乳清粉对高筋粉热力学和糊化特性及面团流变学特性的影响

采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、快速粘度仪(RVA)、粉质仪和拉伸仪研究乳清粉对高筋粉热力学特性、糊化特性及面团流变学特性的影响。DSC测试结果表明添加3.0%和5.0%乳清粉时,高筋粉的糊化起始温度和热焓值较空白高筋粉(未添加乳清粉)明显上升。RVA测试结果显示混合粉的峰值粘度、最低粘度、最终粘度、衰减值及回生值随着乳清粉添加量的增加呈下降趋势,糊化温度呈上升趋势。粉质试验结果表明添加乳清粉显著降低了高筋粉的吸水率和面团形成时间,增加了面团的稳定时间和粉质质量指数。拉伸试验结果显示面团的拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力和拉伸比例随着乳清粉含量的增加呈上升趋势,延伸度则呈下降的趋势。总体而言,添加乳清粉增强了高筋粉的热稳定性和抗老化能力,优化了面团的流变学特性。     

Effect of Cottage Cheese Whey Pretreatment and 2-phase Crossflow Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration on Permeate Flux and Composition

The effect of chemical pretreatment with calcium chloride and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in combination with 2-phase crossflow microfiltration and ultrafiltration was studied. Solutions of untreated and chemically treated whey were microfiltered at 3 flow rates, with 0%, 10%, and 20% air injection. Significant increases (p < 0.05) in flux were found for untreated and EDTA treated whey at 10 L/min when 20% air was applied. Microfiltration permeates also had a higher (p < 0.05) protein concentration at this flow rate when air was used. Ultrafiltration of the microfiltration permeates resulted in no difference (p < 0.05) between the flux of untreated permeate ultrafiltered with 20% air and calcium chloride treated whey permeate with 0% air injection. This suggests that 2-phase flow with air injection could be used to increase the efficiency of both the microfiltration and ultrafiltration of whey and chemical pretreatment could be minimized.     

乳清蛋白及与其它乳成分的热聚合作用机制研究进展

乳蛋白决定奶类品质,而热加工会影响乳清蛋白尤其是β-乳球蛋白的稳定性。热处理时,乳清蛋白不仅自身发生不同程度的聚合,而且通过巯基-二硫键分别与酪蛋白胶束和乳脂球膜蛋白发生结合。乳清蛋白亦可与其它乳成分如乳糖、钙盐、乳脂发生热聚合作用。本文根据乳品受热温度的不同,针对乳清蛋白间及其与其它乳成分的相互作用途径进行分析,阐明热聚合作用过程及机理,对改善乳制品的热稳定性、凝胶性等功能性质具有重要的理论意义,拓宽乳清蛋白作为配料在相关食品体系中的应用。     

快速黏度仪在奶粉及浓缩乳清粉凝胶化特性评价中的应用

本文运用快速黏度仪建立了奶粉与浓缩乳清粉在加热-保持-冷却过程中黏度变化,通过黏度曲线反映奶粉与乳清粉在加工过程中的热处理程度,详细探讨了乳清蛋白的热变性机理。另外,研究了不同热变性程度奶粉的混合比例对凝胶化特性的影响以及不同热变性程度的奶粉对产品质量的影响。     

羊乳乳清蛋白组成和功能及其与人乳、牛乳的对比分析

本研究将羊乳、牛乳、人乳中乳清蛋白进行分离并结合液质联用技术鉴定,在羊乳、牛乳、人乳乳清蛋白中分别鉴定出156、278、454种蛋白质。与牛乳与人乳乳清蛋白对比显示,羊乳含有99种特异性表达蛋白质,与牛乳和人乳分别有31种和15种相同表达蛋白质。通过分析基因本体(gene ontology,GO)功能注释发现,羊乳乳清蛋白在生物过程中主要发挥生物调节作用;在分子功能上,主要体现在结合作用方面;在细胞组成上,参与的细胞组成主要为细胞器区和胞外区。羊乳乳清蛋白在以上三种功能上与人乳有较大差距,但与牛乳相近。通过分析京都基因与基因组百科全书系统(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)代谢通路可知,羊乳主要参与补体和凝血级联反应以及吞噬作用,对人体免疫能力有积极影响。对羊乳与人乳、牛乳乳清蛋白组成及功能区别的研究,为羊乳的进一步研究和开发提供一定的理论参考。     

脱盐乳清粉营养素的波动

为研究脱盐乳清粉营养素成分含量,试验分析了蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、维生素、矿物质及其他营养素的含量及波动情况。结果显示:不同批次脱盐乳清粉营养素含量相对稳定,蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖营养素含量很稳定,相对标准偏差大于5%,维生素E相对标准偏差大于40%。维生素B2、维生素B6、维生素B12的含量相对标准偏差大于15%;矿物质元素中镁、钙元素的相对标准偏差大于40%;钾、碘、硒元素相对标准偏差大于15%;功能性营养成分中1, 3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)含量波动很大,相对标准偏差为76.81%。α-亚麻酸、胆碱、肌醇、牛磺酸酸低聚果糖含量波动较大,相对标准偏差大于15%。     

热处理对液态乳中乳清蛋白的影响研究进展

牛乳中的乳清蛋白主要包括β-乳球蛋白、α-乳白蛋白、牛血清白蛋白和免疫球蛋白。在牛乳加工过程中,热处理会使乳中乳清蛋白发生变性,影响了乳清蛋白的结构和活性,进而降低了牛乳的营养价值。本文对乳业发达国家液态乳的主要加工方式以及热处理过程对4种乳清蛋白的影响进行了综述。     

臭氧处理对牛乳乳清蛋白的结构及致敏性的影响

以牛乳乳清蛋白为研究对象,探究臭氧处理对乳清蛋白的结构及致敏性的影响。分别测定臭氧处理0、5、10、15、20 s和25 s后乳清蛋白氨基酸组分、巯基和二硫键含量的变化,并采用圆二色光谱仪、紫外分光光度计和荧光分光光度计等光谱学技术分析其结构变化,最后利用间接竞争酶联免疫吸附剂测定（enzyme linked immunosorbentassay,ELISA）分析体外特异性抗体的结合能力变化,用于评估潜在的致敏性。结果表明,臭氧处理会使乳清蛋白中部分氨基酸的含量降低,游离巯基含量由5.78μmol/g减少至2.13μmol/g,总巯基含量由14.98μmol/g减少至12.97μmol/g,二硫键含量则由4.60μmol/g升高至5.42μmol/g。光谱学分析表明,臭氧处理后乳清蛋白的二级结构改变、三级结构变得松散,但随着处理时间的延长,部分蛋白分子之间相互聚集,二硫键的增加也使乳清蛋白的空间结构重归有序。间接竞争ELISA的结果表明臭氧处理后乳清蛋白的致敏性明显下降。综上所述,臭氧处理在降低乳清蛋白致敏性、提高乳蛋白食品安全性上具有良好的研究潜力和开发前景。     

热处理乳清蛋白对凝固型酸乳凝胶品质的影响

为研究热处理后的乳清蛋白对凝固型酸乳品质的影响,以添加热变前乳清蛋白的凝固型酸乳为对照,采用质构仪对凝固型酸乳的质构特性进行测定,分析筛选出恰当的热变程度的乳清蛋白,应用质构仪与流变仪进一步研究不同热变乳清蛋白添加量、不同糖添加量对凝固型酸乳的质构特性和流变特性的影响,结合电镜扫描,观察其微观结构,选出品质较优的酸奶。结果表明,酸奶中添加0.30%经72 ℃,15 min热处理的变性乳清蛋白和7%白砂糖,制得的凝固型酸乳凝胶的硬度为(263.4±11.85) g,粘附性为(413.2±15.33) g·sec,其微观结构与其他凝固型酸乳凝胶相比,空隙明显更小且分布更均匀,形成的网络结构更为规则、紧密和均一。这说明此热处理条件下的乳清蛋白可作为一种食品添加剂,对生产优质强化型酸奶具有重要的实际意义和借鉴价值。     

Functional Properties of Hydrolysates from Proteolysis of Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolate

Heat-denatured whey protein isolate was hydrolyzed with trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, Alcalase or Neutrase to 2.8, 4.3, 6.0 or 8.0% degree of hydrolysis. Hydrolysates were fractionated by ultrafiltration and freeze-dried. Protein content of retentates showed little variation but permeates differed with enzyme. Surface hydrophobicity increased with hydrolysis but was not linear except for α-chymotrypsin. Ultrafiltration increased solubility and the permeates and retentates had better solubility than hydrolysates. Retentates had higher emulsifying activity index than hydrolysates while permeates did not form stable emulsions. Permeates formed stable foams but hydrolysates and retentates showed poor foaming characteristics. Specificity of the enzyme, and degree of hydrolysis influenced the functional properties of the peptides. Fractions generated by trypsin, at all levels of hydrolysis generally had higher solubility, emulsifying properties and foaming properties. Permeates from Alcalase hydrolysis had the best foam capacity but low foam stability.     

Skim Milk Whey Cryoconcentration and Impact on the Composition of the Concentrated and Ice Fractions

The present work is a continuation of our previous study on the cryoconcentration of whole milk whey. The aim of the present work was to study a cryoconcentration procedure of skim milk whey and to compare the results with those obtained using whole milk whey. In the present study, skim whey was cryoconcentrated at four stages. It was found that by increasing the cryoconcentration stage, total dry matter content of the concentrated fraction increased, while it decreased in the ice fraction only until the third stage. Total dry matter content in the concentrated fraction reached an average value of 35% (w/v) at the fourth stage. The ratio of total protein to total dry matter remained constant in both fractions independently of the cryoconcentration stage. Results showed that the fat matter is an important factor for protein and lactose distribution between the concentrated and the ice fractions. Mathematical equations were developed to help the optimization of the process. Results showed that three cryoconcentration stages are optimal.     

乳清蛋白酶的改性研究

乳清蛋白通过改性,可以加强其功能性质,从而合理利用资源,开发新产品,扩大在食品中的应用。乳清蛋白的改性方法有化学改性、物理改性和酶改性。酶改性主要包括水解和交联。其中,用转谷氨酰胺酶改性具有比较大的发展潜力。     

Charged Ultrafiltration Membranes Increase the Selectivity of Whey Protein Separations

ABSTRACT:  Ultrafiltration is widely used to concentrate proteins, but fractionation of one protein from another is much less common. This study examined the use of positively charged membranes to increase the selectivity of ultrafiltration and allow the fractionation of proteins from cheese whey. By adding a positive charge to ultrafiltration membranes, and adjusting the solution pH, it was possible to permeate proteins having little or no charge, such as glycomacropeptide, and retain proteins having a positive charge. Placing a charge on the membrane increased the selectivity by over 600% compared to using an uncharged membrane. The data were fit using the stagnant film model that relates the observed sieving coefficient to membrane parameters such as the flux, mass transfer coefficient, and membrane Peclet number. The model was a useful tool for data analysis and for the scale up of membrane separations for whey protein fractionation.     

牛初乳与牛乳中乳清蛋白质组成及功能的对比分析

乳清富含多种功能特性和生物活性的蛋白质,本研究利用SDS-PAGE电泳将牛初乳与牛乳中乳清蛋白质的组成部分进行分离鉴定,发现牛初乳与牛乳中乳清蛋白质的组成存在较大的差异,且在牛初乳乳清中鉴定出290种蛋白,牛乳乳清中鉴定出325种蛋白。由GO功能注释分析发现,在生物过程中,牛初乳乳清蛋白在细胞定位建立和细胞定位中的作用略高于牛乳乳清蛋白。在分子功能上酶抑制活性作用是牛初乳乳清蛋白和牛乳中乳清蛋白的主要分子功能。在细胞组成上牛初乳乳清蛋白参与较多的是细胞外部分和细胞外空隙,与牛乳乳清蛋白相比参与的细胞组成大体相同。通过KEGG代谢通路分析可知,牛初乳和牛乳乳清蛋白均参与过补体及凝血级联反应通路。对牛初乳乳清蛋白组成进行研究,不仅能够增加牛初乳的利用率,并且为日后以乳清蛋白作为原料生产乳制品提供理论依据。     

蛋白含量对牦牛乳清蛋白浓缩物功能特性的影响

通过不同截留分子质量的再生纤维素膜过滤纯化牦牛原乳清液和牦牛甜乳清液,分别制取牦牛原乳清蛋白浓缩物（native whey protein concentrate,NWPC）和牦牛甜乳清蛋白浓缩物（sweet whey protein concentrate,SWPC）,研究蛋白含量不同的乳清蛋白浓缩物（whey protein concentrate,WPC）主要成分（乳糖含量、pH值和总蛋白质含量）和功能特性（溶解性、持水性、持油性、起泡性、乳化性及热稳定性）的特征。结果表明：10 000 Da再生纤维素膜透析得到的牦牛WPC中总蛋白含量达到80%以上,不含乳糖,功能特性（溶解性、持水性、持油性、起泡性、乳化性及热稳定性）均显著高于经3 500 Da卷式膜、5 000 Da再生纤维素膜透析得牦牛WPC,WPC蛋白含量越高,其功能特性越好;不同蛋白含量的牦牛SWPC起泡能力、泡沫稳定性、乳化活性和乳化稳定性均显著（P＜0.05）高于牦牛NWPC。牦牛乳WPC最不稳定温度为85 ℃,高于荷斯坦牛乳WPC的80 ℃,热处理会适当改善牦牛WPC的起泡性能、乳化性能和热稳定性。通过膜牦牛处理获取的高蛋白含量的WPC,功能特性较好,应用广泛,对解决牦牛乳清资源的利用问题、保护环境、提高企业的经济效益起到关键性作用。     

Effect of Whey Pretreatment on Composition and Functional Properties of Whey Protein Concentrate

The effect of pretreatment upon the composition and physicochemical and functional properties of whey, ultrafiltration (UF) retentate and freeze-dried and spray-dried whey protein concentrates (WPC) was investigated. Pretreatment was by cooling cheese whey to 0-5°C, adding calcium chloride, adjusting to pH 7.3, warming to 50°C, and removing the insoluble precipitate that formed by centrifugation or decantation. UF permeation flux rate of pretreated whey was about double that for control whey. Pretreated whey was essentially turbidity free, contained 85% less milkfat, 37% more calcium and 40% less phosphorus than whey. Pretreated whey WPC proteins were slightly more soluble at pH 3, but less functional for emulsification than whey WPC proteins. Neither whey WPC proteins nor pretreated whey WPC proteins was functional for foaming at 6% protein concentration.     

壳聚糖法提取乳清粉中的β-乳球蛋白

探索壳聚糖法提取乳清粉中β-乳球蛋白的工艺条件,考查影响提取效果的主要因素,通过正交试验优化提取工艺。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(SDS-PAGE)和紫外分光光度法对β-乳球蛋白产品进行定性及定量分析。结果表明,最佳的工艺条件为：络合时pH6.2,壳聚糖的添加量为2mg/ml乳清粉溶液,NaCl浓度为0.4mol/L,解离时pH11。在此条件下,所得最终产品的β-乳球蛋白含量可达95.12%,得率为93.65%。     

Factors Affecting the Functional Properties of Whey Protein Products: A Review

Numerous why protein products (WPP) have been developed as excellent food ingredients with unique functional properties. However, the functional properties of WPP are affected by several compositional and processing factors. Recently, novel processing technologies such as high hydrostatic pressure, ultrasound, extrusion and tribomechanical activation have been used to modify the functional properties of WPP. Also, WPP have been used as delivery systems for functional ingredients and in edible films. The present paper reviews the latest developments in the role of different factors on the functional properties of WPP with emphasis on novel processing technologies, and interaction with other food ingredients     

高压均质协同壳聚糖萃取对乳清水中大豆蛋白结构和功能性的影响

本研究以大豆乳清水为原料,研究高压均质协同壳聚糖法对大豆乳清水中大豆蛋白回收的影响,并研究其对回收蛋白的结构及功能特性的影响.结果表明,当蛋白/多糖质量比为2:1时,与未高压均质处理相比,在高压均质压力不大于90 MPa条件下,高压均质协同壳聚糖处理使蛋白回收率显著增加(P ＜0.05),达到61.92％;另外,拉曼光...     

乳蛋白中乳清蛋白与酪蛋白组成、特性及应用的研究进展

乳清蛋白和酪蛋白是乳蛋白的主要组成成分,具有很高的营养价值。本文从乳中的乳清蛋白与酪蛋白出发,阐述了牛、羊等乳中乳清蛋白和酪蛋白的组成,并分别分析了乳清蛋白和酪蛋白的功能及其相关应用,综述了有关乳清蛋白和酪蛋白的新产品开发及综合利用,以期对乳中蛋白营养价值综合利用提供相应依据,为乳业相关企业及相关专业研究人员提供参考。