液态和固态生物能源的应用现状与发展趋势

阐述了生物能源对解决能源危机和环境污染的作用。介绍了国内外生物柴油、燃料乙醇和生物质颗粒燃料的应用现状和现存问题,并对未来生物能源的发展作出了展望。     

氢的开发及应用

本文简要介绍氢的大规模生产、储存和应用。     

国内外混合代用燃料的研究进展

介绍了有关矿物油掺水、掺醇及掺生物油等车用混合代用燃料的制备技术、节能降污机理与排放特性。结合我国国情提出,在基本不改变现有发动机结构的情况下,研究开发“柴油—生物柴油—醇类”微乳混合燃料是缓解我国目前能源短缺、减轻环境污染、实现生态良性循环和经济可持续发展的行之有效的途径之一。     

二甲醚的生产现状及发展前景

二甲醚是我国值得重点发展的清洁燃料,文章分析了二甲醚代替柴油作为汽车燃料、代替民用液化石油气的可行性,并对二甲醚的生产工艺如两步法、一步法、二氧化碳及生物质直接合成二甲醚等进行评述,认为一步法工艺比较适合我国国情,适用于化肥厂和甲醇厂生产二甲醚。     

二甲醚燃料的生产及应用

甲醇催化脱水可得二甲醚。它可用作化工原料，气雾剂汝民用燃料。本文介绍燃料级二甲醚的生产及二甲醚液化气、醇－醚燃料的应用概况。     

基于燃料甲醇的煤基替代燃料行业发展分析

我国能源结构的调整已势在必行。未来我国的煤基合成燃料生产和使用量将迅速增加,通过对国内正在实施的几种煤基合成燃料的工艺路线和项目投资比较,以及燃料甲醇使用中的技术问题制约因素分析,指出今后几年煤基合成燃料将以燃料甲醇为主。     

我国新型民用液体燃料的现状与发展

新型民用液体燃料为管道煤气与液化石油气等传统民用燃料的代用品，８０年代在我国兴起，可以分成：醇基燃料、轻烃燃料、醚类燃料。本文概述它们的现状与发展趋势。     

Deposition characteristics of diesel and bio-diesel fuels

The aim of this study is to investigate the deposition characteristics of different types of fuels by using the hot surface deposition test (HSDT) as a substitute procedure for real engine deposit tests. Deposit development, deposit compositions and deposit surface temperature fluctuation for diesel fuels and bio-diesel fuels (palm oil based and coconut oil based) are discussed. Deposit development depended on hot surface temperature, overlapping conditions, fuels, deposit properties, initial stage of deposition and competition phenomena during deposit formation. Results show DFP having 1% B100C in composition, showed a greater deposit development rate compared to DF, which resulted in a relatively large amount of deposits for DFP. However, for bio-diesel fuels, B100C obtained a slower deposit development rate compared to B100 although the test conditions were changed. Due to the lower value of MEP and shorter droplet lifetime before MEP, utilization of B100C had a greater potential in reducing deposit formation compared to B100.     

煤基喷气燃料发展动态

综述美国煤基喷气燃料的发展动态,包括煤基喷气燃料组成、生产工艺和性能等。阐述我国研究煤基喷气燃料的必要性、可行性及可能需要的研究手段。     

吸附法脱除油品中噻吩类硫化物研究进展

综述了吸附脱硫过程中涉及的各种吸附机理,如物理吸附和化学吸附中的π配合吸附、直接M—S键吸附和电荷转移配合吸附,介绍了相应的吸附剂开发进展。对物理吸附和不同化学吸附方法进行了评述。     

PAH and other emissions from burning of JP-8 and diesel fuels in diffusion flames

Jet fuel JP-8 is of technical interest to the military aviation industry. JP-8 is now the single battlefield fuel for all US Army and Air Force equipment, replacing gasoline altogether and gradually replacing diesel fuel. Hence, emissions from the combustion of this fuel are the subject for this investigation. The emissions from the combustion of JP-8 fuel are examined and are compared to those from diesel fuel No. 2, burned under identical conditions. Combustion occurred inside a laboratory furnace in sooty diffusion flames, under adverse conditions that typically emit large amounts of products of incomplete combustion (PIC). Under such conditions, even compounds that otherwise might appear only in trace amounts were present in sufficient quantities for detection. The study reports on emissions of CO, light volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds with an emphasis on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), particulate emissions, oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) and oxides of sulfur (SO₂). Some PAH compounds are suspected of posing a threat to human health, benzo[a]pyrene being listed as a bio-accumulative toxin by the EPA. An afterburner was also used to examine the effects of longer furnace residence time. Results have demonstrated that PAH emissions from the combustion of diesel fuel were higher than those of JP-8, under most conditions examined. Moreover, as the temperature of the primary furnace was increased, in the range of 600–1000 °C, most of the emissions from both fuels increased. Particulate emissions were reduced by the afterburner, which was operated at 1000 °C, only when the primary furnace was operated at the lowest temperature (600 °C), but that condition increased the CO emissions. Overall, transient combustion of these two fuels, burning in laminar and sooty diffusion flames, did not reveal major differences in the emissions of the following PIC: C1–C4 light aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAH, CO and particulate matter.     

我国机动车燃料经济性水平及节油潜力

介绍了我国机动车燃料经济性的现状,并与国外现状进行了比较。分析研究了在采用一般已经成熟的先进技术之后,油耗可能降低的幅度。     

循环经济与构建化肥工业新的产业链

针对当前我国石油资源日趋紧缺的现状,提出利用我国煤炭资源优势和化肥工业技术优势,在生产化肥同时突破行业界限,构建化肥—民用燃料—发电—建材—汽车燃料—精细化工的化肥工业新的产业链,以满足国民经济迅速发展的需求。     

采用氢、乙醇作燃料的建议

就清洁、可再生能源——氢、乙醇的制备和作燃料使用简略叙述。氢拟用(太阳)光伏法电解水制备,乙醇拟用便宜的原料如甘蔗渣、秸杆等含纤维素的有机质通过纤维素酶水解后发酵制备。二者作为汽车燃料使用,现有汽车发动机仅需作适当改动。     

An investigation of fuel composition and flow‐rate effects in a H2S fuelled sofc: Experiments and thermodynamic analysis

Hydrogen sulphide (H₂S)‐fuelled solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) can potentially generate useful electrical energy while disposing of H₂S, a toxic by‐product of the fossil fuel industry, on site. Experimental results from H₂S fuelled SOFCs exhibit characteristics, for example, an unusual dependence of cell performance on fuel composition and flow‐rate, which are poorly explained in the literature. In this work we: (a) present results for experiments where the composition and flow‐rates were varied for both the fuel and oxidant streams to analyse their effect on fuel cell performance, and (b) develop and use a thermodynamic analysis to help understand these experimental results. Through this work, we shed further light on two basic questions unanswered so far, (1) Why does the flow‐rate of the fuel affect the open circuit potential of the fuel cell? (2) Which of the chemical species present in the fuel is oxidised on the anode? Our experiments and analysis suggest that H₂S, and not H₂ produced from H₂S dissociation, is preferentially electro‐oxidised on the anode in our experiments. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Deep hydrodesulfurization of diesel fuel: Design of reaction process and catalysts

Deep hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of diesel fuel oil was designed based on the recognition that alkyl dibenzothiophenes such as 4-methyl-and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophenes were the main target for deep HDS. Multi-stage and fractional HDS were very effective to achieve satisfactory HDS in terms of both sulfur level and fluorescent color of desulfurized oil. Catalysts with the selective hydrogenation of refractory sulfur species in major aromatic partners and isomerization-disproportionation of their alkyl groups prior to HDS were also designed to promote the desulfurization of such sulfur species.     

交通运输燃油消费端替代方式分析及建议

介绍了天然气、醇醚燃料、电池等几种交通运输燃油消费端替代方式,从能量来源、能量转化效率、燃料费用、环保、技术及分销系统成熟程度等方面对几种替代方式进行了分析对比。建议中国石化积极应对燃油替代冲击,转型发展,培育新的效益增长点,并结合企业实际,提出具体建议。     

High-energy-density gelled fuels with high stability and shear thinning performance

Gelled fuels are the very promising propellants for new-generation rocket and ramjet propulsion. Here we report a new type of low-molecular mass organic gellant (Z), and prepared four kinds of stable gelled fuels based on HD-01, HD-03, RP-3 and QC liquid fuels, with the critical gellant concentration less than 1% (mass). The characterizations show that the gellant can form 3D network structure, via hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking and van der Waals forces, to fix fuel molecules during the formation of gelled fuels. So, the gelled fuels show high stability, with the remaining gel mass of 0.25% (mass) Z/HD-01 more than 90% even at high centrifugal speed of 7500 r·min^-1, but the rheological property test shows that all gelled fuels have obvious shear thinning property, which benefits its storage in gelled state while supply in liquid state. The gelation of liquid fuels by gellant Z can increase the volumetric net heat of combustion (for HD-01, it increases from 39.58 MJ·L^-1 to 40.76 MJ·L^-1 with 1% (mass) Z), and liquefied gelled fuels show the comparable ignition delay time with the pristine liquid fuels. So, the gelled fuels made by gellant Z have better stability, shear thinning and combustion performances, which have great potential for the practical application.     

生物柴油的生产和应用

综述了生物柴油的发展历史和西方主要国家对生物柴油的研究、生产现状及有关的政策。讨论了各种生物柴油的制备方法及生物柴油应用的主要问题 ,对我国生物柴油的研究与开发提出了一些新的看法。     

不同硫化氢流率与浓度对硫化氢固体氧化物燃料电池性能影响

A solid state H2S/air electrochemical cell having the configuration of H2S, (MoS2 NiS Ag)/YSZ/Pt,air has been examined with different H2S flow rates and concentrations at atmospheric pressure and 750-850 ℃.Performance of the fuel cell was dependent on anode compartment H2S flow rate and concentration. The cell open-circuit voltage increased with increasing H2S flow rate. It was found that increasing both H2S flow rate and H2S concentration improved current-voltage and power density performance. This is resulted from improved gas diffusion in anode and increased concentration of anodic electroactive species. Operation at elevated H2S concentration improved the cell performance at a given gas flow rate. However, as low as 5% H2S in gas mixture can also be utilized as fuel feed to cells. Highest current and power densities, 1750mA.cm-2 and 200mW.cm-2,are obtained with pure H2S flow rate of 50ml.min-1 and air flow rate of 100ml.min-1 at 850℃.