非对称双子表面活性剂的合成及结构表征

以十二(十四)烷基二甲基叔胺、环氧氯丙烷、36%盐酸为原料合成中间体N-(3-氯-2-羟丙基)-N,N-二甲基长链烷基氯化铵,中间体再与吡啶经季铵化反应合成非对称双子表面活性剂。确定合成目标产物的最佳工艺条件,反应温度为85℃,反应时间为22 h,中间体氯化铵和吡啶的物料摩尔比为1∶1.2。目标产物的结构通过IR,1H NMR及元素分析得到证实。     

含酯基双子表面活性剂的合成

以长碳链烷基酸与2-二甲氨基乙醇、盐酸、环氧氯丙烷为原料,通过3步反应合成了3种季铵盐阳离子双子表面活性剂。正交试验确定合成目标产物的最佳反应条件为:中间体N-(3-氯-2-羟丙基)-N,N-二甲基月桂酸乙基氯化铵与二甲基脂肪酸乙基叔胺的物质的量比为1∶1.1,100℃下反应12h。3种目标产物结构均通过IR、1HNMR得到证实。     

非对称双子季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的合成及性能

以十二烷基二甲基叔胺、盐酸、环氧氯丙烷为原料,合成了中间体N-(3-氯-2-羟丙基)-N,N-二甲基十二烷基氯化铵,后与3种不同烷基链长的长链烷基叔胺反应,得到3种非对称Gemini季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂(Ⅰ～Ⅲ)。通过IR光谱,1HNMR确证了中间体及目的产物的结构。测定了产物的临界胶束浓度cmc及γcmc。cmc分别为1 07×10-3mol·dm-3、1 99×10-3mol·dm-3和9 55×10-3mol·dm-3,γcmc分别为40 9mN·m-1、48 0mN·m-1和50 9mN·m-1。结果表明:所合成的非对称Gemini季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂具有较高的表面活性。     

一种可聚合双季铵盐表面活性剂的合成与表征

以N,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺盐酸盐、环氧氯丙烷为原料合成了中间产物N-3 -氯-2-羟丙基-N,N-二甲基十二烷基氯化铵.中间产物再和N-乙烯基咪唑(Ⅵ)发生季铵化反应,合成了一种可聚合双季铵盐表面活性剂,研究了原料配比、反应温度和反应时间对目标产物乙烯基咪唑双季铵盐产率的影响.结果表明,较佳工艺条件为:n(Ⅵ):n(中间产物)=1.2∶1,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为12 h,在此条件下,目标产物的产率达到81.2％.并利用IR,MS和1HNMR对产物结构进行了表征.     

噻唑类表面活性剂的合成研究

以2-氨基噻唑、氯乙酰氯为原料,合成2-(2-氯乙酰胺基)噻唑中间体。中间体分别与N,N-二甲基癸基叔胺、N,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺、N,N-二甲基十四烷基叔胺、N,N-二甲基十六烷基叔胺反应合成一系列噻唑类表面活性剂。通过单因素实验,考察了反应温度、反应时间及反应原料投料比对目标产物收率的影响。利用1HNMR和IR对目标产物结构进行表征。通过电导率法测得噻唑类表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(cmc)值分别为1.94×10~(-2)、5.01×10~(-3)、1.62×10~(-3)、4.78×10~(-4)mol/L。     

月桂酸酯季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的合成与表征

以十二烷基二甲基叔胺、环氧氯丙烷为原料,合成了中间体DMAC〔(2,3-环氧丙基)十二烷基二甲基氯化铵〕,再与月桂酸反应,生成月桂酸酯季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂HDAC〔(2-羟基-3-月桂酰氧基丙基)十二烷基二甲基氯化铵〕。通过正交实验确定了最佳合成条件:以异丙醇为溶剂,n(DMAC)∶n(LAC)=1∶1.2,反应时间6 h,反应温度50℃,产率大于90%,Krafft点-4.52℃。通过元素分析、傅立叶变换红外光谱、飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)、1HNMR,确证了目的产物的结构。测定产物的临界胶束浓度CMC为8.91×10-4mol/L,γCMC为34.12 mN/m。表明所合成的月桂酸酯季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂具有较高的表面活性。     

双子表面活性剂12-4-12最佳合成条件的研究

以N,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺与1,4-丁二醇为原料两步合成季铵盐型双子表面活性剂12-4-12,通过单因素法确定N,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺与1,4-二溴丁烷的最佳反应条件。双子表面活性剂12-4-12的最佳合成条件为:反应物摩尔比为n(N,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺)∶n(1,4-二溴丁烷)=2.2∶1,溶剂为异丙醇,反应温度82℃,反应时间12 h,产率为95.8%。     

十八烷基季铵盐硅烷的合成及应用

以γ-氯丙基三甲氧基硅烷和N,N-二甲基十八胺为原料,KI为催化剂,甲醇和二甲基亚砜为混合溶剂,通过季铵化反应,成功合成了二甲基十八烷基[3-(三甲氧基硅基)丙基]氯化铵,分析了季铵化反应过程中催化剂用量、溶剂用量、溶剂配比以及反应时间对该反应的影响.实验结果表明,以相对十八烷基二甲基叔胺的摩尔用量为0.20的碘化钾做...     

含酯基不对称双季铵盐表面活性剂的合成

以长链烷基叔胺、盐酸、环氧氯丙烷为原料,合成了N (3 氯 2 羟丙基) N,N 二甲基长链烷基氯化铵,研究了其合成工艺,优化反应条件为:n(长链烷基叔胺)∶n(盐酸)∶n(环氧氯丙烷)=1∶1∶1 1,反应温度为40℃,体系pH=6～7。以月桂酸及2 二甲氨基乙醇为原料,酯化得到二甲基月桂酸乙基叔胺(Ⅲ),利用其与N (3 氯 2 羟丙基) N,N 二甲基长链烷基氯化铵季铵化得到含酯基不对称双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂〔长链烷基分别为(Ⅰ)C12H25和(Ⅱ)C14H29〕。经测定,产物的临界胶束浓度CMC分别为6 61×10-3、8 31×10-3mol·L-1,γCMC分别为37 6、39 2mN·m-1,证明所合成的含酯基不对称双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂具有较高的表面活性。     

十二烷基二甲基-2-羟乙基氯化铵在乙腈做溶剂下的合成及表面活性测定

季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂具有良好的吸附性和杀菌性[1],乳化和增稠效果明显,广泛用于化工、医学等领域。本文利用N,N-二甲基十二烷基胺和氯乙醇合成了十二烷基二甲基-2-羟基氯化铵,并测定了其在水中的cmc值为13.2mmol/L,此cmc值对应的表面张力值为28.3mN/m。合成的产物十二烷基二甲基-2-羟基氯化铵由于其基团中增加了亲水的羟基,亲水性增高,并且能表现出良好的表面活性。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。