浅议室内甲醛污染现状与防治

叙述了室内甲醛污染来源与室内甲醛的污染现状。调查结果表明,室内甲醛污染严重超标,对人们的健康带来危害,提出防治室内甲醛污染的对策。     

室内甲醛的危害及其污染现状

人们居住条件在不断的改善,在追求居室美观的同时,室内空气污染这一"隐形杀手"正无形地扼杀着人们的健康。甲醛作为室内主要污染气体之一,对人类的健康已造成严重的威胁,尤其是居室装修引起的甲醛超标问题,已受到人们的高度关注。文章通过介绍甲醛的危害及其污染现状,表明甲醛污染在室内空气污染中具有普遍性。     

茶叶除室内甲醛的机理初探

目前室内甲醛污染越来越引起人们的重视,市面有各种各样的消除剂,大多数为化学消除剂,普遍存在氧化性强或产生二次污染等问题。近年人们发现茶叶对净化甲醛有一定的效果,且茶叶为纯天然物质对人体无害不产生二次污染。茶叶能消醛是因为茶叶中含有生物碱、茶多酚、氨基酸等活化成分能与甲醛反应,同时茶叶对甲醛有一定的吸附作用。     

室内空气中甲醛采样检测分析及研究

室内环境与人们身体健康有着直接联系,而随着人们生活质量提高和经济的快速发展,使室内装修成为了一种时尚,室内装修会改变室内环境,使室内环境更加适合人们生活,但是,同时也会导致一些含有甲醛装饰材料进入到室内,这些含有甲醛材料在室内装修的应用,会对室内环境造成较为严重的污染,降低了人们的生活质量。室内甲醛含量过高会对人的身体造成严重危害,会引起各种疾病,甚至对人们的生命造成危害,可见,做好室内甲醛含量进行检测是必要的。     

关于室内空气中甲醛测定方法研究

人们对自己周边的生活环境要求越来越高,想方设法改变自己的居住环境,可通过室内的陈设品和装修来改变,因此,装修成为了一股热潮,化工的涂料、木制的地板是人们装修时的首选,但是这些材料中存在甲醛这种化工原料,不仅是室内的空气受到污染,更会对人们的身体造成伤害。因此,检测空气中的甲醛存在,并及时采取消散甲醛措施非常的关键。就空气中的甲醛测定方法做了研究,并对个方法的优缺点进行了分析。     

甲醛及其对人体健康的危害

随着我国工业的快速发展和人们生活水平的不断提高,甲醛及甲醛树脂的产量逐年增加,并广泛应用于生产、生活等各个领域。但由燃料燃烧及建筑装修材料等生产工艺的途径排入空气中的甲醛也随之逐年增加,尤其在室内装修热的今天,室内甲醛的污染己引起人们的极大关注。本文就甲醛及其对人体健康的危害进行简要分析。     

探讨温度对室内空气中甲醛测定结果的影响

甲醛已经被世界卫生组织认定为一类致癌物,甲醛污染问题主要集中于居室、纺织品和食品中。居室装饰材料和家具中含有大量以甲醛为主的脲醛树脂,各类油漆、涂料中也都含有甲醛。室内空气中是否有甲醛及甲醛浓度是否超标,是人们关心的热点问题。甲醛的测定结果可能会受多种因素的影响,探讨了温度对室内空气中甲醛测定结果的影响。     

浅谈空气中几种甲醛检测方法

随着人们生活水平的提高,环境保护意识也在不断加强。甲醛作为一种对环境有害的物质,其危害性及其来源愈来愈受到人们的关注。本文综述了近年来甲醛的监测方法及其研究成果。     

室内甲醛污染的分析调查

含有甲醛的树脂广泛应用于建材、绝热材料、家具及服装等方面,使得室内空气发生甲醛污染.通过对室内甲醛污染的调查,室内甲醛污染高于室外,污染比室外更可怕,应引起人们的高度重视.     

住宅室内环境甲醛污染现状与防治措施

阐述了住宅室内环境甲醛的危害及来源,对包头市2018～2019年住宅室内环境甲醛污染现状进行调查与分析研究,从而得出结论:目前,包头市住宅室内环境甲醛污染形势比较严重,需要人们引起足够重视,同时提出住宅室内环境甲醛的防治措施与办法。     

Effect of the density of the electronic states at the valence orbital of the bridge redox molecule on the dependence of the tunnel current on the overvoltage in the case of fully adiabatic electron transition

Effect of the density of the electronic states at the valence orbital of the bridge redox molecule on the dependence of the tunnel current on the overvoltage and on the width at half maximum of the current-overvoltage curve is studied. A number of the approximate expressions for the density of states, the tunnel current and the width are obtained in the fully adiabatic limit for different particular cases. It is shown that at small values of the coupling of the electronic levels of the electrodes with the valence orbital of the redox molecule and the small values of the bias voltage two regions of the reorganization Gibbs energy exist with different dependence of the width on the reorganization Gibbs energy. The results of calculations of the density of states, the tunnel current and the width are presented and used for the interpretation of the experimental data [N.G. Tao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996) 4066, I. Visoly-Fisher, K. Daie, Y. Terazono, C. Herrero, F. Fungo, L. Otero, E. Durantini, J.J. Silber, L. Sereno, D. Gust, T.A. Moore, A.L. Moore, S.M. Lindsay, PNAS 103 (2006) 8686].     

Preparation of an acrylics‐grafted polyester and its aqueous dispersion—mechanical properties of acrylics‐grafted polyesters

Mechanical properties of grafted polyesters were discussed. In the case of grafting of acrylics of more than 25% in the grafting product, mechanical properties of the grafting products decreased greatly compared with the raw polyester. The influence of the molecular structure of the grafted polyester was not observed. The effect of composition of the grafted polymers was discussed. Mechanical properties varied with the composition of the side chain. In the case of grafting onto aromatic polyesters, grafting of an aromatic unsaturated monomer improved the mechanical properties of the grafted polymer. On the other hand, in the case of grafting onto an aliphatic polyester, grafting of an aliphatic unsaturated monomer improved mechanical properties of the grafting polymer. We found that the grafting of the polymer having a high compatibility with the polyester improved the mechanical properties of the grafting products, from the determination of the compatibility of each polymer and the mechanical properties of the grafting products. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 75: 1149–1157, 2000     

Reflection of a shock wave from a rigid wall in a mixture of a liquid metal and solid particles

The problem of reflection of shock waves and expansion waves from a rigid wall in a mixture of liquid iron and small molybdenum crystals is considered. The study is performed within the framework of equilibrium and nonequilibrium approximations of mechanics of heterogeneous media with different pressures of the components. The mathematical model is verified by fitting the dependence of the equilibrium-frozen velocity of sound on the initial pressure in the mixture with available experimental data. In the equilibrium approach, the dependence of the type of the reflected wave on the type of the incident wave is determined. Direct numerical calculations within the framework of the nonequilibrium model of mechanics of heterogeneous media confirmed the validity of the reflection chart obtained. The possibility of significant compacting of molybdenum particles in reflected waves is revealed. Translated fromFizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 97–107, July–August, 2000. This work was performed within the framework of the Integration Project No. 97-24 of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences.     

Stabilisierung von Polypropylen durch Mischungen substituierter Phenole und Di-n-alkylsulfide

This paper is dealing with the synergistic effect of some phenolic antioxidants, e.g. 4,4′-butylidene-bis(3-methyl-6-tert.-butylphenol), 2,2′methylidene-bis(4-methyl-6-tert.-butylphenol) and 4,4′-thio-bis(3-methyl-6-tert.-butylphenol) with di-n-alkylsulfides of various chain lengths and of sulphoxides and sulphones of the latter on the induction period of oxidation of polypropylene. The influence of the type of the phenolic antioxidants in the mixtures of stabilizers, the influence of the length of the alkyl chain of the sulphide component and the influence of the temperature was studied. Because an interaction between the mentioned substances and the formed peroxides during the inhibition of polypropylene in the presence of sulphides and their derivates was considered, the effect of sulphides, sulphoxides and sulphones on the decomposition of tert.-butyl hydroperoxides was studied.     

聚乙烯醇改性及吹膜技术研究

研究了聚乙烯醇（PVA）改性及吹膜技术。经改性剂改性前后的IR分析结果表明，改性剂与PVA分子间发生了强烈的相互作用，并形成了较强的分子复合键。改性PVA塑化温度的研究表明，醇解度为88％的PVA，随相对分子质量的增加塑化温度升高。醇解度升高时，PVA塑化性能下降；改性剂用量增加，塑化温度下降。吹膜工艺研究表明，成膜助剂的加入能明显改善改性PVA的加工流动性，PVA膜对冷却效果要求较高，吹膜后的热定型处理能降低其吸湿性，延长水溶时间。     

Die differentielle Doppelschichtkapazität an der Phasengrenze Quecksilberanorganischer Elektrolyt—II. Das Kapazitätsminimum

In the negative range of charge, the differential double-layer capacitance at the interface of mercury and an inorganic electrolyte solution shows a characteristic minimum. This minimum is independent of the nature of the ion, of the concentration of electrolyte and of the temperature. However, the solvent strongly influences the capacitance of the minimum. The metal charge at which the minimum occurs is uninfluenced only by the temperature. Changes of the concentration of the electrolyte as well as of the nature of the anion are able to cause a shift of the minimum.     

Refractory compounds of basic composition for the monolithin lining of steel-teeming ladles

Conclusions Questions of the method of production of basic ramming compounds at Panteleimonovka Refractory Plant and their use in the monolithic lining of the walls of 160-ton steel-teeming ladles of the No. 2 Converter Shop of Kirvoi Rog Steel Combine are considered.An analysis of the wear of the lining during service showed that it occurs as the result of spalling of the sintered zone and salamandering of the lining. The use of a movable thermally insulated lid made it possible to hold the temperature of the ladle lining within limits of 730–1120°C between heats and to obtain a basic rammed lining life of 21–39 heats as opposed to an average life for the shop of 14.8 heats.A reserve for increasing the ladle basic lining life is optimization of the thermal conditions of its service, including high-temperature heating of the lining before pouring of the metal, the use of thermally insulated lids with the minimum consumption of time for placing of them, an increase in the life of the well refractory to the life of the walls and bottom, and elimination of cooling of the lining between heats.A Discussion: Problems of the Production and Use of Refractories for the Lining of Steel-Teeming Ladles. [For the start of the discussion see No. 8 (1988) and for the continuation Nos. 9–12 (1988) and Nos. 1–3, 5, and 7 (1989).]Deceased.I. I. Glaka, N. F. Drobot, N. V. Kurmaz, B. P. Zinchenko, S. A. Poznyak, I. M. Ryaboshapkin, V. V. Slushko, A. A. Chulkov, Yu. Bormatov, S. I. Vanchyuk, V. I. Dobrovol'skii, B. G. Zhuravel', N. I. Kiyan, L. I. Nekrasov, N. M. Sokolov, P. V. Khomenko, G. A. Nikitenko, S. Dorgobuzov, P. I. Valiev, N. N. Gorbatko, V. I. Kovalenko, and M. I. Lyakhov of Krivoi Rog Steel participated in the preparation and tests of the basic monolithic linings.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 8, pp. 1–4, August, 1989.     

硼酸钙对铜渣中夹杂铜沉降效果的影响

考察了添加剂CaB2O3对转炉铜渣中夹杂铜沉降效果的影响，并结合铜渣的粘度测试及红外光谱表征，研究其影响机理，采用FactSage软件计算了添加剂对铜渣液相线温度的影响。结果表明，随添加剂含量增大，铜渣中夹杂铜的沉降效果逐渐增强，添加剂含量由0增至6wt%时，底部渣含铜量由4.10wt%增至6.85wt%，这是由于添加剂可有效降低铜渣粘度。随添加剂含量增大，渣粘度降低，但降低效果随温度增大而趋于平缓。随添加剂含量增大，铜渣的硅酸盐结构趋于简化，添加剂通过破坏铜渣复杂的硅酸盐结构降低铜渣粘度。铜渣的液相线温度随添加剂含量增大而减小，添加剂通过减少渣中固体颗粒的方式降低铜渣粘度。     

氮气幕对瓦斯爆炸进行阻爆实验

为阻断瓦斯爆炸在管道方向上的传播，保护管道后方区域，本文采用氮气幕来进行阻爆，所设计的实验装置在爆炸发生后能自动喷出氮气。主要研究了氮气的喷气压力和喷气时刻对阻爆功能的影响。结果表明，在喷气压力为0.1MPa时，氮气幕仅起到抑制作用，爆炸火焰能穿过整个实验管道。在喷气压力为0.2MPa时，仅部分实验能够阻爆，氮气幕产生不稳定的阻爆效果。在喷气压力为0.3MPa时，阻爆位置均稳定在左喷头和右喷头之间区域，氮气幕产生稳定地阻爆效果。喷气压力超过0.4MPa后，阻爆位置稳定在右喷头附近。在较低氮气压力0.2MPa下，喷气时刻对阻爆效果产生显著影响。随着喷气时刻延迟，氮气喷出量减小，氮气幕由不稳定阻爆变为不阻爆。喷气时刻延迟到198ms后，氮气幕便丧失阻爆功能。在喷气压力超过0.3MPa后，氮气幕阻爆效果便不受喷气时刻的影响，喷气压力对能否阻爆起决定作用。     

Fractal structure and features of energy-release (combustion) processes in heterogeneous condensed systems

In this work, the theory of fractals has been used to describe the structure of heterogeneous condensed systems (HCS). Features of energy-release processes with variation of the initial structure parameters have been investigated. The microstructure of HCS and the dynamics of its change have been studied as functions of the proportion and properties of their components. It is shown that particles of the components form fractal structures, which are characterized by fractional dimensions. The obtained images of the microstructure reflect the presence of the geometric phase transition “fractal cluster-percolation cluster.” Regularities of reaction-front propagation are determined. It is found that the concentration limits of energy release and combustion are associated with the evolution of fractal structures and the formation (disruption) of a continuous reaction surface. The electrical conductivity of the starting compositions is measured as an indicator of the formation of fractal structures of one or another configuration. Electrical and thermal-physics properties of the samples and energy-release (combustion) parameters are analyzed. The systems exhibit similar behavior in different processes. Near the critical point, the dependence of the parameters studied on concentration has an exponential character. The exponent is close to that determined in percolation theory. A computational algorithm for the contact surface of the components is developed and implemented. The computation results allow one to distinguish the “base block” that influences the combustion rate and to determine the critical concentrations of the components. The study of HCS in the context of the new direction in the geometry of disordered systems—the theory of fractals—is promising for generalization of available experimental data and for predicting the parameters of energy release in HCS with variation in the structural parameters. Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117977. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 3–19, September–October, 1997.