基于ETS活性的有机物降解与硝化过程中微生物动力学

通过考察有机物生物降解和氨氮生物硝化过程中活性污泥电子传递体系（ETS）活性的变化规律,研究了ETS活性表征污泥生物活性的可行性,结合米门公式分析了有机物生物降解和硝化反应过程生物活性动力学。试验结果表明,活性污泥的ETS活性可以有效地揭示出有机物生物降解和氨氮生物硝化反应的进程,同时对系统受到的有机物和氨氮冲击负荷及硝化过程中碱度的变化有着灵敏的反映,这说明用ETS活性表征污泥的生物活性是可行的;有机物生物降解过程生物活性米氏常数K_s^T=368.9 mg·L^-1,U_m^T=90.9 mg TF·（g TSS·h）^-1,K_s^I=88.42 mg·L^-1,U_m^I=277.8 mg INTF·（g TSS·h）^-1;氨氮硝化过程生物活性米氏常数K_s^T=16.89 mg·L^-1,U_m^T=34.6 mg TF·（g TSS·h）^-1, K_s^I=6.0 mg·L^-1,U_m^I=196.08 mg INTF·（g TSS·h）^-1;生物活性动力学分析进一步验证了进行有机物生物降解的异养菌生长速率高于进行硝化反应的自养型硝化菌。     

生物反硝化处理硝酸盐氮废水及影响因素研究

采用高效的生物反硝化技术去除污水中硝酸盐氮,并研究反硝化菌处理硝酸盐氮废水的影响因素及其处理效果曲线。研究表明,DO、微量元素、pH等因素影响微生物的活性,合理调控可以有效提高反硝化反应速率。其次,对反硝化过程中各指标如pH、ORP随硝酸盐氮浓度变化进行了分析。最后对自养反硝化菌进行污泥负荷、污泥沉降性的测定。     

污水处理厂沉积池中反硝化过程及其反硝化速率分析

为考察不同的碳源对缺氧反硝化效率的影响,分析污水处理厂沉积池中反硝化过程的反硝化速率。研究结果表明:反硝化反应分3个阶段:第一阶段(0～60 min),运用了可快速迚行生物降解的碳源;第二阶段(60～370 min),已经基本消耗完毕可生物降解的溶解性有机物;第三阶段(370～530 min),NO_3-N的降解速度继续减缓。SCOD与COD的浓度的变化觃律和NO_3-N浓度变化觃律相似。反硝化速率各阶段反应时间变化与NO3-N浓度呈线性关系,因此根据多段动力学方程得到三阶段的反硝化速率。随着时间的不断增加,反硝化速率逐渐减小。     

不同污泥龄条件下多级AO工艺强化生物脱氮性能研究

在高污泥龄(169 d)和常规污泥龄(9 d)条件下运行多级缺氧好氧(AO)工艺,研究相关强化脱氮性能,为其稳定运行和优化提供参考。长期稳定运行结果表明两种污泥龄条件下,多级AO工艺中出水水质较好,TN去除率分别为63.2%和64.9%。对于硝化菌,污泥龄对氨氧化菌活性影响较小,而主要影响亚硝酸盐氧化菌活性,其中低污泥龄条件下驯化的亚硝酸盐氧化菌活性较低。不同碳源类型反硝化活性研究结果表明,在多级AO工艺中,反硝化主要利用外源碳源和内源碳源,而内源呼吸反硝化在工艺脱氮过程中贡献较小。     

短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮的影响因素分析

介绍了短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮的反应机理,从温度、pH值、游离氨、DO、污泥龄和有害物质等几个方面分析对短程硝化反硝化过程中的影响,提出了目前短程硝化反硝化的研究中应当解决的问题。     

好氧微生物颗粒污泥脱氨机理

好氧颗粒污泥应用于生物脱氮,机理为如下几种.第一种为常规硝化-反硝化途径.第二种为亚硝化-反硝化途径,颗粒污泥的外部为好氧的硝化区,通过适当的控制,使硝化过程停留在亚硝化阶段,直接进入内层进行反硝化.第三种为硝化-厌氧氨氧化途径,通过外层的硝化和内层的厌氧氨氧化作用实现脱氮.第四种为硝化-反硝化聚磷方式,颗粒污泥内部在反硝化的同时聚磷,实现好氧颗粒污泥同步脱氮除磷.第五种脱氮的途径为好氧反硝化.在不同的条件下,某一种脱氮的途径可能占主导地位.     

丙酸钠为碳源时短程反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累特性研究

以丙酸钠为碳源,分别采用以啤酒废水和乙酸钠为碳源进行长期培养的两种短程反硝化污泥作为接种污泥,研究反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累性能。以啤酒废水为碳源培养的反硝化污泥在以丙酸钠为碳源时,系统初始平均碳氮比为4.2,反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐平均积累率达到72.71%。以乙酸钠为碳源培养的反硝化污泥在以丙酸钠为碳源时,系统初始平均碳氮比为3.5,反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐平均积累率达到66.16%。     

好氧微生物颗粒污泥脱氮机理

好氧颗粒污泥应用于生物脱氮，机理为如下几种。第一种为常规硝化-反硝化途径。第二种为亚硝化-反硝化途径，颗粒污泥的外部为好氧的硝化区．通过适当的控制．使硝化过程停留在亚硝化阶段．直接进入内层进行反硝化。第三种为硝化-厌氧氨氧化途径．通过外层的硝化和内层的厌氧氨氧化作用实现脱氮。第四种为硝化-反硝化聚磷方式．颗粒污泥内部在反硝化的同时聚磷，实现好氧颗粒污泥同步脱氮除磷。第五种脱氮的途径为好氧反硝化。在不同的条件下．某一种脱氮的途径可能占主导地位。     

外加Fe2+协同硝酸盐型铁氧化菌对低碳氮比废水 反硝化影响研究

针对废水处理过程中反硝化阶段碳源不足需要外加有机物的情况,通过驯化培养以Fe~(2+)为电子供体的硝酸盐型厌氧铁氧化菌(NAIOM),接种至普通反硝化污泥中(ASBR反应器),研究了NAIOM污泥及外加Fe~(2+)对反硝化脱氮效果的提升。结果表明:反应器在接种NAIOM污泥和投加Fe~(2+)后,碳氮比较高时NO_3~--N去除率变化不大,随着碳氮比的不断降低NO_3~--N去除率提升逐渐明显,在碳氮比为3.42、 2.28、 1.71时分别为90.20%、85.12%、 78.86%,较普通反硝化污泥不投加Fe~(2+)时的NO_3~--N去除率分别提升了17.80%、 24.59%、 28.70%,接种NAIOM污泥协同外加Fe~(2+)对提高低碳氮比废水的NO_3~--N去除率效果显著。     

序批式生物膜反应器的同步硝化反硝化研究

序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)在好氧条件下能创造缺氧微环境.出现同步硝化反硝化现象.为在城市污水处理中实现持久稳定的同步硝化反硝化过程,研究了DO、C/N、温度和pH对SBBR同步硝化反硝化的影响.结果表明:DO是影响同步硝化反硝化重要因素,温度和pH对硝化菌和反硝化菌的生物活性具有明显的抑制作用,在中性和略偏碱性时可较好地实现同步硝化反硝化.     

SBR反应器中有机物去除与硝化反硝化过程 TTC-ETS活性变化

引言目前,有关SBR工艺运行过程中的控制参数及控制方法的研究已比较成熟,但是对采用电子传递体系(ETS)活性表征SBR工艺运行过程中生物活性变化规律的认识仍十分有限。通过ETS活性分析,既可从生物学角度反映处理系统微生物降解有机物的能力,又可从生物活性的高低衡量有机     

Bioactivity kinetics of organic matter biodegradation and nitrification

Biodegradation of organic matter and nitrification of ammonia nitrogen was studied by measuring the electron transport system (ETS) activity in activated sludge. The feasibility of characterizing the bioactivity of activated sludge based on the ETS was discussed. Then, bioactivity kinetics for the biodegradation and nitrification of organic matter was analyzed using the Michaelis–Menten equation. The results indicated that the ETS activity of activated sludge reflects the progression of organic matter biodegradation and nitrification of ammonia nitrogen; moreover, ETS activity is sensitive to the loading of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen and also to changes in alkalinity during the reaction. Therefore, it is feasible to characterize the bioactivity of an activated sludge system with ETS activity. The Michaelis constant for organic matter biodegradation was K ^T s=368.9 mg/L; U ^T m=90.9 mgTF/(gTss·h); K ^I s=88.42 mg/L; and U ^I m=277.8 mgINTF/(gTss·h); for the nitrification of ammonia nitrogen, the Michaelis constant was K ^T s=16.89 mg/L; U ^T m=34.6 mgTF/(gTss·h); K ^I s=6.0 mg/L; and U ^I m=196.08 mgINTF/(gTss·h). Additional analyses of bioactivity kinetics confirmed that the organic matter oxidation rate of heterotrophic bacteria was higher than that of autotrophic nitrifying bacteria.     

复合生物反应器亚硝酸型同步硝化反硝化脱氮

Sequence hybrid biological reactor （SHBR） was proposed, and some key control parameters were investigated for nitrogen removal from wastewater by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification （SND） via nitrite. SND via nitrite was achieved in SHBR by controlling demand oxygen （DO） concentration. There was a programmed decrease of the DO from 2.50 mg·L^-1 to 0.30 mg·L^-1, and the average nitrite accumulation rate （NAR） was increased from 16.5% to 95.5% in 3 weeks. Subsequently, further increase in DO concentration to 1.50 mg·L^-1 did not destroy the partial nitrification to nitrite. The results showed that limited air flow rate to cause oxygen deficiency in the reactor would eventually induce only nitrification to nitrite and not further to nitrate. Nitrogen removal efficiency was increased with the increase in NAR, that is, NAR was increased from 60% to 90%, and total nitrogen removal efficiency was increased from 68% to 85%. The SHBR could tolerate high organic loading rate （OLR）, COD and ammonia-nitrogen removal efficiency were greater than 92% and 93.5%, respectively,, and it even operated under low DO concentration （0.5 mg·L^-1） and maintained high OLR （4.0 kg COD·m^-3·d^-1）. The presence of biofilm positively affected the activated sludge settling capability, and sludge volume index （SVI） of activated sludge in SHBR never hit more than 90 ml·L^-1 throughout the experiments.     

Effect of Ozonation on Biodegradability Characteristics of Surplus Activated Sludge

The study investigates the effect of sludge ozonation on solid matter species, disintegration properties, sludge components, and solubilization characteristics under different operating conditions. Ozonation of surplus activated sludge samples taken from the secondary settling tank of a domestic wastewater treatment plant indicates that soluble nitrogen, phosphorus and COD concentrations proliferate as a consequence of extending the ozone feeding time. A steady increase both in soluble nitrogen concentration and ratio of organic phosphorus to soluble phosphorus is observed through ozonation where specific ozone doses range between 4 and 11 mg O₃/g SS. Combined treatment of chemical oxidation and aerobic biodegradation to surplus activated sludge is also applied to improve the biodegradability of organic matter by partial chemical oxidative pretreatment with as little specific ozone consumption as possible. The partial oxidation by integrated ozonation is operated as a pre-oxidation step for the subsequent biological degradation, due to the fact that the competition with biological degradation in removing biodegradable organic compounds is avoided and most probably a more biodegradable sludge composition is obtained by means of ozonation. Combined treatment of chemical oxidation and aerobic biodegradation conducted to scrutinize the synergic effect of the coupled treatment system reveals that TS and COD removal efficiencies of ozonated sludge samples cannot be improved beyond the third aerobic biodegradation step.     

镉对微生物活性的影响研究

通过镉离子对驯化污泥的破坏性试验,研究了各浓度镉离子对活性污泥氨氮、COD去除率及TTC—ETS、INT-ETS、SOUR、AUR活性的影响。结果显示,浓度范围在0-40mg／L的镉离子对处理系统COD去除率影响不大。镉离子对活性污泥比好氧速率（SOUR）、电子传递体系活性（ETS）以及氨摄取速率（AUR）的抑制浓度并不同步;低浓度的镉离子对TTC-ETS活性和SOUR均有一定的促进作用,而对AUR和INT-ETS活性则会产生一定的抑制作用。     

Comparison of removal of pharmaceuticals in MBR and activated sludge systems

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) nowadays attract serious attention for the treatment of municipal wastewater, due to recent technical innovations and drastic cost reductions of the employed membranes. Especially the high biomass concentrations and long sludge retention times are favorable for the biodegradation of organic pollutants, resulting in high rate treatment systems. These characteristic features of MBR technology are not merely advantageous for organic matter removal, but also likely promote a higher biodegradation efficiency of refractory organic pollutants. The increasing concern about the potential accumulation of micro-pollutants such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, in the aquatic environment triggered many investigations into their biological degradation or fate in wastewater treatment systems. In this work a short overview is presented on the current knowledge of removal of pharmaceuticals in MBRs compared to their removal in conventional activated sludge treatment system. In general, for slowly degradable pharmaceuticals the removal in MBRs is better due to the relatively long sludge ages, which leads to the development of distinct microbial communities in MBRs compared to activated sludge plants. Nevertheless, from the literature results it could not be concluded that pharmaceutical removal in MBR reactors is better as many other factors have been indicated that may affect biodegradation rates, which are not directly related to the reactor configuration.     

六种活性污泥酶活测定及条件优化

活性污泥的生物降解能力与其酶活性相关。在各种涉及活性污泥的环境工程和生物降解分析测试过程中,快速测定活性污泥的酶活性有助于各种活性污泥的生物降解能力分析和实时监测,对于监控降解过程有着重要意义。文章选择6种与生物降解直接相关的活性污泥酶进行测定方法的研究,从反应体系的pH、反应温度、反应时间、反应终止方法和污泥浓度等4个方面对L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶(L-AP)、棕榈酸脂酶(LIP)、磷酸酯酶(PPA)、α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-GLC)、磷酸酶(APA)和脱氢酶(DHA)的酶活测定条件进行优化,结果显示,L-AP最适反应pH为7.4,PPA、APA和DHA反应最适pH为7.9,LIP和a-GLC最适pH为8.4。6种酶活的最适反应温度均为37℃。a-GLC适合反应时间为90 min,其余酶活为60 min。L-AP、LIP、PPA、a-GLC和APA反应终止方法为高温加热,DHA反应的产物萃取剂为乙醇:二甲基甲酰胺=1:1。在优化测定条件的基础上提出一种快速测定6种与生物降解相关的酶活方法,用该方法测定采自4个不同污水处理厂的活性污泥的酶活,除了LIP外,发现工业污水处理厂的活性污泥酶活普遍要高。优化后的测定方法方便快捷,对仪器设备要求低,更能直接、真实反映活性污泥的生物降解活性。     

重金属对活性污泥微生物活性的影响

本研究采用简单活性污泥法,使用对重金属中毒较为敏感的脱氢酶活性和更贴近活性污泥实际情况的耗氧速率作为活性污泥微生物中毒的评价指标,研究了铅、汞、铜、锌、铬(Ⅲ)五种重金属对活性污泥中微生物活性的影响。研究结果表明,五种重金属对活性污泥中微生物活性均有抑制作用,当重金属浓度达到45 mg/L时,五种重金属对活性污泥有机物降解能力的抑制率分别达到45.52%,50.44%,61.51%,27.94%,26.19%;对活性污泥脱氢酶活性抑制率分别达到62.49%,82.43%,79.17%,60.41%,62.39%。五种重金属对活性污泥的毒性大小为:铜汞铅铬锌。     

Addition of activated carbon to batch activated sludge reactors in the treatment of landfill leachate and domestic wastewater

Leachate from a municipal landfill was combined with domestic wastewater and was treated in batch activated sludge systems. The effectiveness and applicability of the addition of Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) to activated sludge reactors was investigated. Isotherm tests were carried out with PAC in order to estimate the extent of adsorption of organic matter onto PAC. Then, in activated sludge reactors COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) removal and nitrification were studied both in the absence and presence of PAC for comparison purposes. In both cases, Oxygen Uptake Rates (OUR) were measured with respect to time in order to investigate substrate removal and change in microbial activity. Addition of PAC to activated sludge increased COD removal by removing mainly the non‐biodegradable fraction in leachate. The COD decreases in batch reactors were best expressed by a first‐order kinetic model that incorporated this non‐biodegradable leachate fraction. With added PAC, nitrification was also enhanced. But in all of the batch runs a significant accumulation of NO₂ ‐N took place, indicating that the second step of nitrification was still inhibited. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry