聚醚砜／壳聚糖共混耐污染超滤膜的研制

采用相转化法,以聚醚砜（PES）、壳聚糖、聚乙二醇400（PEG400）、吐温80和LiCl／N,N-二甲基乙酰胺（DMAo）混合溶剂为原料制备聚醚砜／壳聚糖共混耐污染超滤膜。并对影响超滤膜结构和性能的各个因素进行了研究。结果表明．在壳聚糖质量分数为0．3％、反应温度为80℃条件下制备的聚醚砜／壳聚糖共混耐污染超滤膜性能最优。在25℃、0．1MPa操作条件下,膜的纯水通量为745．22（L／m2·h）,牛血清白蛋白截留率为91．79％。改性后的超滤膜表面接触角为74．6°,阻力增大系数为0．54,通量衰减速度小于未改性超滤膜,亲水性能和耐污染性能得到很大提高。     

Purifying chylous plasma by precluding triglyceride via carboxylated polyethersulfone microfiltration membrane

Precluding the excessive lipoproteins from plasma rapidly and effectively is highly needed for biomedical detection and reducing plasma product scrap in blood donation stations. The current centrifugation procedure is high-cost and time-consuming. Herein, we fabricated an anionic microfiltration polyethersulfone(PES) membrane modified by interface swelling and implanting of acrylic acid(AA) for screening out large particle lipoprotein chylomicron(CM) and adsorbing cationic very low-density lipop...     

Sulfonated polyethersulfone by heterogeneous method and its membrane performances

Polyethersulfone was sulfonated by heterogeneous method with chlorosulfonic acid. Ion exchange capacity was controlled to 0.68 meq/g to reduce fouling. Sulfonation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ¹H‐nuclear magnetic resonance. Polyethersulfone and sulfonated polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes were prepared successively by the typical phase inversion method. Membrane performance of sulfonated polyethersulfone was compared with that of polyethersulfone. In the preparation of ultrafiltration membranes, the effect of the addition of dichloromethane and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) in a casting solution was investigated on the membrane performance. It was observed that the addition of dichloromethane increased the solute rejection rate. By changing the ratio between polymer and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), membrane performance could be controlled. Negatively charged sulfonated polyethersulfone could reduce fouling at higher or lower pH than isoelectric point of protein bovine serum albumin. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 2046–2055, 1999     

磺化聚醚砜(SPES)/聚砜(PSF)共混超滤膜的研制

以磺化聚醚砜(SPES)和聚砜(PSF)为膜材料,用共混法制备了SPES/PSF超滤膜。采用均匀实验设计法,研究了SPES/PSF共混超滤膜的制膜工艺,并通过回归分析得到了水通量的模型方程。根据模型方程,作者进行了单因素影响模拟计算,考察共混比、聚合物总浓度、添加剂浓度等对水通量的影响。结果表明:根据最优配方所制备的SPES/PSF膜的水通量为93.1 L/(m2.h),对聚乙烯醇的截留率达93.37%。     

聚醚砜合成膜的结构与性能研究

以截流率、水通量为指标,分别讨论了几种非溶剂型添加剂对聚醚砜复合超滤膜性能的影响,通过扫描电子显微镜观察了其结构,并阐述了结构与性能的关系。结果表明,w（SiO_2）为20%、w（PEG1000）为3%、w（PVP）为1%和w（MPC1501）为3%时,综合性能最好。     

Comparative performance study of polyethersulfone and polysulfone membranes for trypsin isolation from goat pancreas using affinity ultrafiltration

The comparative performance of polysulfone and polyethersulfone membranes (of 30 kDa MWCO) in isolation of trypsin from goat pancreas by affinity ultrafiltration is examined using cross-linked soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) as affinity ligand, 0.1 M Tris–HCl as wash buffer and 0.5 M KCl–HCl as elution buffer in an unstirred, dead-ended module at 392.28 kPa (4 kg/cm²) transmembrane pressure and room temperature (ca. 30 °C) with 1:1 (v/v) ratio of pancreatic extract and wash buffer. No active trypsin was found to be detectably present in the washing phase permeate in any of the experiments, indicating good binding efficiency of the target enzyme with the ligand employed. The total protein recovery obtained with the polyethersulfone membrane (70%) is 1.5 times higher than that with the polysulfone (46%). Yields of active trypsin for the two membranes are, however, similar (74% for polyethersulfone and 70% for polysulfone) although comparable with earlier reported trypsin yield (from porcine pancreas). In both the washing and elution phases of affinity ultrafiltration, the polyethersulfone membrane facilitates consistently and substantially higher volumetric flux as well as permeated protein throughput than the polysulfone.     

Characteristics and performance of new types of ultrafiltration membranes with chemically modified surfaces

A special “quo;coating”quo; technique for making new types of surface modified ultrafiltration membranes has been developed and evaluated. The preparation procedure comprises the following principle:

A suitable ultrafiltration support membrane made by the traditional phase inversion process is surface coated with an aqueous solution containing a hydrophilic polymer and/or monomer having reactive groups and a catalyst (the coating step). The membrane material is selected from the class of fluorine containing polymers. By raising the temperature, the hydrophilic components are chemically bonded to the membrane material at the exposed surface by an addition reaction (the curing step).

Using this method you can impart hydrophilic properties to an otherwise hydrophobic, high resistant synthetic polymeric ultrafiltration membrane.

The properties of the final membrane depend on the characteristics of the support membranes, the composition of the coating solution and the amount applied and the reaction conditions. The technique seems more or less universal - e.g. it is possible to make a series of membranes with different cut-off values.

Results from measurements on different test solutions and on relevant industrial products are described. Characterization is done by measuring hydraulic permeability and rejection of dextrans and proteins. Flux stability and fouling tendency have been examined using different model foulants.

Membrane surface structures are characterized by SEM-studies. Analytical investigations using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR/ATR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) have been tried to get some information about the chemistry of the coating.

The main advantages of the new membranes are that higher flux values compared to a standard polyethersulfone UF membrane are generally obtained - e.g. on whey flux improvements in the order for 20 – 50% have been observed and for fermentation broths fluxes can be several times greater compared to results using the standard membrane.

Some of these new membranes are now commercially available and are supplied by DDS FILTRATION, designated ETNA series.     

增强型聚醚砜超滤干膜的研制及中试放大

本文报道了聚醚砜超滤干膜的试制和中试放大的研究情况，分析了溶剂、致孔剂及聚合物分子量和粘度对膜性能的影响，并进行了成膜条件和膜干燥温度的变化对膜性能改善的对比试验，简单揭示了膜的微观结构及膜的耐溶剂特性，最后着重介绍了超滤膜的中试放大、连续化、机械化的制备情况，以及将膜装入５ｍ＾２膜面积的超滤器上的运行结果。     

由CO_2合成乙醇和低碳烯烃

本文对 CO2 的性质以及由 CO2 合成乙醇和低碳烯烃的催化剂、反应机理作了介绍 ,并对由 CO2 合成乙醇和低碳烯烃的热力学函数ΔH°2 98、Δ G°2 98以及 2 98K时的平衡常数 Kp进行了计算。计算结果表明 ,CO2 + H2 合成乙醇和低碳烯烃的反应是有利的化学过程 ,而 CO2 作氧化剂与低碳烷烃制烯烃的反应是吸热反应 ,并且 Kp值很小 ,几乎为零 ,反应需要在高温下进行     

Preparation and characterization of sulfonated polyetherimide/polyetherimide blend membranes

Polyetherimide (PEI) was sulfonated by chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) in 1,2‐dichloroethane for the first time. With the increase of the CSA/PEI repeat unit ratio and/or reaction time, the ion‐exchange capacity (IEC) of the sulfonated polyetherimide (SPEI) increased accordingly. Water‐uptake testing and contact‐angle measurement showed that the hydrophilicity of the SPEI increases with the increase of the IEC. Membranes were fabricated from SPEI/PEI blends with different ratios. The morphologies of the blend membranes were examined by scanning electron microscopy, which showed that the membrane pore size is larger when SPEI with higher IEC was used. With the increase of SPEI ratio in the blend membranes, the membrane pore size also increased. The contact‐angle data of the membranes showed that the hydrophilicity of the blend membrane was elevated because of the sulfonate group on the SPEI molecular backbone. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1709–1715, 2004     

Performance of a newly developed hydrophilic additive blended with different ultrafiltration base polymers

The capability of modifying ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with different base‐polymers using a newly synthesized hydrophilic additive was investigated in this study. Five typical base‐polymers were tested: cellulose acetate (CA), polyetherimide (PEI), polyethersulfone (PES), polysulfone (PS), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The changes in characteristics and performance of the membranes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle analysis, and solute transport tests. It was found that the effect of the hydrophilic additive was different for each polymer. Higher additive contents resulted in higher permeation flux. A visible effect on water content and permeability was obtained but the impact was not shown clearly in contact angles, possibly the additive's concentration was not sufficiently high at the surface. In term of flux enhancement the PES and PVDF membranes benefited the most by the addition of the hydrophilic additive. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Preparation of polysulfonebenzylthiourea-reactive ultrafiltration plate membranes and their rejection properties for heavy toxic metal cations

The asymmetric membranes were prepared via phase inversion method, by using chloromethyl polysulfone as membrane materials, polyethylene glycol (PEG) as pore forming agent to improve the morphology and function of resultant membranes, N,N-dimethylacetamide as solvent, and water as the extraction solvent. Then the highly qualified polysulfonebenzylthiourea-reactive ultrafiltration plate membrane was prepared successively through the reactions between the chloromethyl polysulfone matrix membrane and thiourea. The thiourea-functionalized polysulfone plate reactive ultrafiltration membrane was used for the rejection of heavy toxic metal cations such as Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ through the coordination of the thiourea group and heavy toxic metal cations, in which the effects of the morphological and the structure of the membrane on the rejection properties were investigated. The rejection conditions, including the concentration of heavy toxic metal cations, temperature and pH of the solution had significant effects on the rejection capacity of polysulfonebenzylthiourea-reactive ultrafiltration membrane. The reactive ultrafiltration membrane containing thiourea group can be conveniently recovered by dilute hydrochloric acid for coordination of heavy toxic metal cations, which would have wide application for the treatment of waste-water-containing heavy toxic metal cations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008     

氧化石墨烯/碱式硫酸铝掺杂聚醚砜/聚酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备及其性能

先由氧化石墨烯（GO）、硫酸铝和尿素通过水热法制得氧化石墨烯/碱式硫酸铝（GO-BAS）复合物,继与哌嗪（PIP）溶液共混作为水相;均苯三甲酰氯（TMC）溶于正己烷作为有机相;采用界面聚合法使两相单体在聚醚砜（PES）基膜表面形成聚酰胺（PA）功能层,制得氧化石墨烯/碱式硫酸铝复合物掺杂的聚醚砜/聚酰胺（PES-PA-GO-BAS）复合纳滤平板膜,并在较低的工作压力（0.3 MPa）下对其进行性能研究。其对无机盐溶液的截留率依次为：Na₂SO₄（91.08%） > MgSO₄（83.42%） > MgCl₂（68.97%） > NaCl（17.62%）;纯水通量可达24.19 L·m^-2·h^-1,较之聚酰胺纳滤膜提高了近60%,且具备良好的稳定性和耐碱性。     

Preparation and characterization of a novel positively charged nanofiltration membrane based on polysulfone

The goal of this study was to prepare positively charged nanofiltration (NF) membranes to remove cations from aqueous solutions. A composite NF membrane was fabricated by the modification of a polysulfone ultrafiltration support. The active top layer was formed by the interfacial crosslinking polymerization of poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) with p‐xylene dichloride (XDC). Then, it was quaternized by methyl iodide (MI) to form a perpetually positively charged layer. The chemical and morphological changes of the membrane surfaces were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy. To optimize the membrane operation, the PEI solution concentration, PEI coating time, XDC concentration, crosslinking time, and MI concentration were optimized. Consequently, high water flux (5.4 L m^?2 h^?1 bar^?1) and CaCl₂ rejection (94%) values were obtained for the composite membranes at 4 bars and 30°C. The rejections of the NF membrane for different salt solutions, obtained from pH testing, followed the order Na₂SO₄ < MgSO₄ < NaCl < CaCl₂. The molecular weight cutoff was calculated by the retention of poly(ethylene glycol) solutions with different molecular weights, and finally, the stoke radius was calculated as 1.47 nm. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41988.     

Single stage ultrafiltration for enhanced reverse selectivity in a binary protein system

In single stage operation, high quality separation of similar size proteins was performed via batch ultrafiltration. Two permeable proteins, hemoglobin and ovalbumin, were separated using a 100 kDa polyethersulfone membrane for a volume concentration factor of 3.5. At low ionic strength, hemoglobin and ovalbumin showed their enhanced reverse selectivity of 11 and selectivity of 14 at pH 9 and 3.5, respectively. Protein adsorption on the membrane during ultrafiltration was carefully controlled by fine adjustment of pH and ionic strength of feed. The high separation factor was achieved as a result of pore constriction by protein adsorption and the electrostatic interaction between proteins and the membrane.     

Concentration of gelatin solution with polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes

In this work, polyethersulfone (PES) flat sheet ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were prepared by immersion precipitation phase inversion process with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP 30K) and acetone as additives. The best preparation condition for PES membranes with high water flux and rejection (to BSA) was decided. It was found that the optimal composition of the polymer casting solution was: 16 wt% (PES), 2 wt% (PVP 30K), and 1 wt% (acetone). Pure water flux of the membrane prepared at this condition reached to 373 L/m² h at 0.1 MPa, and the rejection to BSA was 91%. Compared with other reports, the rejection was slightly low but the flux of the PES membrane was high. When the membrane was used to concentrate gelatin solutions, the rejection value was over 75%. It was found that increasing the feed temperature and transmembrane pressure enhanced the permeation flux, but the rejection decreased slightly. However, increasing the cross-flow velocity of the feed solution simultaneously increased both the permeation flux and the rejection.     

Concentration and pre-purification with ultrafiltration of a R-phycoerythrin solution extracted from macro-algae Grateloupia turuturu: Process definition and up-scaling

Grateloupia turuturu, an invasive red macro-alga, represents an unexploited important biomass. A potential use of this seaweed is the production of valuable molecules, such as R-phycoerythrin. Nevertheless, after R-phycoerythrin extraction, protein extract has to be concentrated and pre-purified, which is generally expensive and requires many stages. The present study deals with the feasibility to implement a single stage of ultrafiltration for this purpose.A membrane screening was first realized at a lab-scale (Amicon stirred cell) to determine a suitable membrane molecular weight cut-off and a material allowing an optimal concentration and pre-purification of R-phycoerythrin contained in a hydrosoluble extract. The best adapted membrane turned out to be a polyethersulfone 30 kDa one. An up-scaling methodology was then realized on a PCI Microlab40 pilot plant equipped with an industrial type polyethersulfone 25–30 kDa membrane. The results show that R-phycoerythrin was concentrated without denaturation and accumulation of undesired molecules. Ultrafiltration up to a volume reduction factor of 5 was effective for R-phycoerythrin concentration and pre-purification: 100% of R-phycoerythrin was recovered, 32.9% of other proteins and 64.6% of sugars passed through membrane. Based on these results, a techno-economic study was investigated on an ultrafiltration unit at an industrial scale.     

Studies on cellulose acetate‐carboxylated polysulfone blend ultrafiltration membranes. III

Enhancement of the hydrophilicity in polymeric membrane materials results in membranes with higher flux and better membrane characteristics. Hence, polysulfone was carboxylated and ultrafiltration membranes were prepared from blends of cellulose acetate and carboxylated polysulfones having various degrees of carboxylation with a total polymer concentration of 20 wt % in casting solution and at different blend polymer compositions. The effects of degree of carboxylation on membrane characteristics such as compaction, pure water flux, and membrane hydraulic resistance (R_m) have been investigated. The influence of the polymer concentration in the blend solution on the performance of blend membranes at various blend polymer compositions has also been investigated and compared with that of blend membranes prepared from blends of cellulose acetate and polysulfone or carboxylated polysulfone with a total polymer concentration of 17.5 wt %. Further, the solute rejection performance of the membranes has also been investigated by subjecting the membranes to metal ion permeation studies using polyelectrolyte‐enhanced ultrafiltration. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 976–988, 2005     

Modified polyether-sulfone membrane: a mini review

Polyethersulfone has been widely used as a promising material in medical applications and waste-treatment membranes since it provides excellent mechanical and thermal properties. Hydrophobicity of polyethersulfone is considered one main disadvantage of using this material because hydrophobic surface causes biofouling effects to the membrane which is always thought to be a serious limitation to the use of polyethersulfone in membrane technology. Chemical modification to the material is a promising solution to this problem. More specifically surface modification is an excellent technique to introduce hydrophilic properties and functional groups to the polyethersulfone membrane surface. This review covers chemical modifications of the polyethersulfone and covers different methods used to enhance the hydrophilicity of polyethersulfone membrane. In particular, the addition of amino functional groups to polyethersulfone is used as a fundamental method either to introduce hydrophilic properties or introduce nanomaterials to the surface of polyethersulfone membrane. This work reviews also previous research reports explored the use of amino functionalized polyethersulfone with different nanomaterials to induce biological activity and reduce fouling effects of the fabricated membrane.     

EFFECT OF POLYMER MOLECULAR WEIGHT, SOLVENT AND CASTING SOLUTION COMPOSITION ON THE PORE SIZE AND THE PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF POLYETHERSULFONE (VICTREX) MEMBRANE

The effect of the molecular weight of polyethersulfone (Victrex) polymers, the nature of the solvent and the polymer concentration on the effective hydrodynamic radius of polymer in the membrane casting solution was investigated. The membranes were prepared from the casting solutions studied above and ultrafiltration experiments were performed with polyethylene glycol solutes. The average pore sizes and the pore size distributions on the membrane surfaces were further calculated from the ultrafiltration performance data obtained above. Strong correlations were found between the effective hydrodynamic radius of the polymer in the casting solution and the average pore size on the membrane surface. The mechanism of the pore formation was proposed on the basis of the polymer size—pore size correlation.