivatives of nonlinear functions, the UKF employs the unscented transformation. Consequently, non-differentiable membership functions can be considered in the structure of the TS models. This makes the proposed algorithms to be applicable for the online parameter calculation of wider classes of TS models compared to the recently published papers concerning the same issue. Furthermore, because of the great capability of the UKF in handling severe nonlinear dynamics, the proposed approaches can effectively approximate the nonlinear systems. Finally, numerical and practical examples are provided to show the advantages of the proposed approaches. Simulation results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed methods and performance improvement based on the root mean square (RMS) of the estimation error compared to the existing results.     

利用火星卫星光学测量实现火星探测器自主导航

以火星探测为例,提出了通过对火星卫星进行光学测量实现火星探测器自主导航的方法。该方法在火星探测器上搭载光学相机,在飞向火星过程中对火星天然卫星（Phobos,火卫一;Deimos,火卫二）拍摄带有恒星背景的图像;通过恒星位置确定精确的惯性指向,利用得到的光学观测数据完成对火星探测器的自主导航。分别给出了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）和无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）进行自主导航的方法和仿真计算结果。数据显示：EKF和UKF得到的结果基本一致,说明EKF在线性化过程中损失精度并不多。在巡航段后半程,与火星距离越近,导航精度越高。距离火星（1~5）×10⁷ km时,取数据间隔为1 min,如果测量精度为0.1",导航精度可达10~100 km量级,速度精度为0.01 m/s量级;如果测量精度为1",导航精度也相应要低一个量级。另外,单独使用火卫二的导航精度要高于单独使用火卫一,联合使用火卫一和火卫二的精度最高。仿真计算结果表明,利用火星卫星光学测量的火星探测器自主导航,可满足火星探测器高精度导航的要求。     

Broken Rotor Bar Fault Detection of Induction Motors Using a Joint Algorithm of Trust Region and Modified Bare-bones Particle Swarm Optimization

A precise detection of the fault feature parameter of motor current is a new research hotspot in the broken rotor bar(BRB) fault diagnosis of induction motors. Discrete Fourier transform(DFT) is the most popular technique in this field, owing to low computation and easy realization. However, its accuracy is often limited by the data window length, spectral leakage, fence e ect, etc. Therefore, a new detection method based on a global optimization algorithm is proposed. First, a BRB fault current model and a residual error function are designed to transform the fault parameter detection problem into a nonlinear least-square problem. Because this optimization problem has a great number of local optima and needs to be resolved rapidly and accurately, a joint algorithm(called TR-MBPSO) based on a modified bare-bones particle swarm optimization(BPSO) and trust region(TR) is subsequently proposed. In the TR-MBPSO, a reinitialization strategy of inactive particle is introduced to the BPSO to enhance the swarm diversity and global search ability. Meanwhile, the TR is combined with the modified BPSO to improve convergence speed and accuracy. It also includes a global convergence analysis, whose result proves that the TR-MBPSO can converge to the global optimum with the probability of 1. Both simulations and experiments are conducted, and the results indicate that the proposed detection method not only has high accuracy of parameter estimation with short-time data window, e.g., the magnitude and frequency precision of the fault-related components reaches 10~(-4), but also overcomes the impacts of spectral leakage and non-integer-period sampling. The proposed research provides a new BRB detection method, which has enough precision to extract the parameters of the fault feature components.     

基于UKF算法的汽车状态估计

准确实时获取行驶过程中的状态信息是汽车动态控制系统研究的关键问题。将unscented卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法应用到汽车的状态估计之中,建立了包含时不变统计特性噪声和非线性轮胎的汽车动力学模型,采用具有对称采样策略和比例修正的UKF算法对汽车估计了多个关键状态量。将UKF估计器与常见的EKF估计器进行了比较分析,基于ADAMS/Car的虚拟试验和实车试验验证了UKF在汽车状态估计中的可行性。     

Controller design for a class of nonlinear MIMO coupled system using multiple models and second level adaptation

In this paper, an adaptive control method using multiple models with second level adaptation is proposed for a class of nonlinear multi-input multi-output (MIMO) coupled systems. Multiple estimation models are used to tune the unknown parameters at the first level. The second level adaptation provides a single parameter vector for the controller. A feedback linearization technique is used to design a state feedback control. The efficacy of the designed controller is validated by conducting real time experiment on a laboratory setup of twin rotor MIMO system (TRMS). The TRMS setup is discussed in detail and the experiments were performed for regulation and tracking problem for pitch and yaw control using different reference signals. An Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) has been used to observe the unavailable states of the TRMS.     

基于EKF训练的归一化RBF神经网络在旋转机械故障诊断中的应用

在径向基函数(Radial Basis Function,RBF)神经网络成熟的基础上,对旋转机械的转子系统进行故障诊断,针对梯度下降法容易产生梯度消失的问题,提出用扩展卡尔曼滤波器(Extended Kalman Filter,EKF)对权重进行调节训练,并将结果与反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)算法和梯度下降调节进行比较,用EKF训练的RBF神经网络不仅在性能上有优势,在精度和迭代速度上亦优于其他方法.相信在今后的实际应用中尤其在旋转机械故障诊断中可以更大地发挥其优势.     

Pico satellite attitude estimation via Robust Unscented Kalman Filter in the presence of measurement faults

In the normal operation conditions of a pico satellite, a conventional Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) gives sufficiently good estimation results. However, if the measurements are not reliable because of any kind of malfunction in the estimation system, UKF gives inaccurate results and diverges by time. This study introduces Robust Unscented Kalman Filter (RUKF) algorithms with the filter gain correction for the case of measurement malfunctions. By the use of defined variables named as measurement noise scale factor, the faulty measurements are taken into consideration with a small weight, and the estimations are corrected without affecting the characteristics of the accurate ones. Two different RUKF algorithms, one with single scale factor and one with multiple scale factors, are proposed and applied for the attitude estimation process of a pico satellite. The results of these algorithms are compared for different types of measurement faults in different estimation scenarios and recommendations about their applications are given.     

Neural adaptive observer-based sensor and actuator fault detection in nonlinear systems: Application in UAV

A new online detection strategy is developed to detect faults in sensors and actuators of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems. In this design, the weighting parameters of the Neural Network (NN) are updated by using the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Online adaptation of these weighting parameters helps to detect abrupt, intermittent, and incipient faults accurately. We apply the proposed fault detection system to a nonlinear dynamic model of the WVU YF-22 unmanned aircraft for its evaluation. The simulation results show that the new method has better performance in comparison with conventional recurrent neural network-based fault detection strategies.     

Fast Fourier and discrete wavelet transforms applied to sensorless vector control induction motor for rotor bar faults diagnosis

This paper presents new techniques to evaluate faults in case of broken rotor bars of induction motors. Procedures are applied with closed-loop control. Electrical and mechanical variables are treated using fast Fourier transform (FFT), and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) at start-up and steady state. The wavelet transform has proven to be an excellent mathematical tool for the detection of the faults particularly broken rotor bars type. As a performance, DWT can provide a local representation of the non-stationary current signals for the healthy machine and with fault. For sensorless control, a Luenberger observer is applied; the estimation rotor speed is analyzed; the effect of the faults in the speed pulsation is compensated; a quadratic current appears and used for fault detection.     

Novel approach using Hilbert Transform for multiple broken rotor bars fault location detection for three phase induction motor

This paper presents a new approach to detect the location of multiple broken rotor bars (MBRBs) in induction motor (IM) drive, running under no load and full load conditions using direct in and variable frequency drives. This technique is based on earlier work of location detection of one broken rotor bar. The techniques are tested for various fault severity levels so the detection of the exact location of the fault at early stage helps to reach sufficient time maintenance. In this paper, the authors used Hilbert Transform to extract the fault signature from the stator current envelope which is the low frequency component. Then statistical analysis is applied which produce a formula that is used to get the exact location of the fault in IM rotor.