基于改进分水岭及区域合并的图像分割方法

改进了基于地形学距离的分水岭算法,提出了一种结合了图像灰度、边缘信息与信息熵的图像分割方法。首先利用改进的分水岭算法将图像分成多个小区域,根据各个区域之间的临接关系,建立RAG;其次,利用提出的区域相似度合并区域;最后根据最大熵准则停止合并过程,获取最终的分割结果。实验结果表明,与改进前的分水岭算法相比,该方法边缘定位更加准确。与k-mean和基于边缘的分割方法相比,能够较好地分割出图像的细节,同时分割结果也更加符合人的视觉特性。     

结合分水岭与自动种子区域生长的彩色图像分割算法

为了对彩色图像进行有效分割,提出了一种将分水岭算法与自动种子区域生长相结合的分割算法。该算法首先利用基于边缘信赖度的各向异性扩散方程对图像进行平滑预处理,以便在去除图像噪声的同时,保持图像的边缘信息,从而有效解决了分水岭算法的过分割现象;然后在此基础上,设计了一种基于色调均值差的自动种子区域选取算法,即根据色调均值和饱和度均值的相似性来对分水岭算法分割形成的区域进行种子区域生长,并利用小图像区域消解算法对区域生长所遗留的小区域进行消解,减少了图像中小区域的数目,从而实现了对彩色图像的有效分割。实验结果表明,该算法简单、快速,且能得到较其他算法更好的分割效果。     

基于分水岭的多目标核聚类图像分割

传统的聚类图像分割方法一般仅仅利用图像中的灰度信息。为了更好地利用图像中的区域和边缘信息,提出一种基于分水岭过分割的多目标模糊核聚类图像分割算法。该算法采用分水岭算法获得图像的过分割区域,采用多目标模糊核聚类算法对区域代表点和分水岭上的像素进行聚类。根据聚类结果将图像中的像素进行标记,得到最终的分割图像。实验结果表明,由于利用了图像区域信息,使得目标能够比较完整地从背景中分离出来。     

分水岭变换在岩屑图像分割中的应用

分水岭变换是一种基于区域和数学形态学的图像分割方法,被广泛用于灰度图像的分割之中.但传统分水岭变换过分割问题严重,图像的噪声和虚假纹理会淹没真正想得到的边缘信息.针对岩屑图像的特征,提出了一种改进的分水岭算法分割方案.先在预处理期用形态学开闭重建运算对原始图像平滑处理,在相对保留边缘不受影响的同时,降低噪声的影响.再通过非线性的阈值变换分离出目标和背景,然后在提取出目标的情况下合并过小区域,得到目标的边缘.而由于阈值变换后,区域数量已经明显减少,可以降低区域合并的运算量,提高合并速度.在求取形态学梯度时,选用了一种新的形态梯度形式,消除了形态学处理对分割结果造成的轮廓偏移现象.从实验结果看来,该算法取得了较好的分割效果.     

结合巴氏系数和灰度共生矩阵的遥感影像分割

针对遥感影像纹理信息丰富的特点,以及传统分水岭变换用于遥感影像分割容易出现过分割的问题,提出了一种基于巴氏系数和灰度共生矩阵的区域合并方法改进分水岭算法的分割结果。首先,利用数学形态学的方法提取原始影像的梯度图像,并且从梯度图像中获取标记;其次,在标记的梯度图像上进行分水岭变换,得到初始分割图像;最后,利用所提出的结合巴氏系数和灰度共生矩阵的区域合并方法对过分割区域进行合并,得到最终分割结果。实验结果表明,该算法既能得到连通,封闭的分割轮廓,还能有效解决分水岭分割算法的过分割问题,得到了较为准确的分割结果。     

一种强粘连与畸变巨噬细胞图像的分割方法

针对强粘连巨噬细胞图像难分离和畸变细胞易过分割的问题,提出了一种结合多种图像处理技术的混合分割方法.首先使用高/低帽变换增强灰度图像的对比度;然后基于优化种子点重构距离图像,在重构距离图的基础上使用分水岭变换获得初始分割结果;最后结合人眼对区域相似性的实际感知定义了融合灰度距离、方差和边缘信息的综合相似性准则,根据综合相似性准则进行区域合并得到最终分割结果.仿真结果对比表明,新设计的方法不仅能够成功分离强粘连细胞而且能有效抑制畸变细胞由于形状不规则而产生的过分割,错分率更小,与人工标注的分割结果更为接近.     

一种基于T-Snake模型的医学图像分割方法

改进的T-Snake算法首先在分水岭法中,对相邻区域以其像素数、灰度均值和灰度方差定义距离,并据其在图像上建立新的连通图,以对图像过度分割而产生的一些过小区域合并;其次,在模型跨边缘时,利用已分割断层图像中模型内部区域的统计特征,用区域生长法获取内点并重新参数化模型,使模型不再跨边缘,以保证模型形变到正确的边缘。算法在MATLAB上验证通过。     

基于分裂合并算法的道路标线分割方法研究

针对现有的道路标线分割方法在阴影、光照、裂缝等干扰下存在分割精度不足的问题,提出了基于分裂合并算法的道路标线分割方法.该方法通过分析道路标线图像的灰度、边缘、纹理特征,首先采用Bresenham算法进行道路标线有无判定,并根据道路标线边缘实现路面检测图像标线区域和非标线区域的分裂,然后采用基于重心连线灰度值的区域合并和基于灰度与直线边缘特征的区域合并两种方法进行道路标线区域合并,最终完成道路标线的准确分割.实验表明,该方法分割精度较高,具有良好的抗噪性能,能够很好地满足道路检测车采集图像实时处理的需求.     

基于自适应标记提取和能量方程的分水岭算法

针对传统分水岭算法的过分割问题,提出一种基于自适应标记提取和能量方程的改进算法。根据图像中的边缘信息和图论方法,得到最短边缘路径,从而自适应地提取出区域标记,进行分水岭变换,用提出的能量方程实现区域合并。利用医学细菌图像对提出的算法进行验证,实验结果表明该算法能有效解决分水岭算法的过分割问题,得到很好的分割效果。     

基于分水岭算法的医学图像分割

本文采用分水岭算法对医学图像进行分割,针对医学图像的特点以及该算法存在的过分割问题,首先将原图像转换为形态梯度图像,并对形态梯度图像定义一组形态开闭滤波器进行处理,以获得较好的参考图像;然后采用基于连接像素的分水岭算法进行分割。为了获得整体目标,还定义了一个基于分割区域边界平均灰度及其面积的检验准则,并将其作为区域合并的根据。该方法应用于医学图像分割的结果表明,形态滤波器组的引入很好地防止了过分割,基于分割区域边界平均灰度及其面积的准则对分割区域进行合并是行之有效的。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).