不同配比脲醛掺混肥对小麦生长及土壤养分的影响

采用冬小麦进行盆栽试验,以树脂包膜尿素、硫加树脂包膜尿素、普通尿素一次性施肥以及普通尿素基肥加追肥作对比,研究脲醛氮占总氮质量分数分别为30%、40%、50%和60%的脲醛掺混肥对土壤养分、小麦生长、小麦产量的影响,以探明合理施用脲醛缓释肥的最优氮素配比。试验结果表明:与普通尿素一次性施肥以及普通尿素基肥加追肥相比,脲醛氮占总氮质量分数为30%、40%和50%的处理有利于提高土壤有机质含量,能在灌浆期为小麦生长提供较高的磷素供应,提高小麦植株叶片叶绿素含量;脲醛氮占总氮质量分数40%和50%的处理较普通尿素处理增产4.28%～6.88%、增收551.7～796.2元/hm~2,较树脂包膜尿素和硫加树脂包膜尿素处理增产2.49%～5.88%、增收116.6～922.6元/hm~2;从产量和经济效益考虑,脲醛氮占总氮质量分数40%～50%的效果较好。     

8%精喹·乳氟禾乳油防除花生田杂草试验

为明确8%精喹·乳氟禾乳油防除花生田杂草的效果和对花生的安全性,采用田间小区试验的方法,观察其对花生田杂草的防效和对花生产量的影响。结果表明,8%精喹.乳氟禾乳油有效成分用量100.0～240.0 g/hm2对花生田马唐、牛筋草、反枝苋、马齿苋等杂草均有好的防治效果,药后20 d,总体株防效为96.45%～99.68%,鲜重防效97.93%～99.83%。对作物花生安全性较好,药后部分叶片出现药害斑,不扩展,可恢复,对花生苗期生长无影响,增产率33.42%～47.33%。     

金正大包膜尿素与普通尿素不同掺混比例对玉米肥效试验的研究初报

从金正大包膜尿素与普通尿素不同掺混比例对玉米肥效的试验结果看:70%包膜尿素 30%普通尿素掺混比例处理产量最高,667m2为586 kg,比包膜尿素处理增产5%,比普通尿素处理增产22%;从作物经济性状产量构成因素看,主要在穗粒数表现差异较大。     

用硫化物与氯乙酸甲酯一步法合成乐果中间体硫磷酯

乐果是高效、低毒、低残毒、具有内吸性的优良有机磷杀虫杀螨剂。它能防治多种蚜虫、红蜘蛛、叶跳虫、盲椿象、蓟马、潜叶蝇、水稻螟虫等,农民很喜欢使用。广东省罗定县在稻田上大面积施用,一次用二两40％乐果乳剂加四两尿素,每季稻喷施两次,他们认为每亩可增产30～40斤稻谷,在花生、黄豆等作物上施用也收到显著的增产效果。硫磷酯是O,O-二甲基二硫代(乙酸甲酯)磷酸酯的简称,原工艺流程分为两步:     

磷石膏在花生作物上的肥效试验总结

磷石膏是湿法磷酸生产中的废渣,是一种以CaSO_4·2H_2O为主,含有少量磷、镁、铁、铝、硅等多种元素的粉状物,农业上多用于改良碱性土壤。其ω(CaO)≈30％、ω(SO_3)≈43％,是一种以硫、钙为主的肥料,对提高作物产量、改善作物品质有着重要作用,尤其对喜钙作物花生有明显的增产效果。 为了摸清磷石膏在花生作物上的增产效果及适宜的施用量,我厂与赣榆县农业局土肥站在夏花生上进行了试验,现将其肥效试验结果总结如下。     

控释尿素和控释BB肥对夏玉米的增产效果研究

采用控释尿素和普通尿素两种氮素肥料及含控释尿素的BB肥进行夏玉米肥效试验研究。试验结果表明：100％控释尿素处理产量最高,为8714kg／hm^2。和8838kg/hm^2,与同等氮素用量的普通尿素相比,分别增产658kg／hm^2和667kg／hm^2,提高8．2％和8．2％,增产效果显著;控释尿素用量在70％～100％时,产量随氮肥用量的增加而增加,普通尿素也呈同样趋势;70％控释尿素处理与100％普通尿素处理相比,产量差异不大,没有达到显著性差异,说明施用控释尿素可以比普通尿素用量减少约1／3的纯氮用量,夏玉米作物产量并不下降。     

新型增效尿素对棉花生长发育及产量的影响

为考察聚能网尿素、含腐殖酸尿素、含腐殖酸磷尿素等新型增效尿素对棉花生长发育及产量构成要素的影响,开展了田间小区试验。结果表明:在施肥量保持一致的条件下,追施新型增效尿素对棉花的生长发育及产量有促进作用;追施含腐殖酸磷尿素的棉花,其株高、茎粗、叶绿素相对含量等生长指标和果枝数、铃数、产量及产量构成要素等优于其他处理的,其中棉花产量较追施含腐殖酸尿素、聚能网尿素、普通尿素的分别提高4.9%、12.1%、13.9%。     

酸性水稻土施用磷矿粉的农学有效性和经济效应的评价

4个酸性水稻土施用不同磷源的试验结果显示 :(1)水稻土施用磷肥的增产效应 ,油菜比水稻大得多 :发育第四纪红色黏土红壤稻田 (有效磷含量 6 .3mg/ kg)施用磷肥增加油菜籽 13.7～ 2 2 .2倍 ,而发育于河流冲积物和红砂岩的水稻土 (有效磷含量 10 .8mg/ kg)施用磷肥增加油菜籽 2 .6 8～ 3.6 3倍 ;发育第四纪红色黏土和花岗岩的红壤稻田施用磷肥增加稻谷产量分别为 1.4 %～ 3.8%和 3.5 %～ 7.3% ;(2 )红壤水稻土施用 Gafsa磷矿粉农学相对有效性 (86 .2 %～ 10 4 .7% )与过磷酸钙相近 ,而大大高于昆阳磷矿粉 (47.2 %～ 6 4 .5 % ) ;(3)油菜施用磷肥增加的产值 (2 839～ 5 30 7元 / hm2 )显著高于水稻施用磷肥增加的产值 (2 2 4～ 74 2元 / hm2 ) ;(4)油菜和水稻施用磷肥的产投比昆阳磷矿粉 >Gafsa磷矿粉 >过磷酸钙 ;(5 )在施磷矿粉的基础上 ,施用硫肥可使油菜籽产量提高 8.4 %～ 19.5 % ,而稻谷产量仅提高 1.6 %。     

应重视作物硫镁的营养平衡

阐述硫镁对作物生长的作用和作物对硫镁的需要量,根据我国土壤缺硫(各地区不平衡,占耕地面积的20%～60%)、缺镁(缺镁土壤面积553万hm2,占全国耕地总面积6%)的状况,提出硫镁的营养平衡应引起高度重视,在复混肥中添加硫镁,可推动平衡施肥的发展,提高作物产量和品质。     

玉米秸秆生物炭对盆栽花生生长的影响

选用玉米秸秆为原料,通过水热法制备生物炭,在腐植酸复合肥施用量一定的条件下,利用花生盆栽试验,验证增施生物炭及其复配产品对花生生长指标及产量的影响。结果表明,单独增施生物炭能显著提高花生叶片叶绿素相对含量,可提高11.1%,且对产量有明显的促进作用,增幅达22.3%,但对花生株高生长无明显效果。     

高酸价油脂制备生物柴油的研究

以高游离脂肪酸含量的大豆酸化油为原料,在较高的压力和温度条件下,经催化甲酯化制备生物柴油,研究了甲酯化的优化反应条件并在此条件下对大豆酸化油、菜籽酸化油、地沟油的甲酯化效率进行了验证试验。结果表明在醇油质量比1:1.25,催化剂NaA/MgR用量为油质量的 1%,压力 3.0 MPa,温度 188℃,反应时间 120 min,3种原料油脂总脂肪酸甲酯含量达到 95%,生物柴油得率在 94% 左右。所得生物柴油产品质量指标符合ASTM 6751-03a的质量指标,且本工艺可以实现工业化。     

Vulcanized meadowfoam oil

The factice gelation time for meadowfoam oil, along with hardness, color, acetone extract and free sulfur content of the gelled products were compared with gelation time and product properties of factice prepared from seed oils of rapeseed, crambe, soybean, castor,Lesquerella and jojoba. The effect of additives, specifically zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, triethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and iodine, was also investigated. Both white and brown factices could be prepared from meadowfoam oil and their properties were equivalent to or better than those from high erucic acid rapeseed oil used commercially for the highest quality factice. Presented at the Association for the Advancement of Industrial Crops 1st Annual Conference in Peoria, Illinois, October 2–6, 1989.     

Place of rapeseed in the edible oil market

The potential for rapeseed oil in the world edible oil market is evident in the statistics of net exports of the principal vegetable oilseeds from primary producing countries. The last complete year for which figures are available is 1970, and in that year soybeans accounted for some 52% and rapeseed only 7.5% in oil equivalent. Since soybeans have only ca. 50% of the oil content of rapeseed, they are bought mainly for their yield of high protein meal. Conversely, rapeseed is bought for its oil content and produces a meal that is not only lower in protein but up to this time has been less acceptable as an ingredient in animal feed formulations. Fortunately for rapeseed, these problems are being tackled diligently and should be overcome in the near future. When this point has been reached, rapeseed will be a much stronger competitor in world markets for protein meal. The trend in the use of rapeseed oil in the Canadian domestic market is an indicator of the potential in world markets. It is displacing other edible oils that have dominated the Canadian market in the past. In the 1971 calendar year, 35.6% or 160.5 million pounds, i.e., 73,000 metric tons, of vegetable oil used in the manufacture of margarine, shortening and salad oils was rapeseed oil. Rapeseed oil is competing keenly with soybean oil in the Canadian market and in the future should be able to greatly enlarge its share of world trade. One of six papers presented in the symposium “Rapeseed Marketing and Breeding,” AOCS Meeting, Ottawa, September 1972.     

Analysis of oil content of soybeans by wide-line NMR

Samples of soybeans, ranging from single seed to 25 g, were scanned by NMR and then gravimetrically analyzed for oil content. High positive correlations of NMR and oil for single seed (r=0.998) and for 25-g samples (r=0.999) were found. Single 30-sec NMR scans gave accurate estimates of the oil content of sobean seeds which had been dried to less than 4% moisture content. Fifteen samples of known percentage composition, created by mixing calculated weights of soybean oil with oven dry soybean meal (made lipid-free by petroleum ether and by carbon tetrachloride extraction), were scanned by NMR. These 15 samples, starting at 2% oil and increasing by increments of 2% oil up to 30%, had a linear relationship of NMR readouts with these known percentages of oil. These results indicate that wide-line nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is an accurate, rapid and nondestructive tool for determining the oil content of soybean seeds. Since NMR scanning of seed does not alter its composition or destroy its viability, this method of oil analysis could accelerate the development of new soybean strains. Contribution of the US Regional Soybean Laboratory and the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Urbana, Ill. Publication No. 490 of the US Regional Soybean Laboratory, Urbana, Ill.     

一种生物有机无机掺混肥料的生产与应用

介绍一种生物有机无机掺混肥料的原料组成、生产过程,以及其田间应用试验效果。该肥料由自制的包硫氮钾肥与颗粒增产菌剂、颗粒有机氮肥、高分子包膜尿素、大颗粒氯化钾、颗粒磷酸二铵及颗粒微肥（硫酸锌或硼砂）掺混而成,具有改良土壤、刺激作物生长、营养全面、养分利用率高的优势。其花生田间试验与施普通复混肥（15—15—15）比,增产率达14．2％。     

Biological evaluation of hydrogenated rapeseed oil

A 91-day feeding study evaluated soybean oil, rapeseed oil, fully hydrogenated soybean oil, fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil, fully hydrogenated superglycerinated soybean oil and fully hydrogenated superglycerinated rapeseed oil at 7.5% of the diet in rats; a 16-wk feeding study evaluated soybean oil and the three rapeseed oils or fats at 15% of the diet. Each fat was fed to 40 rats as a mixture with soybean oil making up 20% of a semi-synthetic diet. No significant differences in body weight gains or diet-related pathology were seen in the 91-day study although the rats fed liquid rapeseed oil had slightly heavier hearts, kidneys and testes than the others. The rats fed the four fully hydrogenated fats ate more feed and had lower feed efficiencies than those fed oils but no differences were seen among the four hydrogenated fats. In the 16-wk feeding study, no pronounced pathology related to the diet was seen although the rats fed liquid rapeseed oil had a slightly higher incidence of histiocytic infiltration of cardiac muscle than the rats in the other groups. The female rats fed the three rapeseed oil fats gained significantly less weight and the females fed liquid rapeseed oil had enlarged hearts compared to the other groups. The absorbabilities of the six fats were measured in the 91-day study when fed as a mixture with soybean oil and as the sole source of dietary fat in a separate 15-day balance study. The four fully hydrogenated fats were poorly absorbed and the absorption of behenic acid from the two hydrogenated rapeseed oils was found to be 12% and 17% in the balance study and 8-40% in the feeding study. The adverse biological effects of unhydrogenated rapeseed oil containing erucic acid as reported in the literature do not occur with fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil. In addition, the low absorbability of the fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil is an added factor in its biological inertness.     

Detection of adulteration of cottonseed oil by gas chromatography

To detect adulterant vegetable oils in cottonseed oil, soybean, rapeseed, and ricebran oils were mixed into cottonseed oil extracted experimentally from seeds. These adulterated oils and the component oils were analyzed for sterols, fatty acids, and triglycerides by gas chromatography. In sterol analysis, stigmasterol was determined for adulteration with soybean and ricebran oils. Brassicasterol content seemed to be reliable as the indicator of adulteration for rapeseed oil. In fatty acid analysis, erucic acid for rapeseed oil and linolenic acid for soybean and ricebran oils were proof of adulteration. Triglyceride analysis was not so reliable as sterol analysis for detecting contamination, except that triglycerides with carbon-58, 60, and 62 indicate adulteration with rapeseed oil. Rapeseed oil (5%) and soybean and ricebran oils (10%) were the limits of detection for adulteration in cottonseed oil. Analysis of cottonseed oil from six refineries did not show positive indications of adulteration.     

Fat encapsulation in spray-dried food powders

The surface composition of spray-dried sodium caseinate/lactose emulsions having different oil phases were estimated using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), and the particle structure was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) both before and after storage under humid conditions. After spray-drying, powders in which the oil phases consisting of fats with intermediate melting points, such as hardened coconut oil and butter fat, had the highest surface coverage of fat, approximately 34%. The powder with soybean oil as the oil phase had a surface coverage of fat of approximately 15%. The high-melting hardened rapeseed oil was almost completely encapsulated after spray-drying. After storage in a humid atmosphere, fat was released onto all the powder surfaces (surface fat after storage, between 50–65%) except for those with hardened rapeseed oil in which the fat remained encapsulated. These observations are consistent with the powder structure observed by SEM. The surface composition estimated by ESCA for spray-dried sodium caseinate/lactose-containing emulsions with different amounts of soybean oil and a constant lactose/sodium caseinate ratio showed an almost completely encapsulated oil-phase after drying. Storage of these powders in a humid atmosphere leads to a release of fat onto the powder surface even if the soybean oil content is low (1% of the dry weight). Powders made from soybean oil emulsions with sodium caseinate alone exhibit a much lower degree of encapsulation than in the system where lactose is present.     

Aerodynamic and Mobility Size Distribution Measurements to Reveal Biodiesel Effects on Diesel Exhaust Aerosol

This article examines the effect of biodiesel blends on the exhaust aerosol from a Euro 3 passenger car. Five different feedstock oils (soybean, palm, sunflower, rapeseed, and used frying oil) were used to produce fuels with 10% vol. content in biodiesel (B10). Use of the B10 blends led to a systematic reduction of PM mass emissions in the range of ～9% (rapeseed) to 23% (used frying oil) on average. The combination of particle size distributions based on the aerodynamic and the mobility diameters led to the estimation of the fractal dimension (DF) for non-volatile particles. This was found to range from 2.52 for the baseline (fossil) fuel to 2.62 for the palm oil blend, suggesting that biodiesel can affect the particle morphology, even at this low blending ratio. The differences were statistically significant. The increase of the DF is translated to more compact particle structure, which in turn denotes lower specific surface area. The volatile fraction of PM lies within a range of 1–9% when fossil diesel fuel is employed. Use of palm, sunflower and rapeseed B10 blends results to PM that contain up to 28% volatile particulate mass. The higher emissions of volatile components together with the lower specific area of non-volatile particles, promotes the formation of volatile particles, especially at high speed conditions. This increases the total particle population under motorway driving by up to three times over the baseline levels.     

新型反应介质中脂肪酶催化多种油脂制备生物柴油

用叔丁醇作为反应介质,利用固定化脂肪酶催化油脂原料甲醇醇解反应制备生物柴油,消除了甲醇和甘油对酶的负面影响,酶的使用寿命显著延长. 用菜籽油作原料,叔丁醇和油脂的体积比为1:1,甲醇与油脂的摩尔比为4:1,3%的Lipozyme TLIM和1%的Novozym 435结合使用,35℃下130 r/min反应12 h,生物柴油得率可达95%. 该工艺在200 kg/d的规模下制得的生物柴油产品完全满足美国和德国生物柴油标准,脂肪酶重复使用200批次,酶活性基本没有下降. 且在叔丁醇介质体系中大豆油、桐籽油、棉籽油、乌桕油、泔水油、地沟油和酸化油都能被有效转化成生物柴油且脂肪酶保持很好的稳定性.