表面形变强化技术的研究现状

表面强化是近年来国内外广泛研究应用的工艺之一。常用的金属表面形变强化方法主要有滚压、内挤压和喷丸等工艺，其强化效果显著，成本低廉。笔者主要概括了表面强化技术的分类、目的和作用。分析了形变强化方法的特点以及目前表面强化主要研究方法的现状和发展趋势。     

提高电火花表面强化层硬度的研究

用自制的含碳量较高的电极用咔和电强化Ｗ９Ｍｏ３Ｃｒ４Ｖ钢表面,克服了用ＹＧ８电极强化时ＷＣ发生分解使碳量损失的缺点,使脉冲放电表面强层硬度提高。     

超声振动辅助电火花脉冲放电表面强化层表面质量研究

采用超声振动辅助电火花脉冲放电表面强化技术进行了65Mn钢表面硅电极表面强化.设计了工具电极超声振动辅助电火花脉冲放电表面强化机床;研究了超声振幅和频率对强化层表面粗糙度、表面和截面形貌、Si含量及相结构的影响规律.研究表明,选择合适的超声振幅和频率,可以提高强化层的表面粗糙度,改善强化层的表面形貌,使强化层厚度分布更...     

金属材料超声滚压表面强化的研究进展

超声滚压表面强化技术具有良好的光整特性,能够实现对被处理材料的表面改性,提高其综合性能,不同程度地克服了滚压、喷丸等传统工艺的缺陷,具有广阔的发展前景。本文介绍了超声滚压技术的加工原理,总结了目前国内外超声滚压技术的研究进展,指出其重点研究方向是将该技术应用于工程部件的表面强化与修复,并对超声滚压表面强化技术的研究趋势进行了展望。     

超声振动辅助混粉电火花表面强化粗糙度研究

进行超声振动辅助混粉电火花表面强化实验,分析超声振动辅助混粉电火花表面强化过程中各因素,例如脉宽、脉间、峰值电流、混粉浓度和超声振动振幅等对强化层表面粗糙度的影响规律,研究结果表明,各因素对强化层表面粗糙度影响规律明显,研究结果可以对超声振动辅助混粉电火花表面强化的工艺参数优化提供依据,对进一步的理论和实验研究具有一定的指导意义.     

电火花表面强化工艺及其应用

电火花强化工艺是一种简便而灵活的金属表面处理方法，它是通过电火花放电作用将作为电极的导电材料熔渗进工件表层金属，形成合金化的表面强化层，从而使工件表面的物理、化学和机械性能得到改善。目前，电火花表面强化工艺在模具、刀具、机械零件等的强化与修复方面已得到广泛应用。     

金属材料超声表面强化技术的研究与应用进展

简要回顾几种传统的表面机械强化技术及其特点。对近年来得到迅速发展和应用的金属材料超声表面强化技术进行介绍和评述。这包括超声冲击处理技术、超声喷丸强化技术和超声深滚强化与滚光技术。介绍以上几种技术在国内外的研发和应用的历史和现状,对比几种技术在不同应用中的特点与限制,并与传统的表面机械强化技术进行比较。展望金属材料超声表面强化技术的发展与应用前景。在总结归纳的基础上,从强化机理、强化工艺、工程应用和技术规范等方面提出金属材料超声表面强化技术的研究和应用发展建议。为相关技术领域的研究机构、研究人员和工程应用单位提供有关金属材料超声表面强化的较为全面的信息。     

电火花表面强化技术发展概况

对电火花表面强化技术的基本原理、技术特点、发展概况及发展趋势进行了综合评述。     

电火花表面强化技术的研究现状

对电火花表面强化技术的国内外研究现状进行了比较全面的评述,详细介绍了电火花表面强化设备发展经历的不同阶段和电火花表面强化技术的应用现状,系统分析了电火花强化工艺方法、电火花强化层机械性能方面国内外研究状况、发展趋势和存在的不足之处.     

冷冲模表面强化处理技术

本文通过对冷冲模工作条件及失效形式的分析 ,提出了采用硬质合金堆焊技术和电火花表面强化技术 ,对冷冲模表面进行强化 ,从而延长冷冲模的使用寿命。     

An ultrasonic technique for the measurement of elastic properties of soft surface coatings

The properties of thin layers of materials can be different from those in the bulk form. The response of a coating to any given load and its ability to remain bonded to the substrate will depend on its elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio. In this study a measurement method based on ultrasonic bulk wave reflection was evaluated. As a model system, a thin layer of polyethylene was pressed between two solid steel bodies. The reflection spectra of longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves were recorded from the coating. The frequencies at which the layer resonates were measured and from this the wave speeds deduced. The Poisson's ratio can be determined from these two wave speeds and if the layer thickness is known the modulus is also available. The tests yielded reasonable values for both. This approach is only suitable if the layer can be made to resonate by the available ultrasonic frequencies; typically this will be the case for thicker coatings (tens of microns). Further, good coupling between the layer material and the steel bodies is necessary so that the interfaces do not themselves act to reflect ultrasound. This is better achieved with a smooth soft coating.     

Development of automatic surface reconstruction technique in reverse engineering

The computer-aided design model reconstruction process is generally very complex, as it requires substantial efforts in planning and editing data points, curves, and surfaces. A novel method is developed in this study for automatic surface reconstruction from a huge number of triangular meshes. The proposed method is mainly composed of the following five steps: mesh simplification, quadrilateral mesh generation, curve net construction, connectivity data preparation, and multiple surfaces fitting with G¹ continuity across the boundaries. The first three steps build the boundary curves of the surfaces. The fourth step prepares the data needed for surface fitting, which includes segmented points, continuity conditions on the boundaries, and topological relationship of the data. In the final step, all regions of points are fitted into appropriate surfaces, with the accuracy and smoothness of the surfaces controlled and G¹ continuity between the surfaces. A detailed discussion for each of the above algorithms is provided. Successful examples are also presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.     

新的超声立体视觉数据增强技术

针对超声成像噪声大、数据质量严重退化的特点,提出了一种新颖的非稳定度度量算法,该算法通过加强图像变化较大的部分来实现超声数据的增强.给出了输入信号信噪比不同情况下非稳定度算子与Deriche算子的输出仿真结果;通过兔子肝脏和12周胎儿的实际数据计算,得到了二者经非稳定度算子处理前后的超声立体视觉图像.研究结果表明,非稳定度数据增强技术对噪声不敏感,通过对比处理前后的图像可清晰地看出非稳定度算子能够有效地改善超声立体视觉成像的质量.     

Inverse analysis of ultrasonic signals of ceramics based on ultrasonic self-compensating technique

An ultrasonic self-calibrating technique for the characterization of a ceramic which was fabricated by change pressing time during the HIP process has been applied by using the ratio of the reflection and transmission coefficients of normal incidence longitudinal waves. The ratio is self-compensated, in that it is independent of the characteristics for transmission and reception of ultrasound by the transducer and the condition of the couplant. The insensitive direction in parameter space is defined as the direction in which the variation of the ratio to changes of two parameters vanishes. For inverse problem the distribution of minima in an error surface is investigated.     

Image enhancement of simplified ultrasonic CT using frequency analysis method

In this paper, a simplified ultrasonic CT system, which uses the information in three directions, that is, 90°, +45° and —45° about the inspection plane, is applied to the high strength steel, and the frequency analysis method for enhancing the C scan or CT image is developed. This frequency analysis method is based on the frequency response property of the material. By comparing the magnitudes in the frequency domain, the special frequency which shows a significant difference between the welded joint and base material was found and used to obtain a C scan or CT image. Experimental results for several kinds of specimens, having a welded joint by electron beam welding, a weld joint by arc welding, on a fatigue crack, showed that the obtained C scan or CT image has better resolution than the results of previous experiments using the maximum value of the received waveform.     

A new signal processing technique for detecting flaw echoes close to the material surface in ultrasonic NDT

A new signal processing technique for separating the reflection of a flaw near a surface from the surface reflection itself is proposed. The method is based on ultrasonic scattering energy function model of flaw close to the material surface. Flaw sensitive component in the model, which corresponding to the low frequency signal, is remained by using a low pass digital filter. In order to make the recognition procedure easier and enhance the recognition effect, a reference signal is introduced to avoid the influence of the surface echo. Thus, the surface flaw is easily and clearly recognized. The good performance of the approach is experimentally verified in laboratory on a steel sample with different man-made surface flaws.     

Observation of lubrication conditions using an ultrasonic technique

Evaluation of lubrication conditions for a real frictional surface, such as a steel bearing, becomes an important issue for safe operation of a machine. In this paper, an application of ultrasonic technique is attempted for a purpose of evaluating the lubrication conditions. Ultrasonic waves emitted towards a hydrodynamic lubrication interface are reflected multiple times in oil film, and an echo height of reflected waves from the boundary is dependent on film thickness. The results of this study indicated that the ultrasonic technique is able to measure film thickness of approximately 50 nm in the case of a standstill surface having extremely small surface roughness. Furthermore, a potential for estimating the oil film thickness between a piston ring and cylinder is also indicated. In addition, in the case of a ball bearing, quantitative measurement of a size of dent, which forms the origin of flaking, is important for an evaluation of lubrication conditions. This becomes possible with an observation of a change in the echo height reflected from a boundary surface between a housing and an outer ring of the ball bearing. In this study, quantitative measurement of an indentation having 0.32 mm width on a raceway surface of an inner ring was achieved. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sparsity enhancement for blind deconvolution of ultrasonic signals in nondestructive testing application

The received signal in ultrasonic pulse-echo inspection can be modeled as a convolution between an impulse response and the reflection sequence, which is the impulse characteristic of the inspected object. Deconvolution aims at approximately inverting this process to improve the time resolution so that the overlap between echoes from closely spaced reflectors becomes small. This paper presents a modified minimum entropy blind deconvolution algorithm for deconvolving ultrasonic signals. Enhancement of the resolution is achieved by using the presented method. In addition, the presented approach will, in many cases, lead to a faster computation. A nonlinear function is the key point to the efficiency of the modified blind deconvolution algorithm, which is used to increase the sparsity of the iteration output and to decrease the influence of the added noise by replacing each iteration output by output of the nonlinear function. Simulations showed the efficiency of the modification as compared with minimum entropy deconvolution when deconvolving synthetic ultrasonic signals. Experimental results using real ultrasonic data evaluated further that the exact solution consistently yields good performance. The thickness of a thin steel sample can be calculated by the modified blind deconvolution filter with a reasonable accuracy.     

Adaptive methods for resolution enhancement of ultrasonic NDT signals: Comparative exploration

Adaptive filters, with their efficiency and simplicity, have been used successfully in various ultrasonic NDT signal processing contexts. Of these, the adaptive deconvolution with the conventional least-mean-squares (LMS) adaptive filter has improved time resolution. However; the convergence speed of LMS is restricted by the eigenvalue spread of the input correlation matrix. This paper explores the potential of other adaptive algorithms, namely, normalized least-mean-squares (NLMS), recursive least squares (RLS) and QR-decomposition-based RLS (QR-RLS) to handle the deconvolution of ultrasonic NDT signals and compare their performances with that of the conventional LMS algorithm. Furthermore, the mean square error (MSE) behavior in the different adaptive filtering algorithms for ultrasonic NDT signals deconvolution is briefly introduced. Experiments results are explained by graphs and discussed based on the performance criteria. The proposed methods enhanced the resolution quality, offering more alternatives for this application according to specific case requirements.     

Dynamics range enhancement in digital fringe projection technique

In this paper a new approach to enhance the dynamic range of a fringe projection system for measuring 3D profile of objects with wide variation in their optical reflections is proposed. The high dynamic range fringe images are acquired by recursively controlling the intensity of the projection pattern at pixel level based on the feedback from the reflected images captured by the camera. A four step phase shifting algorithm combined with a quality guided algorithm is used to obtain the unwrapped phase map of the object from the acquired high dynamic range fringe images. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed technique can accurately measure the 3D profile of objects with wide variation in their optical reflectivity.