后喷射和正丁醇对柴油机碳烟影响的数值模拟

采用 CFD 计算程序耦合正庚烷-正丁醇-多环芳烃简化动力学模型,并结合多步现象学碳烟生成模型,研究了在将 NOx控制在2.0,g/(kW·h)情况下后喷射和含氧燃料正丁醇对碳烟生成过程和排放的影响．结果表明,后喷射提高燃烧后期温度、增强碳烟氧化和增强燃烧后期缸内充量运动,是其降低碳烟排放的主要原因;正丁醇降低碳烟排放主要是通过降低碳烟前驱物多环芳烃浓度和增强油气混合过程即降低当量比实现的．在后喷射基础上应用含氧燃料正丁醇,可以在 NOx排放保持不变的前提下大幅度将碳烟排放(0.032,g/(kW·h)降低至0.007,3,g/(kW·h)).因此采用多次喷射耦合 EGR 结合含氧燃料正丁醇,是降低柴油机排放的有效技术途径,可以显著改善柴油机碳烟排放．     

复合EGR对增压柴油机性能和排放影响的试验研究

在一台两级增压高压共轨柴油机上,在B25和B50工况进行了高压、低压及复合EGR三种EGR方式的试验研究。研究结果表明:在试验研究工况,低压EGR能够保持充足进气量,实现较高EGR率,获得低NOx排放,并在较大EGR率范围保持低碳烟比排放,但是其泵气损失较高,燃油经济性较差。高压EGR在一定EGR率范围内可以有效降低泵气损失,但其对增压器工作能力影响较大,EGR引入能力受到限制;采用进气节流的方法,可以提升其EGR引入能力,但是会造成比油耗明显上升,同时碳烟比排放迅速增大。对高、低压EGR比例进行优化后的复合EGR方式能够有效降低泵气损失,在宽广EGR范围内保持良好的燃油经济性。同时,由于复合EGR一方面增强了EGR引入能力,同时具有较高的进气量,在B25工况复合EGR的EGR率在47%时,此时其NOx比排放为0.67g/(kW·h),碳烟比排放为0.016g/(kW·h);B50工况复合EGR率为33%时,NOx比排放为1.27g/(kW·h),碳烟比排放为0.080g/(kW·h)。复合EGR在较大EGR率下可以同时实现低NOx和碳烟比排放。     

增压中冷柴油机EGR数值模拟与试验研究

建立了带废气再循环(EGR)系统的增压中冷柴油机工作过程热力学计算模型,并进行数值模拟,模拟计算与试验结果表明两者基本吻合,误差在合理范围内。在此基础上,研究EGR在不同工况下对柴油机动力性、经济性和排放性的影响,并根据柴油机的综合性能对各工况下最佳EGR率进行优化,得出理想的EGR控制MAP图。最后按照模拟计算结果搭建试验平台,并进行试验研究。研究结果表明:13工况排放测试循环工况的NOx和碳烟排放分别为3.0g/(kW.h)和0.45g/(kW.h),满足欧Ⅳ排放法规的要求。     

基于多脉冲喷射、可变增压以及推迟进气门关闭定时技术的混合燃烧控制策略

针对重载柴油机实现高效清洁燃烧进行了燃烧控制策略的研究.实验在一台拥有高压共轨系统、废气再循环系统、可变增压系统以及推迟进气门关闭定时系统的单缸实验发动机上进行.实验结果表明,当平均指示压力低于1.1 MPa时可以采用高EGR率的低温燃烧策略.其中,基于不同负荷工况高效清洁燃烧,需要配合进气增压、推迟进气门关闭定时技术以及不同的喷油模式.在低负荷工况下,单次早喷模式及高EGR率可以实现高的热效率以及低的NOx与碳烟排放.在中负荷工况下,采用多脉冲喷射模式及高EGR率协同作用,在降低化学反应速率的同时增强了混合,避免了因为局部不均匀而导致的碳烟排放过高.高的增压度提高了缸内充量密度,有效降低了NOx、碳烟、CO及HC排放,提高了热效率.研究结果还显示,在推迟进气门关闭定时系统的帮助下,采用多脉冲喷射以及高的增压压力,可以在保持高的热效率的同时进一步降低NOx以及碳烟排放.     

喷油策略对汽油压燃燃烧及碳烟生成过程影响的数值模拟研究

基于三维计算流体动力学(CFD)软件CONVERGE,耦合甲苯掺比燃料(toluene reference fuel,TRF)简化动力学机理及多步现象学碳烟模型,建立汽油压燃(GCI)的数值模拟模型。通过改变气道喷射比例、主喷时刻和预主喷间隔研究了高负荷条件下气道喷射结合缸内直喷的喷油策略对GCI燃烧及碳烟生成过程的影响。研究结果表明,增加气道喷射比例、提前主喷时刻和增大预主喷间隔都能够缩短燃烧持续期,使放热更为集中,从而降低碳烟排放;改变气道喷射比例对碳烟成核及表面生长有较大的影响,主喷时刻提前能够提高氧化速率。当气道喷射比例为40%,主喷时刻为-8°,预主喷间隔为15°时,碳烟排放为0.015 1g/(kW·h),相比试验基准工况降低了33.8%,而最大压升率也控制在可接受的范围内。     

采用VNT/EGR和DOC降低柴油机排放的试验

在一台高压共轨柴油机上进行了采用基于可变喷嘴环涡轮增压器(VNT)的废气再循环(EGR)系统(VNT/EGR)和柴油机氧化催化器(DOC)降低排放的试验研究。结果表明,通过调节VNT开度可以有效实现EGR循环和控制EGR率,显著降低NOx排放,并且在一定EGR率范围内对烟度影响较小。提高喷射压力可以较明显改善NOx和烟度的折衷关系,采用合理的后喷参数能够在不明显影响经济性和NOx排放的前提下显著降低烟度。对燃烧室进行降低压缩比的合理设计也可以明显改善NOx和烟度的折衷关系。在燃烧系统优化的基础上,最终加装DOC的ESC循环排放测试结果满足了国Ⅳ要求,其中PM为0.0191g/(kW·h),NOx为2.88g/(kW·h),HC和CO排放远低于国Ⅳ限值。     

柴油机分段喷射及涡流匹配燃烧和排放特性

为探究柴油机分段喷射及涡流改善燃油经济性的潜力和机理,在单缸机上进行了有、无进气涡流时不同分段喷射策略的试验,5%,预喷比例、10°,CA间隔工况的燃油消耗率比单次喷射降低6.1,g/(k W·h),NO_x排放增加200×10~(-6)(体积分数);有、无涡流对比试验中,在过量空气系数为1.6时,加入涡流比为1.0的涡流,燃油消耗率仍降低2.0,g/(k W·h),NO_x排放增加120×10~(-6).内窥镜试验利用KL因子表征碳烟浓度,上止点后16°,CA,单次喷射工况KL因子为1.22,分段喷射工况KL因子为0.75,有涡流分段喷射工况KL因子为0.21.仿真分析表明,小预喷、短间隔分段喷射和适当进气涡流的加入,均使得主喷油束可以利用预喷产生的热氛围且不被其束缚,从而改善燃油经济性,降低缸内碳烟浓度.     

VNT对柴油机NOx排放特性优化的研究

为了研究可变喷嘴涡轮(VNT)技术对降低柴油机NO_x排放的作用,首先对带排气旁通阀涡轮增压器(WG)和文丘里管高压废气再循环(vEGR)的WG-vEGR涡轮增压柴油机原机,运用GT-Power软件和AVL FIRE软件进行VNT的匹配,对柴油机综合性能进行了仿真计算,确定欧洲稳态测试循环(ESC)工况最优VNT开度规律,组成VNT-vEGR柴油机。随后对WG-vEGR柴油机和VNT-vEGR柴油机进行了ESC工况台架试验研究。研究结果表明:VNT能够提高柴油机的废气再循环(EGR)率,VNT-vEGR柴油机的ESC工况加权NO_x排放值为3.53g/(kW·h),与WG-vEGR柴油机原机的4.92g/(kW·h)相比,下降约28.25%;ESC工况加权比油耗为232.1g/(kW·h),相比于WG-vEGR柴油机原机的235.5g/(kW·h),降低约1.44%;ESC工况加权碳烟排放值为0.055g/(kW·h),相比于WG-vEGR柴油机原机的0.058g/(kW·h),降低约5.17%。且从加权比油耗和碳烟排放值的变化情况可以看出,该系统具有采用更大EGR率以获得NO_x排放进一步优化的潜力。     

DMF/柴油和汽油/柴油混合燃料对柴油机燃烧和排放特性的影响

在一台共轨柴油机上,通过向柴油分别掺混30%体积比的2,5-二甲基呋喃(DMF)和汽油,研究了含氧燃料和低十六烷值燃料对柴油机燃烧过程和排放特性的影响机理。研究结果表明:D30的滞燃期最长,G30次之,纯柴油最短,表明十六烷值是影响着火滞燃期的关键因素。混合燃料的挥发性、硫和芳香烃含量对碳烟排放影响较小,扩展的着火延迟期和增加的燃料氧(原子氧)是降低低温燃烧过程中碳烟生成的两个关键因素。柴油掺混DMF,通过采用中等强度EGR率(低于40%),能显著扩展低排放区域(NOx排放0.4g/(kW·h),碳烟排放0.01g/(kW·h))并保持较好的燃油经济性。相比汽油/柴油混合燃料,DMF/柴油混合燃料对碳烟的降低效果更显著,表明DMF作为一种低十六烷值的新型生物质含氧燃料,其与柴油混合后的理化特性更适合于柴油机低温燃烧的排放控制。多次喷射试验表明:在柴油中掺混DMF或汽油,喷油控制策略对碳烟生成影响减小。综合来看,石化柴油与低十六烷值含氧燃料混合,通过燃料改性与中等强度EGR率(低于40%)耦合并合理控制CA50,是在简化喷油控制策略下实现现代柴油机高效、清洁低温燃烧的一项有效技术途径。     

供油策略与EGR联合控制对恒转速突加载响应性能和排放的影响

以一台高压级为可变几何截面的增压器(VGT)的两级涡轮增压重型柴油机为研究对象,研究负荷烟度试验(ELR)测试循环中恒转速突加载的瞬态过程中喷油系统及EGR的控制策略对响应性能和排放的影响.发现单次喷射的转矩响应时间比两次喷射缩短26.1%,但两次喷射模式的烟度峰值比单次喷射降低了33.3%,NOx峰值降低了21.9%.两次喷射的主喷和后喷燃油比例确定时,主喷最终定时提前2°,CA,将缩短42.6%的转矩响应时间;而后喷定时提前3,°,CA,将引起烟度峰值增大91.7%.此外,基于转矩响应及排放的需求,开发了EGR阀晚开的控制策略,EGR阀开启时刻过早和过晚都将引起转矩响应的恶化,EGR阀开启过早将会产生过高的烟度峰值,EGR阀开启过晚将产生大量的NOx排放.故合理匹配喷油系统和EGR阀控制策略是实现恒转速突加载过程高转矩响应和低排放的重要技术手段之一.     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.