赤潮藻毒素的性质和检测技术的研究

在赤潮中有些有毒藻含有对人体健康和水产动物产生危害的藻毒素,藻毒素通过食物链食物网的传递形式在海洋生物体内积累,人类食用后产生中毒现象。文章简单介绍赤潮藻毒素的基本性质、作用机理、中毒现象,并简单分析赤潮藻毒素的几种检测方法,提出建设性的意见,最后展望了每种藻毒素的应用前景和检测技术的发展趋势,希望提高公众对赤潮藻毒素的认知。     

微囊藻毒素毒性及其作用机理研究进展

近年来,淡水水体富营养化引起的藻类大量繁殖及相关藻毒素污染已在世界范围内被广泛报道。微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)是由微囊藻属、鱼腥藻属等藻类产生的有毒代谢产物,其分布广、结构稳定、毒性强,可通过饮用水、水产品和农作物等途径进入人体,对肝脏、肾脏、生殖系统、神经系统等具有毒性效应,对人体健康构成严重威胁。本文对MCs的毒性及其作用机理进行了综述与分析,对防治MCs对人体健康危害有一定的参考价值。     

微囊藻毒素的检测及其治理研究进展

微囊藻毒素是水体富营养化发生后产生的最大危险物质之一,对人体健康有极大的危害。文章主要从藻毒素的危害、致毒机理、分析检测方法及其去除方法等方面,对近年来对藻毒素的研究进展进行介绍。     

黄曲霉毒素危害和检测方法研究进展

黄曲霉毒素具有致癌性和致畸性, 即使痕量级水平的摄入也会对人体健康产生长时间的危害。粮食等作物在生长和贮存期间都可被黄曲霉毒素污染。由于其高毒性, 已有很多检测方法来检测不同样品中黄曲霉毒素的含量, 这些方法各有优缺点, 且并不是每个方法都能满足国标限量水平。本文综述了不同黄曲霉毒素对人体的危害, 分析检测技术的发展, 重点讨论几种较成熟方法在不同基质中的应用。     

排毒养颜食疗方

人体在每天新陈代谢过程中会产生很多废物毒素,这些毒物沉积人体久了,就会危害健康。人如果便秘,毒素就会滞留在肠腔,进而被吸收到毛孔内与汗和油脂一起排出,如清洁不好,死细胞及油垢会把毛孔阻塞而出现毛囊感染,引起痤疮。 绿豆、茶、海带、新鲜果汁、菜汤等均有利于溶解细胞内的毒素,并可以中和不同酸碱度     

超高效液相色谱法测定食用油中黄曲霉毒素

正黄曲霉毒素是由黄曲霉菌和寄生曲霉菌产生的一组毒性极强的真菌毒素代谢物,黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1,和G2普遍存在于霉变的粮食及粮食制品中,能引起人急性中毒死亡,与人患肝癌有密切关系。黄曲霉毒素比较耐热,加热至230℃才能被完全破坏,因此一般烹饪加工也不易消除。基于黄曲霉毒素对人体的致毒致癌危害,目前,我国对其在食品中的含量作了严格规定。因此分析测定食品中黄曲霉     

黄曲霉毒素污染控制的研究进展

黄曲霉可以引起粮油作物的霉变,其产生的毒素能够污染粮食及其制品,对人类和动物的健康造成极其严重的危害。本文概述了黄曲霉毒素在产生、运输和调控阶段的分子生物学过程,重点对黄曲霉毒素污染控制方法,如：遗传育种法、物理降解法及化学降解法等进行综述,并对植物源杀菌剂控制前期毒素污染,以及干预吸收控制后期毒素污染的前景进行展望。     

黄曲霉毒素B1在食品检测中的研究新进展

黄曲霉毒B1作为黄曲霉毒素产物当中对人体最具威胁的物质,直接危害到人体肝脏器官,并导致其出现突变、畸形等状况。因此,为了避免黄曲霉毒素B1对人体所带来的毒害需加强其含量检测。基于此,本文从黄曲霉毒素B1在食品检测当中重要性入手,对当前检测新技术进行了有效的分析,以供参考。     

食品中常见霉菌毒素的污染及其检测技术

<正>在自然界中的各种霉菌在自身新陈代谢的过程中会产生次级代谢毒素,会对农作物以及饲料和食品产生不同程度的污染,进而会对人体的健康产生巨大危害。本文研究的重点就是阐述进出口食品中霉菌毒素污染的危害及来源和产生途径,并对这种毒素的检测技术也进行了分析。霉菌及其毒素的产生所谓霉菌,实际上就是丝状真菌的通俗名称,是一种发霉的真菌。这些真菌能够产生纷杂茂盛的菌丝体,但是却和蘑菇这种真菌有着明显区别,没有大     

乳品中黄曲霉毒素M1检测方法研究进展

黄曲霉毒素M1是动物摄入黄曲霉毒素B1后的代谢产物,主要分布在动物的乳汁、尿液中。黄曲霉毒素M1毒性很大,经乳制品摄入会对人体产生巨大的危害。本文主要对乳品中黄曲霉毒素M1毒性、危害、检测方法进行综述。对主要检测方法的特性及适用范围进行分析与概括,并且对未来黄曲霉毒素M1的检测方法的发展进行了合理展望。     

Monitoring phytoplankton and marine biotoxins in production waters of the Netherlands: results after one decade

Shellfish products may be contaminated with marine biotoxins which, after consumption, may lead to human illness. The Netherlands has a regular monitoring programme for marine biotoxins and the possible toxic phytoplankton in shellfish production waters. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the presence of potential toxic phytoplankton species and marine biotoxins in Dutch production waters over the last decade, and to analyse the relationship between toxin levels and abundance of possible causative phytoplankton species. The results of the monitoring programme of the period 1999-2009 were used. The presence of Alexandrium spp. were negligible, but Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and phytoplankton causing diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP toxin-producing phytoplankton) were present in nearly all three main production areas and years. The main DSP toxin-producing species was Dinophysis acuminata followed by D. rotundata and Prorocentrum lima. Toxins causing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) were present in only a few individual shellfish samples, all at low levels. At the end of 2002, an episode of DSP toxicity was recorded, based on the rat bioassay results. Of the samples that were chemically analysed for DSP toxins in 2007 and 2008, about half of the samples in 2007 contained these toxins, although levels were low and no positive results were obtained using the rat bioassay. There was a slight positive correlation between concentrations of DSP toxin-producing phytoplankton and levels of DSP toxins in 2007. Increased DSP toxin levels were found up to 5 weeks after the peak in DSP toxin-producing phytoplankton. This positive, but weak, relationship needs to be confirmed in future research using more samples and chemical methods to quantify the presence of DSP toxins. If this relationship is further substantiated and quantified, it could be used within the current monitoring programme in the Netherlands to predict the risk areas regarding DSP toxicity in shellfish.     

LC-MS/MS analysis of palytoxin analogues in blue humphead parrotfish Scarus ovifrons causing human poisoning in Japan

Since 1953, a total of 27 human poisoning cases caused by the consumption of blue humphead parrotfish, Scarus ovifrons, have been reported in Japan. Characteristic symptoms are severe muscle pain associated with rhabdomyolysis. Although it is believed that palytoxin, which is one of the most potent non-protein marine biotoxins, is the most likely causative toxin in blue humphead parrotfish poisoning, palytoxin has not been proven conclusively as the causative toxin because of lack of a reliable and sensitive analytical method for palytoxin. In 2011, human poisoning cases caused by the consumption of blue humphead parrotfish occurred in Miyazaki and Tokyo. In our present study, an LC-MS/MS method for palytoxin and its analogues in the blue humphead parrotfish samples causing the human poisoning cases in 2011 was developed and the samples were analysed by using the newly developed LC-MS/MS method. Palytoxin and its analogues were not detected in the samples from the food poisoning cases. The LC-MS/MS findings therefore do not support the recently accepted hypothesis that palytoxin is the causative agent in blue humphead parrotfish poisoning in Japan.     

Analytical screening of marine algal toxins for seafood safety assessment in a protected Mediterranean shallow water environment

Microalgal species growing in marine and aquaculture environments can be responsible for harmful events because of their ability to produce potent natural toxins that can accumulate in edible mollusc species. Their consumption can cause severe illness and even be lethal. The European Union provides comprehensive regulations covering various general food safety aspects to manage the risk of contamination in shellfish farms. Many analytical methods have been proposed to evaluate algal toxins presence in the environment and in food products, for conducting surveillance studies of the main molluscs production sites and, where necessary, immediate monitoring of possible contamination of shellfish. In this work, a one-year analytical surveillance study was carried out to verify the possible presence of algal biotoxins in molluscs from a Mediterranean breeding area. Water and molluscs were sampled from a district of the North-East coast of Sicily, consisting of a unique brackish ecosystem of two lakes connected to each other and to the sea by narrow canals. Water samples were collected to investigate phytoplankton i by microscope analysis to assess the presence of potentially toxin-producing species, such as Pseudo-nitzschia spp, Alexandrium spp and Gonyaulax spinifera, although the presence of toxic phytoplankton has never reached alert levels. Mussels and clams samples were submitted to analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins, amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins and lipophilic toxins by liquid chromatography-based methods Only a few yessotoxins were detected, having concentrations always below the regulation limits. An existing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based multiresidue method for lipophilic biotoxins was adopted and extended to cover emerging biotoxins such as cyclic imines. The performance of the analytical method for Gymnodimine A and Spirolide 13-desMeC was assessed, obtaining respective quantitation limits of 20 and 10 µg kg^?1, a precision always lower than 13% and trueness in the 81–120% range. Method applicability was confirmed using certified materials and a naturally contaminated sample.     

液质联用技术在生物毒素食品安全检测分析中的应用

生物毒素是自然界一种重要的生命现象,是人们探讨生命科学奥秘和开发新药的重要工具和物质基础,也是食品安全领域的重点防治对象。真菌毒素和海洋生物毒素是与食品安全相关的两类生物毒素,二者均具有毒性强、污染面广的特点,对人类健康具有极大的危害。在生物毒素众多分析检测手段中,液质联用技术因灵敏、高效等特点而被广泛应用。本文以液质联用技术为切入点,综述了该技术用于生物毒素食品安全检测分析的研究与应用进展,同时对相关的样品处理技术研究也进行了概要介绍。     

Distribution of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in consignments of blue mussel

Data describing the distribution of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in 13 consignments of Danish-produced blue mussels are reported. The content of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins was measured by a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection method, and mean levels in the 13 consignments varied from 58 to 243 μg kg^-1. The distributions of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in the consignments were relatively homogenous as the relative standard deviation of the content varied from 7 to 19%. The results are discussed in relation to food safety, the uncertainty of sampling and analysis, and the newly introduced European Union maximum levels of marine biotoxins in seafood products.     

Marine neurotoxins: State of the art,bottlenecks, and perspectives for mode of action based methods of detection in seafood

Marine biotoxins can accumulate in fish and shellfish, representing a possible threat for consumers. Many marine biotoxins affect neuronal function essentially through their interaction with ion channels or receptors, leading to different symptoms including paralysis and even death. The detection of marine biotoxins in seafood products is therefore a priority. Official methods for control are often still using in vivo assays, such as the mouse bioassay. This test is considered unethical and the development of alternative assays is urgently required. Chemical analyses as well as in vitro assays have been developed to detect marine biotoxins in seafood. However, most of the current in vitro alternatives to animal testing present disadvantages: low throughput and lack of sensitivity resulting in a high number of false‐negative results. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of new in vitro tests that would allow the detection of marine biotoxins in seafood products at a low cost, with high throughput combined with high sensitivity, reproducibility, and predictivity. Mode of action based in vitro bioassays may provide tools that fulfil these requirements. This review covers the current state of the art of such mode of action based alternative assays to detect neurotoxic marine biotoxins in seafood.     

海产品中麻痹性贝类毒素快速检测技术研究进展

麻痹性贝类毒素是我国海洋赤潮中最常见的贝类毒素之一,分布最广,危害最大,事故发生率也最高,对人类健康构成了严重威胁,加强对该类毒素的检测监控成为保障海产品安全的重要措施。传统的检测方法主要有小鼠生物检测法、液相色谱法、液相色谱-串联质谱法和酶联免疫法,这些方法均有各自的优势,但在实际应用中还缺少用于现场检测的快速筛查技术。因此,开发快速、灵敏、准确、低成本的麻痹性贝类毒素检测技术具有重要的应用价值。本文主要介绍了麻痹性贝类毒素目前开发出来的快速检测方法,主要包括免疫层析技术和生物传感器技术,对各方法的特点迚行分析。最后对未来麻痹性贝类毒素快速检测技术在实际应用中面临的主要问题迚行了评述,幵对发展趋势迚行了展望。     

固相微萃取技术在生物毒素检测领域的应用

生物毒素是生物体自然产生的一类化学物质,会对农业、畜牧业、水产业造成严重的损失,同时还会通过污染食物对人类的生命健康和财产安全造成严重影响。然而食品样品基质复杂,严重阻碍了生物毒素的提取和检测。固相微萃取技术可以将目标分析物吸附在微量固相吸附剂表面,从而实现萃取、分离和富集,进而分析检测。因此,将其运用于食品中生物毒素的检测,通过萃取和预浓缩可实现目标物的高灵敏检测。近年来,改进萃取方法与开发新型吸附材料成为微萃取技术发展的关键方向。本文总结了近年来固相微萃取技术在方法学与材料学方面的研究发展,以及其在食品中生物毒素检测领域的应用研究,期望为后续科研人员在固相微萃取领域的进一步开发提供思路,并为生物毒素的高灵敏准确检测提供理论与技术支持。     

全球食品和饲料链中生物毒素早期预警、监测和毒性评估的挑战和解决方案（网络首发、推荐阅读）

确保世界人口不断增长下的食品供应安全和保障是巨大和紧迫的需求。然而,全球农业和食品行业仍易受植物、藻类,尤其是真菌产生的生物毒素污染问题的挑战;随着全球变暖和极端天气事件频发,这些有毒代谢产物的发生愈发难以预测。为了提升食品和饲料链中生物毒素的预警、监测和毒性评估方法,总结在各个科学领域和方法中创新所需的多学科、多部门互补能力,具体包括使用卫星和无人机成像的大数据方法、便携式监测设备以及使用蛋白质组学和转录组学对（新兴）生物毒素进行（联合）毒性测试。