Developing a platform to evaluate and assess the security of wearable devices

Operating in a body area network around a smartphone user, wearables serve a variety of commercial, medical and personal uses. Depending on a certain smartphone application, a wearable can capture sensitive data about the user and provide critical, possibly life-or-death, functionality. When using wearables, security problems might occur on hardware/software of wearables, connected phone apps or web services devices, or Bluetooth channels used for communication. This paper develops an open source platform called SecuWear for identifying vulnerabilities in these areas and facilitating wearable security research to mitigate them. SecuWear supports the creation, evaluation, and analysis of security vulnerability tests on actual hardwares. Extending earlier results, this paper includes an empirical evaluation that demonstrates proof of concept attacks on commercial wearable devices and shows how SecuWear captures the information necessary for identifying such attacks. Also included is a process for releasing attack and mitigation information to the security community.     

Advances on Emerging Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors: Current Trends and Beyond

The progressive size reduction of electronic components is experiencing bottlenecks in shrinking charge storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors, limiting their development into wearable and flexible zero‐pollution technologies. The inherent long cycle life, rapid charge–discharge patterns, and power density of supercapacitors rank them superior over other energy storage devices. In the modern market of zero‐pollution energy devices, currently the lightweight formula and shape adaptability are trending to meet the current requirement of wearables. Carbon nanomaterials have the potential to meet this demand, as they are the core of active electrode materials for supercapacitors and texturally tailored to demonstrate flexible and stretchable properties. With this perspective, the latest progress in novel materials from conventional carbons to recently developed and emerging nanomaterials toward lightweight stretchable active compounds for flexi‐wearable supercapacitors is presented. In addition, the limitations and challenges in realizing wearable energy storage systems and integrating the future of nanomaterials for efficient wearable technology are provided. Moreover, future perspectives on economically viable materials for wearables are also discussed, which could motivate researchers to pursue fabrication of cheap and efficient flexible nanomaterials for energy storage and pave the way for enabling a wide‐range of material‐based applications.     

Smart Materials Enabled with Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare Wearables

Contemporary medicine suffers from many shortcomings in terms of successful disease diagnosis and treatment, both of which rely on detection capacity and timing. The lack of effective, reliable, and affordable detection and real-time monitoring limits the affordability of timely diagnosis and treatment. A new frontier that overcomes these challenges relies on smart health monitoring systems that combine wearable sensors and an analytical modulus. This review presents the latest advances in smart materials for the development of multifunctional wearable sensors while providing a bird's eye-view of their characteristics, functions, and applications. The review also presents the state-of-the-art on wearables fitted with artificial intelligence (AI) and support systems for clinical decision in early detection and accurate diagnosis of disorders. The ongoing challenges and future prospects for providing personal healthcare with AI-assisted support systems relating to clinical decisions are presented and discussed.     

Untethered Feel-Through Haptics Using 18-µm Thick Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

Head-mounted displays for virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) allow users to see highly realistic virtual worlds. The wearable haptics that enable feeling and touching these virtual objects are typically bulky, tethered, and provide only low fidelity feedback. A particularly challenging type of wearable human-machine interface is feel-through haptics: ultra-thin wearables so soft as to be mechanically imperceptible when turned off, yet generating sufficient force when actuated to make virtual objects feel tangible, or to change the perceived texture of a physical object. Here, 18 µm thick soft dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA), directly applied on the skin, reports rich vibrotactile feedback generation from 1 Hz to 500 Hz. Users correctly identifies different frequency and sequence patterns with success rates from 73 to 97% for devices applied on their fingertips. An untethered version weighing only 1.3 grams allowed blindfolded users to correctly identify letters by “seeing” them through their fingers. The silicone-based DEA membrane is mechanically transparent, enabling wearable haptics for the many applications where hand dexterity is critical. The feel-through DEA can be placed in array format anywhere on the body.     

基于大数据分析的电话手表用户画像及应用研究

智能穿戴设备逐渐走进用户的生活,目前儿童电话手表领跑智能穿戴市场。超过1亿人规模的幼儿园儿童及小学生群体是儿童电话手表的受众群体,可作为运营商新用户发展的目标人群。基于用户侧计费账单、计费详单及终端库等数据,对儿童电话手表用户的画像进行了深入研究,并基于研究结果在儿童电话手表及智能穿戴市场的发展和网络方面提出了建议。     

Self‐Healing and Stretchable 3D‐Printed Organic Thermoelectrics

With the advent of flexible and wearable electronics and sensors, there is an urgent need to develop energy‐harvesting solutions that are compatible with such wearables. However, many of the proposed energy‐harvesting solutions lack the necessary mechanical properties, which make them susceptible to damage by repetitive and continuous mechanical stresses, leading to serious degradation in device performance. Developing new energy materials that possess high deformability and self‐healability is essential to realize self‐powered devices. Herein, a thermoelectric ternary composite is demonstrated that possesses both self‐healing and stretchable properties produced via 3D‐printing method. The ternary composite films provide stable thermoelectric performance during viscoelastic deformation, up to 35% tensile strain. Importantly, after being completely severed by cutting, the composite films autonomously recover their thermoelectric properties with a rapid response time of around one second. Using this self‐healable and solution‐processable composite, 3D‐printed thermoelectric generators are fabricated, which retain above 85% of their initial power output, even after repetitive cutting and self‐healing. This approach represents a significant step in achieving damage‐free and truly wearable 3D‐printed organic thermoelectrics.     

A Comprehensive Survey on Machine Learning-Based Big Data Analytics for IoT-Enabled Smart Healthcare System

The outbreak of chronic diseases such as COVID-19 has made a renewed call for providing urgent healthcare facilities to the citizens across the globe. The recent pandemic exposes the shortcomings of traditional healthcare system, i.e., hospitals and clinics alone are not capable to cope with this situation. One of the major technology that aids contemporary healthcare solutions is the smart and connected wearables. The advancement in Internet of Things (IoT) has enabled these wearables to collect data on an unprecedented scale. These wearables gather context-oriented information related to our physical, behavioural and psychological health. The big data generated by wearables and other healthcare devices of IoT is a challenging task to manage that can negatively affect the inference process at the decision centres. Applying big data analytics for mining information, extracting knowledge and making predictions/inferences has recently attracted significant attention. Machine learning is another area of research that has successfully been applied to solve various networking problems such as routing, traffic engineering, resource allocation, and security. Recently, we have seen a surge in the application of ML-based techniques for the improvement of various IoT applications. Although, big data analytics and machine learning are extensively researched, there is a lack of study that exclusively focus on the evolution of ML-based techniques for big data analysis in the IoT healthcare sector. In this paper, we have presented a comprehensive review on the application of machine learning techniques for big data analysis in the healthcare sector. Furthermore, strength and weaknesses of existing techniques along with various research challenges are highlighted. Our study will provide an insight for healthcare practitioners and government agencies to keep themselves well-equipped with the latest trends in ML-based big data analytics for smart healthcare.

     

Smartphone Applications for Providing Ubiquitous Healthcare Over Cloud with the Advent of Embeddable Implants

The world we live in today has been defined by the rise of the smartphone and smartphone apps. There is a huge potential for these apps to have an impact in healthcare via the use of the emerging field of biosensor technology in the form of wearables and implants. This paper discusses the future of healthcare from a technological standpoint, looking specifically at the use of these wearables and implants in conjunction with the power of cloud computing to provision healthcare in efficient and effective ways. There is also a discussion involving a specific example of how an app currently in development can be augmented with biosensor technology in the near future.     

Dual Mode Strain–Temperature Sensor with High Stimuli Discriminability and Resolution for Smart Wearables

Strain and temperature are important physiological parameters for health monitoring, providing access to the respiration state, movement of joints, and inflammation processes. The challenge for smart wearables is to unambiguously discriminate strain and temperature using a single sensor element assuring a high degree of sensor integration. Here, a dual-mode sensor with two electrodes and tubular mechanically heterogeneous structure enabling simultaneous sensing of strain and temperature without cross-talk is reported. The sensor structure consists of a thermocouple coiled around an elastic strain-to-magnetic induction conversion unit, revealing a giant magnetoelastic effect, and accommodating a magnetic amorphous wire. The thermocouple provides access to temperature and its coil structure allows to measure impedance changes caused by the applied strain. The dual-mode sensor also exhibits interference-free temperature sensing performance with high coefficient of 54.49 µV °C⁻¹, low strain and temperature detection limits of 0.05% and 0.1 °C, respectively. The use of these sensors in smart textiles to monitor continuously breathing, body movement, body temperature, and ambient temperature is demonstrated. The developed multifunctional wearable sensor is needed for applications in early disease prevention, health monitoring, and interactive electronics as well as for smart prosthetics and intelligent soft robotics.     

Achieving the Upper Bound of Piezoelectric Response in Tunable,Wearable 3D Printed Nanocomposites

The trade‐off between processability and functional responses presents significant challenges for incorporating piezoelectric materials as potential 3D printable feedstock. Structural compliance and electromechanical coupling sensitivity have been tightly coupled: high piezoelectric responsiveness comes at the cost of low compliance. Here, the formulation and design strategy are presented for a class of a 3D printable, wearable piezoelectric nanocomposite that approaches the upper bound of piezoelectric charge constants while maintaining high compliance. An effective electromechanical interphase model is introduced to elucidate the effects of interfacial functionalization between the highly concentrated perovskite nanoparticulate inclusions (exceeding 74 wt%) and light‐sensitive monomer matrix, shedding light on the significant enhancement of piezoelectric coefficients. It is shown that, through theoretical calculation and experimental validations, maximizing the functionalization level approaches the theoretical upper bound of the piezoelectric constant d₃₃ at any given loading concentration. Based on these findings, their applicability is demonstrated by designing and 3D printing piezoelectric materials that simultaneously achieve high electromechanical sensitivity and structural functionality, as highly sensitive wearables that detect low pressure air (<50 Pa) coming from different directions, as well as wireless, self‐sensing sporting gloves for simultaneous impact absorption and punching force mapping.     

An Anti-Freezing,Ambient-Stable and Highly Stretchable Ionic Skin with Strong Surface Adhesion for Wearable Sensing and Soft Robotics

Natural living systems such as wood frogs develop tissues composed of active hydrogels with cryoprotectants to survive in cold environments. Recently, hydrogels have been intensively studied to develop stretchable electronics for wearables and soft robots. However, regular hydrogels are inevitably frozen at the subzero temperature and easily dehydrated, and have weak surface adhesion. Herein, a novel hydrogel-based ionic skin (iSkin) capable of strain sensing is demonstrated with high toughness, high stretchability, excellent ambient stability, superior anti-freezing capability, and strong surface adhesion. The iSkin consists of a piece of ionically and covalently cross-linked tough hydrogel with a thin bioadhesive layer. With the addition of biocompatible cryoprotectant and electrolyte, the iSkin shows good conductivity in wide ranges of relative humidity (15–90%) and temperature (−95–25 °C). In addition, the iSkin can adhere firmly to diverse material surfaces under different conditions, including cloth fabric, skin, and elastomers, in both dry and wet conditions, at subzero temperature, and/or with dynamic movement. The iSkin is demonstrated for applications including strain sensing on both human body and winter coat, human–machine interaction, motion/deformation sensing on a soft gripper and a soft robot at extremely cold conditions. This work provides a new paradigm for developing high-performance artificial skins for wearable sensing and soft robotics.     

Wearable HUD for Ecological Field Research Applications

Wearable devices have emerged in the last years with new applications that provide user convenience. Healthcare, sports, safety are some examples of areas in which wearable devices have been used. This paper overviews wearable architectures found in the literature and presents a novel wearable for monitoring ecological environments. The wearable includes a Head-UP Display (HUD) assembled with Google Cardboard API and sensors connected to a development board. Our wearable device provides several functionalities such as distance measurement to objects and weather conditions monitoring. Camera and green lasers combined with a digital image processing algorithm are used to measure the distance to objects. We different development boards to build the system.     

可穿戴设备发展现状及趋势

目前可穿戴设备尚没有标准的分类,文章从设备的物理形态、应用类型和通信方式对可穿戴设备进行划分,为可穿戴设备研究提供分类依据。并通过对驱动可穿戴设备的芯片、智能操作系统、电池和人机交互技术现状和发展分析,为可穿戴设备的发展提供预测依据。     

基于穿戴计算机的多通道人机交互系统的研究

作为全新的科技研发成果,穿戴计算机对现代社会的发展产生了积极的作用。文中基于穿戴计算机,研究了穿戴智能设备的多通道人机交互设计,包括手势、语音、触控交互及情景感知下的态势自适应设计等,并结合实际创建的多通道人机交互自适应系统展开研究,以通道控制为突破点,确保穿戴计算机在充分展现多通道交互优势的同时,达到最佳的态势自适应应用效果。     

Wearable Thermoelectric Generators for Body-Powered Devices

This paper presents a discussion on energy scavenging for wearable devices in conjunction with human body properties. Motivation, analysis of the relevant properties of the human body, and results of optimization of a thermopile and a thermoelectric generator for wearable and portable devices are presented. The theoretical limit for power generation on human beings is evaluated and confirmed by experimental results. The requirements for wearable thermopiles are summarized. The results allow certain conclusions to be drawn concerning directions for future development of body-powered devices.     

Wearable healthcare: Lessons from the past and a peek into the future

The market for wearable healthcare devices is one of the fastest growing markets of this decade. In this paper, we conduct a thorough review of the peer-reviewed and grey literatures on wearable healthcare. Then, using SWOT analysis, we examine the market’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and some of the major threats it faces. Our structured examination revealed that the primary areas of innovation in wearable healthcare include infant safety and care, elderly care, chronic disease management, military support, sports medicine, and preventive medicine. We also found that several hurdles stand in the way of the wearable market’s success; these include threats to data security and privacy, regulatory requirements, cost of system operation and management, and subpar adoption rates. Overall, our analysis revealed that significant effort is needed to address the identified technological, societal, and governmental barriers that are preventing the wearable healthcare market from reaching its full potential. Incentives by the Federal government that fuel innovation and encourage adoption by healthcare professionals and patients is deemed necessary for the wearable market’s continued growth.     

可穿戴设备归属权限转换协议研究

针对可穿戴环境下的信息安面临的巨大挑战,本文在考虑公共环境下可穿戴设备的用户转换的情景下,设计了一个适合可穿戴环境的用户权限转换协议框架,并对协议进行了详细设计.通过理论和实践分析得出,该协议可以满足可穿戴设备对安全性和实用性的要求,可以保障转换过程中的数据安全.     

Wireless wearable network and wireless body-centric network for future wearable computer

The wireless wearable network and wireless body-centric network can assistant to the user anywhere at anytime communicating with wireless components seamlessly. In this paper, the wireless wearable network and wireless body-centric network have been discussed, and the frequency band and human body effect has been estimated. The bluetooth and UWB technology can be used to construct the narrow band and the broad band wireless wearable network and wireless body-centric network separately. Further, the narrow band wireless wearable network and wireless body-centric network based on bluetooth technology has been constructed by integrated planar inverted-F antenna and the communication channel character has been studied by measurement. The results can provide the possibility of producing a prototype radio system that can be integrated with the wearable computers by suitable wireless technologies developed and applied to facilitate a reliable and continuous connectivity between the system units.     

可穿戴设备技术产业发展研究

介绍了可穿戴设备的分类,对可穿戴设备技术发展状况和产业发展趋势进行了分析,并提出了未来的应用发展方向和研究建议。     

Liquid‐Gated Transistors Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide for Flexible and Wearable Electronics

Graphene is regarded as the ultimate material for future flexible, high‐performance, and wearable electronics. Herein, a novel, robust, all‐green, highly reliable (yield ≥ 99%), and upscalable technology is reported for wearable applications comprising reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as the electroactive component in liquid‐gated transistors (LGTs). rGO is a formidable material for future flexible and wearable applications due to its easy processability, excellent surface reactivity, and large‐area coverage. A novel protocol is established toward the high‐yield fabrication of flexible rGO LGTs combining high robustness (>1.5 h of continuous operation) with state‐of‐the‐art performances, being similar to those of their rigid counterparts operated under liquid gating, including field‐effect mobility of ≈10^?1 cm² V^?1 s^?1 and transconductance of ≈25 µS. Permeable membranes have been proven crucial to operate flexible LGTs under mechanical stress with reduced amounts of solution (<20 µL). Our rGO LGTs are operated in artificial sweat exploiting two different layouts based on lateral‐flow paper fluidics. These approaches pave the road toward future real‐time tracking of perspiration via a simple and cost‐effective approach. The reported findings contribute to the robust and scalable production of novel graphene‐based flexible devices, whose features fulfill the requirements of wearable electronics.