Biodegradable high oxygen barrier membrane for chilled meat packaging

“Chilled” meat is more nutritional, healthy and hygienic than the meat kept at ambient temperature. “Poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) and poly(vinly alcohol) (PVA) were used to prepare biodegradable three‐layer PPC/PVA/PPC films with high barrier and tensile properties. The potential benefits of the developed films were also evaluated on the shelf life of chilled meat products. Compared to PPC film, using 20 wt % PVA as an intermediate layer in PPC/PVA/PPC film remarkably enhanced oxygen barrier performance at 0 and 50 RH % by about 500 times, tensile strength by about 8 times, and Young's modulus by nine times, but no beneficial effect on water vapor barrier performance has been observed. A new “sandwich” type of completely biodegradable material with high barrier was obtained. The application of PPC/PVA20/PPC film as the packaging material of chilled meat was effectively kept the total viable count (TVC) and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) to acceptable levels in chilled meats until 19th day of storage at 4°C, however, the spoilage occurred within 11th and 14th days of refrigerated storage in term of TVC and TVB‐N, respectively, in the chilled meats packed with only PPC. Herein, we report that PPC/PVA/PPC three‐layer film can be a promising well‐defined biodegradable material with excellent potential in chilled meat packaging. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41871.     

Active packaging gelatin films based on chitosan/Arabic gum/coconut oil Pickering nano emulsions

This investigation intended at fabricating gelatin active packaging films based on nano-sized droplets of coconut oil emulsified by Pickering emulsion (PE) using chitosan/Arabic gum (CH/AG) nanoparticles (NPs) as a stabilizer and in the presence of titanium dioxide NP (TiO₂ NPs) as an extra antimicrobial agent. The developed films were characterized by attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transmittance infrared, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, water vapor sorption isotherm, and mechanical properties of the prepared films were assessed. The (CH/AG) NPs weight ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) impact on particle size (PS), zeta potential, wettability, morphology, and in vitro cumulative release was investigated. The (CH/AG) NPs (1:2) exhibits the small PS (246.4 nm). (CH/AG) NPs and PE exhibit spherical and oval morphologies. The CH/AG (1:2) exhibits the higher water contact angle (85.7^o). At the oil volume fraction (α) = 1.0, nearly 81% of the entrapped oil released from the NPs. Gelatin films enriched with P at α = 1.0 exhibits two-fold increasing scavenging activity % (35.69 ± 0.56) compared with control film (14.8 ± 0.25). The films have a considerable antibacterial and antifungal activity for all test microorganism. However, control sample did not show antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans.     

Development of protein‐based bioplastics modified with different additives

Proteins have been postulated as a feasible source for manufacturing biodegradable polymeric materials. The aim of this study is the development of bioplastic materials from two different protein sources: albumen protein isolated (API), which consists of globular proteins, and crayfish flour (CF), mostly composed of myofibrillar proteins. In order to explore the effect of some chemical reagents on the mechanical properties of the blends and bioplastic materials, two different additives have been used: sodium sulfite (SS) and urea (U). The first one is a reducing agent, and the second one is considered a denaturing agent. The addition of chemical agents induces changes not only in mechanical properties but also in the most suitable processing conditions, which strongly depends on the protein used. Thus, the denaturation of globular proteins seems to lead to a more consistent blend before the injection‐molding process. However, when myofibrillar proteins are used, the processability of the dough‐like material increases after using either SS or U additives. This work illustrates the feasibility of producing animal‐based biodegradable bioplastic materials with different properties and, consequently, different applications, which contribute to adding a high value to two different byproducts from the food industry. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45430.     

In vitro and in vivo investigational studies of a nanocomposite‐hydrogel‐based dressing with a silver‐coated chitosan wafer for full‐thickness skin wounds

A nanocomposite reservoir‐type hydrogel dressing of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) was fabricated by a freeze–thaw method and loaded with silver‐nanoparticle‐coated chitosan wafers (Ag–CHWs). The Ag–CHWs were synthesized by a sonication technique with silver nitrate (AgNO₃) and chitosan powder. Scanning electron microscopy images showed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with a size range of 10 ± 4 nm on the surface of the chitosan wafers, and the antibacterial efficacy (minimum inhibitory concentration) of the Ag–CHWs was measured against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32 µg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus, (30 µg/mL) and Escherichia coli (32 µg/mL). The antimicrobial PVA hydrogel showed an improved tensile strength (～0.28 MPa) and gel content (～92%) in comparison with the blank hydrogels. Full‐thickness‐excision wound studies of the nanocomposite dressing on Wistar rats revealed enhanced wound contraction, improved inflammation response, re‐epithelization rate, neoangiogenesis, and granulation tissue formation in comparison to the control group. A flexible, biocompatible, nanocomposite reservoir dressing not only established the chitosan as a stabilizer but also proved the efficacious and safe utility of AgNPs toward chronic wound management. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43472.     

Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable polyurethanes with unsaturated carbon bonds based on poly(propylene fumarate)

The segmented polyurethanes synthesized from biodegradable polyesters are very promising and widely applicable because of their excellent physiochemical properties. Poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF), a kind of linear aliphatic unsaturated and biodegradable polyesters, has been well recognized in biomedical applications. Herein novel polyurethanes (PPFUs) were synthesized based on the PPF‐diol, diisocyanates such as 1,6‐diisocyanatohexane, l ‐lysine diisocyanate, and dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, and chain extenders such as 1,4‐butylene glycol and l ‐lysine methyl ester hydrochloride (Lys‐OMe·2HCl). By varying the types of diisocyanates, and chain extenders, and the proportion of hard segments, the PPFUs with tailored properties such as mechanical strength and degradation rate were easily obtained. The synthesized PPFUs had an amorphous structure and slight phase separation with strong hydrogen bonding between the soft segments and the hard segments. The elongation of PPFU elastomers reached over 400% with a slow deformation‐recovery ability. The PPFUs were more sensitive to alkaline (5 M, NaOH) hydrolysis than acid (2 M, HCl) and oxidative (30 vol.%, H₂O₂) erosion. The tensile strength, deformation‐recovery ability, and glass transition temperature of the PPFUs were improved with the increase of hard segment proportion, while the degradation rate was opposite because of the faster degradation of the soft segments. In vitro culture of smooth muscle cells in the extractant of the PPFUs or on the PPFUs film surface revealed low cytotoxicity and good cytocompatibility in terms of cell viability, adhesion, and proliferation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42065.     

Nano-CaCO3-embodied polyacrylicacid/dextran nanocomposites for packaging applications

In present work, Dextran-grafted poly(acrylic acid) [D-g-PAA] hybrid nanocomposites are prepared in aqueous medium with reinforcement of various concentrations of nano-CaCO₃ (CC) through in situ polymerization of acrylic acid. The chemical interactions between filler and polymeric matrix are studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The structural properties of the D-g-PAA/CC nanocomposite are investigated by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The aloe vera plant structured morphology is noticed by interaction of dextran with PAA, where CC nanoparticles are embedded within the D-g-PAA matrix. The thermal stability of the D-g-PAA/CC hybrid nanocomposites is enhanced by the incorporation of nano-CC. The tensile properties and antibacterial behavior of D-g-PAA/CC hybrid nanocomposites are also increased by incorporation of nano-CC. The oxygen barrier behavior of hybrid nanocomposites is increased by 11-folds with a reinforcement of 8 wt % of nano-CC. Herein, the incorporation of nano-CC enhances the oxygen barrier, thermal, and antimicrobial properties of the D-g-PAA matrix by which the synthesized material is suitable for packaging applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48298.     

High performance Nylon12/clay nanocomposites for potential packaging applications

The barrier property enhancement of polymers is presently a matter of great concern for the manufacturing of food packaging and films with excellency in moisture and gas resistance. The objective of this work was to enhance the barrier performance of Nylon12/kaolin clay nanocomposites against water vapors and oxygen. Kaolin clays of different aspect ratios were utilized for nanocomposites manufacturing. Nanocomposites were prepared in twin screw extruder operating at 160–200°C, with an increment of 10°C, and at 110 rev/min. The loading of clay was varied from 1 to 5 wt%. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction characterizations were used to investigate the morphological properties of nanocomposites. The transmission electron microscopy analysis was used to confirm the dispersion of clays in Nylon12 matrix. Enhancement in barrier performance of nanocomposite was noticed at 5 wt% clay loading. Oxygen barrier of nanocomposites was observed to be more prominent than water vapors owing to the presence of hydrogen bonding in Nylon12 structure which restricted oxygen passage. Experimental barrier values of nanocomposites were also fitted on barrier models namely Nielsen, Cussler model, and Gusev-Lutsi model.     

Antioxidant packaging development and optimization using agroindustrial wastes

The increasing use of non-biodegradable materials and the difficulty in recycling most of the available packaging have been pushing the development of biodegradable packaging. In this study, the potential uses of agroindustrial wastes to produce biodegradable films with antioxidant capacity were investigated. Starch films were produced by casting method using bran from jaboticaba peel, mango peel, and broccoli stalk. The influence of the concentration or type of bran in the properties of the films was evaluated through a central composite design. The results were analyzed by response surface and desirability function. Except for elongation and water solubility, the fitted equations were predictive in all studied properties. The films prepared from a higher concentration of mango peel exhibited better antioxidant capacity, while the broccoli stalk had no significant effect on antioxidant properties. The optimal formulation of the film (2.8% of jaboticaba peel and 20.0% of mango peel) and their predicted response variables (0.8 MPa for tensile strength, 40.0 MPa for Young's modulus, 4.5 mg/ml for IC₅₀, and 41.6% for inhibition percentage) were defined according to the results. The optimization was satisfactory and the film presented high antioxidant capacity and moderate mechanical properties, proving to be an alternative to replace plastic packaging.     

Fabrication of an eco‐friendly antioxidant biocomposite: Zedo gum/sodium caseinate film by incorporating microalgae (Spirulina platensis)

Developments in the field of biodegradable packaging have led to interests in application of new natural polymers, due to their lower environmental hazards. This study was undertaken to design edible films based on Zedo gum/sodium caseinate (ZG/NaCs) with microalgae (Spirulina platensis) as an antioxidant compound. A central composite design was used to assess structural, physicochemical, barrier, and mechanical parameters of potential antioxidative edible films. Mixture of different ratios of NaCs (2%–6%), ZG (0%–1%), and microalgal biomass (0%–0.5%) was applied to fabricate samples. Films containing higher concentration of microalgae (0.5%) and ZG represented pronounced opacity and antioxidative characteristics. Lower amounts of microalgae by increasing NaCs amount, enhanced elasticity of samples. NaCs‐based films were thicker and more transparent. Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis confirmed combination of microalgae and ZG in NaCs mixture. Taken together, this study suggests a new biocomposite colored formulation, which had satisfactory characteristics for a novel edible film packaging material. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46024.     

In situ formation of biodegradable dextran‐based hydrogel via Michael addition

Vinyl‐sulfone‐functionalized dextran (Dex‐VS) was readily prepared by a single‐batch synthetic procedure at room temperature. The thiol molecule, 1,4‐dithioerythritol (DTE, commercially available) with two terminal thiol groups was used as crosslinking agent. Hydrogels were rapidly prepared in situ by Michael addition under mild physiological conditions. Properties including gelation duration, mechanical modulus, and degradation behavior could be expediently controlled. Moreover, the hydrogels had comparatively low cytotoxicity, and the in vivo tests demonstrated an effective delivery of growth factor. This study might provide a powerful material to be used in tissue regeneration. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Preparation of bioactive glycosylated glial cell‐line derived neurotrophic factor‐loaded microspheres for medical applications

Poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA)‐coated gelatin microspheres containing glial cell‐line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were developed by thermal gelation through a water‐in‐oil emulsion technique. Gelatin types (A and B) at four different pH levels were investigated for their influences on the morphology, the microsphere size, the zeta potential, and the swelling ability. The encapsulation of GDNF and the release characteristics of GDNF were also determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The maximum cumulative released amounts of GDNF from the microspheres were increased from 50 to 90% after 4 d (based on the actual amount of the GDNF). Thus, the release of the GDNF contents in the microspheres depends on the amount of GDNF. Trigeminal ganglion cells (TGCs) were used to study the bioactivity of GDNF released from the microspheres, which was proven to retain its bioactivity in promoting the TGCs' neurite outgrowth. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40167.     

Blends of poly(d,l‐lactide) with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes‐based biodegradable polyester: Synthesis,morphology, miscibility,and mechanical property

A highly branched hybrid copolymer based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) was designed to improve the brittleness of poly(d,l‐lactide) (PDLLA). The toughening material was synthesized using POSS‐OH as the core, which initiated the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone and d,l‐lactide sequentially to form the highly branched POSS‐g‐poly (ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(d,l‐lactide) (POSS‐g‐PCL‐b‐PLA) copolymer with eight PCL‐b‐PLA arms. The POSS‐g‐PCL‐b‐PLA copolymer had a very good dispersion in the PDLLA matrix with the size of microdomains smaller than 1 µm when added at a low content below 10 wt %. In related to the nano‐scale size of microdomains in the blends, the crystallinity of PCL blocks was significantly suppressed. Thus, the addition of POSS‐g‐PCL‐b‐PLA is very effective to improve the roughness of the matrix polymer when added at a low content. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40776.     

Antimicrobial nanocomposites and electrospun coatings based on poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) and copper oxide nanoparticles for active packaging and coating applications

Active biodegradable poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) melt mixed nanocomposites and bilayer structures containing copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were developed and characterized. The bilayer structures consisted of a bottom layer of compression molded PHBV3 (3% mol valerate) coated with an active electrospun fibers mat made with CuO nanoparticles and PHBV18 (18% valerate) derived from microbial mixed cultures and cheese whey. The results showed that the water vapor permeability increased with the CuO addition while the oxygen barrier properties were slightly enhanced by the addition of 0.05 wt % CuO nanoparticles to nanocomposite films but a negligible effect was registered for the bilayer structures. However, the mechanical properties were modified by the addition of CuO nanoparticles. Interestingly, by incorporating highly dispersed and distributed CuO nanoparticles in a coating by electrospinning, a lower metal oxide loading was required to exhibit significant bactericidal and virucidal performance against the food‐borne pathogens Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and murine norovirus. The biodisintegration tests of the samples under composting conditions showed that even the 0.05% CuO‐coated structures biodegraded within 35 days. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45673.     

Bio-based blends from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and natural rubber for packaging applications

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a promising bioplastic but has limited packaging applications due to its brittleness and poor processability. Incorporation of highly viscous high-molecular-weight natural rubber (HMW-NR, gel extracted from NR) into PHBV can improve these properties. HMW-NR is not commercially available, impeding commercialization of the PHBV/rubber blends. Therefore, an organic peroxide was used to selectively crosslink NR to increase its viscosity during its melt blending with PHBV. The PHBV/NR blends were fabricated through a two-step extrusion process using a twin-screw extruder. The blends contained two phases with crosslinked rubber being dispersed in PHBV, and had clear rubber loading-dependent differences in performance. The thermal stability and melt strength of the blends were enhanced over pristine PHBV, indicating improved processability. The flexibility and toughness of the blends were improved by 59 and 20%, respectively, compared with pristine PHBV, and were comparable to commercial petroleum-based plastics. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47334.     

Chitosan‐finished Antheraea mylitta silk fibroin nonwoven composite films for wound dressing

In this study, we aimed to produce nonwoven wound‐dressing films made of Antheraea mylitta (tasar) silk fibroin by a solution‐casting method. These nonwoven films were finished with chitosan solutions of different concentrations ranging from 0.75 to 2% w/v with a pad–dry method to fabricate nonwoven composite films. Chitosan‐finished tasar fibroin nonwoven composite films (CMTFFs) showed higher mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties as compared to nonwoven tasar fibroin. The physical, structural, and thermal properties of the films were investigated. The hemocompatibility, cytocompatibility, and biodegradation tests showed that the CMTFF was a promising material for use as a wound dressing. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 44341.     

Biodegradable polymeric injectable implants for long‐term delivery of contraceptive drugs

Development of injectable, long‐lasting, contraceptive drug delivery formulations, and implants are highly desired to avoid unplanned pregnancies while improving patient compliance and reducing adverse side effects and treatment costs. The present study reports on the fabrication and characterization of two levonorgestrel (LNG) microsphere injectable formulations. Poly(?‐caprolactone) (PCL) with 12.5% and 24% (w/w) LNG were fabricated into microspheres, measuring 300 ± 125 µm, via the oil‐in‐water (o/w) emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Formulations showed sustained drug release up to 120 days. FTIR, XRD, DSC, and TGA confirmed the absence of LNG chemical interaction with PCL as well as its molecular level distribution. The in vitro release of LNG was calculated to be Fickian diffusion controlled and properly characterized. The inclusion of multiple elevated release temperatures allowed for the application of the Arrhenius model to calculate drug release constants and representative sampling intervals, demonstrating the use of elevated temperatures for accelerated‐time drug release studies. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46068.     

The Biocompatibility of Biodegradable Glycine Containing Polyphosphazenes: A Comparative study in Bone

Polyphosphazenes have gained considerable attention as biomaterials for use in tissue engineering and orthopaedic reconstruction. In this paper we examined the polyphosphazenes’ in vivo biocompatibility and degradation by studying their ability to repair bone in a rabbit metaphyseal distal femur defect model. Matrices constructed from poly[(50% p-methylphenoxy)-(50%ethyl glycinato) phosphazene] (PPHOS-50) and poly[bis(ethyl glycinato) phosphazene] (PPHOS-100), were surgically implanted into a metaphyseal rabbit defect of the distal femur as constructs for tissue regeneration. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLAGA) implants, which are the biodegradable polymers most widely used clinically, and defects without polymers were used as controls in this experiment. Histological studies demonstrated that both PPHOS-50 and PPHOS-100 appeared to support bone growth comparable to the control PLAGA. By 12 weeks, femurs with polyphosphazene implants showed evidence of bone in-growth and a mild fibrous response. The PPHOS-50 implants were found to have a local tissue response that was more favorable than PPHOS-100 and similar to PLAGA. Biodegradable polyphosphazenes are a novel class of polymers which have been observed to facilitate bone growth in vivo.     

Antibacterial oil‐based polyurethane films for wound dressing applications

As an alternative to petroleum‐based polyol, hydroxyl containing material was prepared from linseed oil for polyurethane synthesis. Hexamethylene di‐isocyanate (HMDI) and/or 4, 4′‐methylene diphenyl di‐isocyanate (MDI) were used as isocyanate source. The polymerization reaction was carried out without catalyst. Polymer films were prepared by casting‐evaporation technique. The MDI/HMDI‐based polyurethane and its films had higher T_g and better thermal property than that of the HMDI‐based one because of the existence of benzene ring in the polymer chain. Static water contact angle was determined to be 74° and 77.5° for HMDI and MDI/HMDI‐based films, respectively. Water adsorption was found to be around 2.6–3.6% for both films. In vitro degradation of polyurethanes in phosphate buffered saline at 37°C was investigated by gravimetric method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used for confirmation of degradation on the polymer surface. The degradation rate of the HMDI‐based polyurethane film was found higher than that of the MDI/HMDI‐based film. Both the direct contact method and the MMT test were applied for determination of cytotoxicity of polymer films, and the polyurethane films investigated here was not cytotoxic. Silver‐containing films were prepared using Biocera A® as filler and were screened for their antibacterial performance against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and/or Bacillus subtilis. The films prepared with and without Biocera A® exhibited antibacterial activity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Facile synthesis of extremely biocompatible double‐network hydrogels based on chitosan and poly(vinyl alcohol) with enhanced mechanical properties

An easy and ecofriendly method for designing double‐network (DN) hydrogels based on chitosan and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with high mechanical performance is described. When covalent bonds in the networks are used as crosslinking agents in the achievement of a higher mechanical strength, the irreversible deformation of these hydrogels after a large force is applied is still one of the most important obstacles. To overcome this problem, we used physical crosslinking for both networks. The mechanical strength, surface morphology, and cytotoxicity of the films were studied by tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy analysis, and an MTT assay. The synthesized chitosan–PVA DN hydrogels showed a large improvement in the tensile strength to 11.52 MPa with an elongation of 265.6%. The surface morphologies of the films demonstrated the effective interactions between the two networks and a suitable porosity. Also, because of the use of a natural polymer and honey as a plasticizer, the cell culture indicated that the synthesized DN hydrogels had good biocompatibility (with 327.49 ± 11.22% viability) and could be used as capable biomaterials. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45752.     

Synergistic effects of modified TiO2/multifunctionalized graphene oxide nanosheets as functional hybrid nanofiller in enhancing the interface compatibility of PLA/starch nanocomposites

The aim of this study is to investigate the synergistic effects of modified TiO₂/multifunctionalized graphene oxide nanosheets at different ratios on the interface compatibility between starch and poly(lactic acid) (PLA). To this end, silanylated nano-TiO₂ (MTiO₂, 1 and 2%) and alkylated maleic anhydride grafted graphene oxide (f-GO, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4%) at different combinations are blended with the PLA-starch composites using solution blending technique. Then, the synergistic effects of MTiO₂ and f-GO on PLA/starch matrix are investigated in terms of the morphology, crystallinity, structural characterization, thermal stability, dynamic mechanical, and antiaging properties, and the related mechanisms. The Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra verify the successful synthesis of the two modified nanofillers (f-GO and MTiO₂) and the formation of strong hydrogen bond within the PLA-starch nanocomposites. Due to the strong interfacial interaction and the synergistic effect from the combination of 1% MTiO₂ and 0.2% f-GO, obvious improvement was observed in PLA-starch versus other nanocomposites in terms of morphology, thermal stability, surface hydrophobicity, storage modulus, ultraviolet-shielding capacity, and aging-resistance. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), isothermal crystallization kinetic, and X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrate that f-GO and the M-TiO₂ significantly synergize in enhancing the crystallization rate and crystallinity of PLA/starch matrix. These results provide novel insights for constructing high-performance nanocomposites and facilitate their applications in food packaging.