Crystallization Behavior of High Behenic Acid Stabilizers in Liquid Oil

The crystallization behavior and structure of mixtures of a high behenic acid stabilizer (HBS) in peanut oil, high oleic safflower oil and sesame oil were studied in order to elucidate the mechanism behind liquid oil stabilization. Both the chemical composition of the oil and cooling rate influenced the crystallization behavior and structure of HBS. The critical gelation concentration of HBS ranged from 6.5% for peanut oil crystallized at 3 °C/min to 11% for sesame oil mixtures crystallized at 0.6 °C/min. The free energy of nucleation (ΔG) was the highest for sesame oil (142 kJ/mol) followed by high oleic safflower oil (75.8 kJ/mol) and peanut oil (15.9 kJ/mol). The HBS peanut oil mixture displayed the highest storage modulus (G′) under both cooling rates studied. In general, HBS-oil mixtures crystallized at a higher cooling rate exhibited high SFC values, lower crystallization temperatures and a predominance of the β′ polymorph, and they had a microstructure characterized by uniformly sized spherulites. In contrast, slow cooling rates led to higher critical gelation concentrations of HBS, lower SFC, fractionation of higher melting and lower melting fractions, a more stable polymorphic form β and a wide range of spherulite sizes.     

Black Raspberry Seed Oil Improves Lipid Metabolism by Inhibiting Lipogenesis and Promoting Fatty‐Acid Oxidation in High‐Fat Diet‐Induced Obese Mice and db/db Mice

The objective of this study was to evaluate the beneficial effect of α‐linolenic acid‐rich black raspberry seed (BRS) oil on lipid metabolism in high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obese and db/db mice. Five‐week‐old C57BL/6 mice were fed diets consisting of 50% calories from lard, 5% from soybean, and 5% from corn oil (HFD), or 50% calories from lard and 10% from BRS oil (HFD + BRS oil diet) for 12 weeks. Six‐week‐old C57BL/KsJ‐db/db mice were fed diets consisting of 16% calories from soybean oil (standard diet), 8% from soybean, and 8% from BRS oil, or 16% from BRS oil for 10 weeks. The BRS oil diets lowered the levels of triacylglycerol, nonesterified fatty acids, and total cholesterol in serum and liver of both of the obese and db/db mice as compared with the HFD and standard diet, respectively. mRNA levels of lipogenesis markers including cluster of differentiation 36, fatty‐acid‐binding protein 1, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c, fatty‐acid synthase, and solute carrier family 25 member 1 in the liver of the BRS oil groups were lower than those in the liver of the HFD and standard groups in the obese and db/db mice, respectively. On the other hand, fatty‐acid oxidation markers including carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase, hydroxylacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase α, and acyl‐CoA oxidase in the liver of the BRS oil groups were higher than those in the liver of the HFD and standard groups in the obese and db/db mice, respectively. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α mRNA and protein levels increased in the liver and epididymal adipose tissue of the obese and db/db mice fed BRS oil compared with HFD and standard diet, respectively. BRS oil might improve lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting fatty‐acid oxidation in HFD‐induced obese and db/db mice.