不同加工方式对淀粉性质的影响

淀粉作为食品尤其是谷物制品的主要成分,在人类日常饮食中占有十分重要的地位。超高压、油炸、发酵、挤压和微波作为食品领域5种常用的加工手段,能显著地改变淀粉的糊化、老化、结晶等理化性质,影响其与食品其他组分之间的相互作用,进而影响食品的品质。作者主要综述了这5种加工技术在淀粉类食品中的应用,分析它们对淀粉性质的影响及作用机理,以期为淀粉类食品的深入开发提供一定的参考。     

马铃薯氧化淀粉制备及在食品中的应用进展

马铃薯氧化淀粉是马铃薯淀粉与氧化剂在一定温度、时间、p H等作用下产生的一种淀粉衍生物。该文论述了以次氯酸盐、过氧化氢、高锰酸钾、二氧化氯等氧化剂制备马铃薯氧化淀粉的最佳工艺,阐述了马铃薯氧化淀粉在焙烤食品、蒸煮食品、油炸食品、冷冻食品等中的应用,并展望马铃薯氧化淀粉在食品行业中的发展趋势。     

干制对淀粉特性及其制品品质的影响

干制是淀粉原料及其制品加工的常用手段。淀粉原料（块根、块茎、籽粒等）通过干制预处理,不仅便于安全保藏和后续加工,而且显著提高了淀粉提取率和加工适性。在淀粉基食品（粉条、粉丝、虾味片等）生产中,干燥是必要环节,对产品品质有决定性作用。干制过程复杂,涉及水分迁移、热量传递以及其他物理化学变化（如淀粉分子链重结晶、淀粉与其他共存成分相互作用）,这使生产中干制的经验性仍多于科学性。因此,作者全面总结和分析了干制对原料中淀粉特性以及淀粉基食品品质的影响及规律,为通过选择干制方式及干制条件来改善淀粉原料加工适性及干制淀粉基食品的品质提供参考。     

油炸高温处理对淀粉结构与性质的影响

油炸加工技术已广泛应用于食品加工中,了解淀粉在油炸过程中的结构与理化性质的变化,有利于淀粉类食品在实际生产中品质的调控与改进。本文主要综述了油炸加工工艺对淀粉的结构(颗粒结构、晶体结构、分子结构等)以及理化性质(糊化特性、热特性、消化特性等)的影响,以期为淀粉类食品的深加工提供理论依据。     

羟丙基淀粉在冷冻春卷皮生产中的应用

随着经济的发展,生活节奏的加快,作为主食的面制品,其品种和数量将不断增加,这是一种必然趋势,提高面制品的质量也是客观的要求。羟丙基变性淀粉以其良好的性能在食品加工中被广泛应用。概括了羟丙基淀粉的特性,重点分析了羟丙基淀粉在春卷皮生产、冷冻和油炸中的应用。     

国内外果蔬真空油炸现状与发展趋势

高脂饮食是引发多种慢性疾病（如高血压、高血脂、高血糖等）的主要饮食因素。随着健康、低脂饮食理念的传播,低脂食品市场的增长势头日渐强劲。高油食物绝大多数是油炸食品,在油炸加工过程中由于食品中水分蒸发使得油脂进入食品内部,而形成高油食物。真空油炸工艺技术手段能够充分保留原料固有的色、香、味和营养成分,形成疏松多孔结构和酥脆口感,被视为当前替代普通油炸工艺的较好加工方式。该文对真空油炸的发展历程及近年来在真空油炸领域的相关研究进行综述,并提出低温真空油炸技术存在的问题及未来研究方向,以期为食品产业蓬勃发展提供参考。     

挤压技术在淀粉及淀粉基食品中的应用

食品挤压在过去几十年中不断发展，现已成为一个独特的研究领域。淀粉是许多食物中的重要组成成分，也是人类饮食中能量的主要来源。在食品工业中，淀粉通常通过各种热处理操作进行加工，然后才能转化为适合人类消费的产品。挤压是淀粉类食品加工中常用的一种传统热处理方法。在挤压过程中，淀粉经历结构转变。近几年的研究表明了解挤压过程中淀粉的结构、性质变化对于淀粉类食品在实际生产中品质的调控与改进具有至关重要的作用。为了解挤压过程中淀粉结构、性质变化，本文从挤压对淀粉结构影响、挤压对淀粉性质影响、挤压技术在淀粉及淀粉基食品中应用三个方面进行综述，以期为挤压影响淀粉结构特性的作用机理和淀粉类食品的深度加工提供参考和建议。     

淀粉基食品薄膜在肉制品保鲜中的应用

肉制品作为具有高生物价值的蛋白质、矿物质、维生素和过量生物活性化合物等基本营养素的来源,被人们广泛接受和喜爱。但是肉质品在不当环境下储存极易腐败变质,因此亟需寻求绿色、高效的保鲜技术。近年来,淀粉作为一种可成膜多糖被广泛用于制备生物可降解薄膜以用于食品包装,通过作为抗氧化抗菌生物活性物质载体或隔绝氧气等来维持肉制品的新鲜度,目前基于淀粉与成膜材料联合制备的复合膜已成为肉制品防腐保鲜技术的研究热点。因此,本文通过综述淀粉的基本性质、基于淀粉制备的食品复合膜的结构及特性,以及重点阐述淀粉基食品薄膜与精油、天然提取物、纳米复合材料等联用在肉制品保鲜中的研究进展,以期为淀粉基食品薄膜在肉制品保鲜中的应用提供理论参考。     

几种高油脂食品等温吸湿规律的研究

研究了真空油炸莲子、真空油炸胡萝卜脆片、常压油炸胡萝卜脆片、常压油炸土豆脆片4种高脂食品的吸湿等温曲线。根据常用的5种等温吸附模型对4种物料的吸湿实验数据进行了拟合,比较了其拟合程度(R2)。结果表明,25℃条件下,4种高脂物料最适合的等温吸附模型都是Peleg模型,且拟合程度依次为真空油炸胡萝卜脆片、常压油炸胡萝卜脆片、真空油炸莲子、常压油炸土豆脆片。     

水相高温处理对淀粉结构与性质的影响

淀粉作为食品中的主要成分之一,在人类饮食中起着重要作用。蒸制、水煮、挤压作为淀粉基食品加工中常用的3种水相高温处理手段,对淀粉的颗粒形态、分子结构、晶型、糊化、老化和消化等都会产生重要影响。作者综述了蒸制、水煮、挤压处理对淀粉结构与性质的影响,以期为提升淀粉类食品品质提供理论依据。     

Reduction of oil uptake of fried food by coatings: A review

Fried food is popular because of its attractive aroma, colour and taste. However, its high oil content may cause cardiovascular diseases, such as high cholesterol and high blood pressure. Therefore, it is of great significance to reduce the oil uptake of fried food. It is found that water-oil replacement, surfactant theory and the cooling-phase effect are the main mechanisms of oil uptake in fried food. According to these mechanisms, improving the frying technology, changing the frying medium and coating treatment can reduce the amount of oil in fried foods. Among these methods, coating treatment is the most common method to reduce the oil content. Protein coatings usually have better performance than polysaccharide coatings. The performance of protein coatings depends on the type of food and protein. In addition, oil resistance of protein coatings can be improved by adding the plasticiser, combination with other components and cross-linking treatment.     

Quality changes of edible oils during vacuum and atmospheric frying of potato chips

Demand for safe and nutritionally rich fried products is gaining a momentum among consumers, leading to the increased consumption of vacuum fried products. The impact of vacuum frying (VF)(110 °C, 40 kPa) on chemical composition of food, fatty acid profile, microstructure, oxidative stability and sensory attributes was assessed and differentiated with that of atmospheric frying(AF) (180 °C). The potato slices were fried in mustard and soyabean oil used repetitively for 25 h. The oil content of VF potato chips was lower (15.18%) than AF chips (18.98%), however water loss in AF chips was higher than VF chips by 1.63-fold. VF significantly prevented the PUFA degradation, minimizes transfatty acid (TFA) formation and maintain a low C18:2/C16:0 ratio as compared to AF. VF Chips fried in soyabean oil show an increase in TFA content from 2.15 to 2.63% and a decrease in PUFA from 51.57 to 45.16% as compared to AF chips where TFA content increased from 2.15 to 3.72% and PUFA shows a higher reduction from 51.57 to 37.69% at the end of 25 h of frying. This indicate that in AF, oil is safe for use upto 10 cycles of frying, while as in VF, the same oil can be used for upto 40 cycles of frying without quality deteoriation. Sensorial analysis revealed that VF chips retain a better colour, taste and flavour but were less crispy than that of AF chips. These findings validate the application of vacuum frying technology for the production of high-quality foods with lesser degradation of frying oil.Industrial relevanceFood manufacturers are now impelled by the health-conscious consumer base for the production of healthy food products. The toxic effect of foods fried in degraded oils on human health is now widely known and thus the production of safe fried foods is the need of hour globally. In this context, vacuum frying is the most feasible approach for the production of quality fried products retaining the natural colour, flavour, sensory and nutritional properties better than that of atmospheric frying. Vacuum frying causes the least degradation of fatty acid of the frying oil and the fried potatoes, producing healthy potato chips. Therefore, the oil used for vacuum frying have a greater shelf life and oxidative stability than atmospheric frying. However, the higher installation cost of vacuum fryer still limits its use in the street fried food market, where degradation of oil is more likely. Thus, for its widespread commercialisation in developing countries, steps should be taken both by government and manufacturing companies to reduce the installation costs.     

乳酸菌发酵对淀粉类食品品质的影响

馒头、面包、米粉和面条等淀粉类食品是常见的主食，提高该类食品品质对保证营养摄入、促进健康具有重要意义。乳酸菌发酵是改善淀粉类食品品质的有效手段，该文将乳酸菌发酵对上述淀粉类产品的质构、感官和老化等方面的影响进行了总结，并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Application of protein-based edible coatings for fat uptake reduction in deep-fat fried foods with an emphasis on muscle food proteins

BackgroundDeep-fat frying is a common cooking method where fat or oil is used as the heat transfer medium, in direct contact with the food at a temperature above the boiling point of water. During the deep fat frying method, oil not only serves as a heating medium but also absorbs into food, increasing the total fat content. As a result, consumption of deep-fat fried foods has been associated with coronary heart diseases, obesity and type 2 diabetes. Selection of an appropriate food coating before frying may act as a barrier to moisture loss, which is important commercially, and also reduce fat uptake during frying.Scope and approachThis paper succinctly reviews different protein sources for edible coatings and compare them with muscle food proteins which were used in deep-fat fried foods.Key findings and conclusionsProtein-based coatings have been explored as potential coating materials in fat-uptake reduction. Comparatively, proteins are able to form films with better mechanical and barrier properties than polysaccharides. Application of muscle food proteins (myofibrillar proteins) as coatings, which are rich in these proteins, is novel and could be product-friendly for deep-fried muscle foods.     

食物油炸过程中丙烯酰胺和杂环胺的形成及控制方法研究进展

食物油炸过程中,来自食物和煎炸油的各种成分会发生强烈的化学反应,产生各种各样的化学产物,最终对油炸食物的食用品质和煎炸油的使用期限产生影响。在这些产物中也存在种类较多且含量不可忽视的有害成分,其中与食品成分相关的主要有丙烯酰胺和杂环胺等伴生危害物。这些有害成分的产生可以通过选择适宜的油炸条件,如煎炸油种类、油炸时间、油炸温度和添加外源抗氧化剂等措施来加以控制。本文综述了近年来研究发现的食物油炸过程中丙烯酰胺和杂环胺的形成途径、危害及控制方法,旨在为寻找抑制食物油炸过程中伴生危害物产生的新方法提供新的思路。     

The Effect of Food Type (Fish Nuggets or French Fries) on Oil Blend Degradation during Repeated Frying

Abstract: Oil that is reused multiple times for deep frying goes through changes in chemical composition and physical characteristics, affecting the quality of the fried foods. In this study, the effect of the food type (fish nuggets or French fries) on the degradation of an oil blend during the deep‐fat frying of each food at 180°C during 12 days was determined, and the characteristics of the fried products were evaluated. The degradation of oil during repeated use was relatively faster when fish nuggets were fried than when French fries were fried, as higher values of total polar compounds were obtained. Practical Application: The results are useful for producers of French fries and fish nuggets, such as restaurants or fast foods sellers, providing them with practical guidelines within the permitted values established by the regulatory authorities. The studied foods have high economic importance and are different in their composition. Under the studied conditions, the tested oil blend may be used during 4 d (4 h per day) with a daily replenishment, without discarding the oil when frying fish nuggets, and must be discarded after 8 d when French fries are processed. This suggestion allows preparing safe fried foods for consumers.     

低温真空油炸小黄鱼加工工艺优化及包装方式对其贮藏品质的影响

以小黄鱼为研究对象,采用低温真空油炸技术研制休闲调理产品,优化了低温真空油炸加工工艺(预烘干温度和时间、真空油炸温度和时间等),比较了低温真空油炸和常压油炸产品的品质差异,并研究了包装方式对低温真空油炸小黄鱼贮藏品质的影响,以期为小黄鱼调理食品的开发提供理论依据和技术支撑。结果显示:小黄鱼低温真空油炸的最优工艺为预烘干温度50℃、烘干时间2 h、油炸温度95℃、油炸时间3500 s,油炸后离心脱油时间300 s。与常压油炸相比,低温真空油炸小黄鱼水分含量降低了12.48%,含油量降低了11.6%,L值提高了9.59%,综合感官评分更高。两种油炸方式小黄鱼产品的风味差异显著,真空油炸和常压油炸小黄鱼分别检测出21种和14种挥发性物质,其中真空油炸更利于醛类和醇类化合物的产生,风味更佳。通过比较不同包装方式真空油炸小黄鱼贮藏期间品质的变化,发现真空油炸小黄鱼气调包装效果优于常规包装,且70% N₂+30% CO₂包装效果优于100% N₂包装,最短货架期超过60 d。     

KINETICS OF ACRYLAMIDE FORMATION DURING TRADITIONAL AND VACUUM FRYING OF POTATO CHIPS

Acrylamide is considered a carcinogen in animals and a possible carcinogen in humans. It has been found in starch‐rich foods cooked at high temperatures. Vacuum frying (10 Torr) was investigated as a possible alternative to reduce acrylamide formation in potato chips. The cultivar Atlantic was used to determine the kinetics of acrylamide formation during traditional and vacuum frying at different temperatures. There was a 94% decrease in acrylamide content when potatoes were fried to the same final moisture content (1.5% ± 0.3% w.b.) under vacuum compared to those fried under atmospheric conditions. Acrylamide accumulation under vacuum frying was modeled using first‐order kinetics (during traditional frying, the logistic kinetic model was used). The behavior of the kinetics of acrylamide content in potato chips fried under the two processes was different mainly because of the different temperatures used. During traditional frying, higher temperatures are used (150 to 180C) and acrylamide after some time is produced but starts degrading, producing a constant level of acrylamide content at longer times. During vacuum frying (10 Torr), acrylamide increased exponentially (but at lower levels) for all frying times.     

Characterisation of amylose and amylopectin with various moisture contents after frying process: effect of starch–lipid complex formation

Frying is commonly used to process starchy foods. This work explored the interactions of amylose (AM) and amylopectin (AP) with lipids during frying. Maize-derived AM and AP that were adjusted to various moisture contents were fried at 180 °C. The significant effects of moisture content and formation of starch–lipid complexes were confirmed. Rheological analysis indicated that the elasticity of the fried AM paste decreased. This change was observed in AM but not in AP. Viscoelasticity decreased as the initial starch moisture content was increased. The presence of a V-type structure was confirmed by XRD. In general, relative crystallinity decreased as moisture content was increased. On the other hand, the increasement of starch–lipid complex could elevated the degree of crystallisation. AM was more likely than AP to undergo complexation with lipids during frying. Increasing the moisture content of starch within 20%~60% promoted the formation of starch–lipid complexes.     

降低挂糊油炸制品含油量的研究进展

挂糊是中国烹饪的一项重要加工手段,糊在油炸制品中的运用也十分广泛。酥香可口的挂糊油炸制品深受人们的喜爱,而油炸制品因其含油量过高容易引起肥胖以及冠心病等慢性疾病,因此,降低油炸制品的含油量,开发低脂健康的油炸制品就显得十分迫切。本文根据油炸制品的吸油原理介绍了降低挂糊油炸制品吸油量的主要方法,其中改善面糊涂层配方（淀粉、蛋白质和食品胶等）、添加预处理工序（预油炸、预烫漂和预干燥）、改变油炸工艺条件（控制油炸时间和油炸温度、新型油炸技术和油炸后脱油）等均能有效降低挂糊油炸制品的含油量,提高其食用品质。综述内容为挂糊制品糊的配方设计和油炸加工提供一定科学指导,并为低脂油炸制品的研发和规模化生产提供科学依据。