氮肥生产污水零排放技术及其应用

氮肥生产是水资源污染重灾户,是重点治理行业。实现氮肥生产污水零排放,既要从生产工艺技术、设备、管理抓节水防污,尽量减少用水和污染水,又要采用3水闭路循环、生物法终端处理等多项防污先进工艺技术和管理进行治污减排。近年来经过不断努力,随着氮肥行业生产污水零排放技术的推广应用,目前全国所有氮肥企业基本上都能做到水污染物达标排放,氮肥行业耗能大幅下降,已经成为离零排放最近的化工行业之一,取得了重要的节能减排成果。介绍了氮肥生产污水来源、治理技术、零排放技术在国内氮肥企业的实施和推广应用情况。     

氮肥生产污水零排放技术及其应用

氮肥生产行业是水资源污染重致灾户,是重点治理行业。实现氮肥生产污水零排放,既要从生产工艺技术、设备、管理抓节水防污,尽量减少用水和污染水,又要采用三水闭路循环、生物法终端处理等多项防污先进工艺技术和管理进行治污减排。介绍了氮肥生产污水来源、治理技术、零排放技术在国内氮肥企业的实施和推广应用情况。     

氮肥生产污水零排放技术及其应用

氮肥生产是水资源污染重灾户,是重点治理行业.实现氮肥生产污水零排放,既要从生产工艺技术、设备、管理抓节水防污,尽量减少用水和污染水,又要采用三水闭路循环、生物法终端处理等多项防污先进工艺技术和管理进行治污减排.文章介绍了氮肥生产污水来源、治理技术、零排放技术在国内氮肥企业的实施和推广应用情况.     

氮肥生产污水零排放技术及其应用

介绍了氮肥生产污水来源、治理技术、零排放技术在国内氮肥企业的实施和推广应用情况。氮肥生产是主要的水资源污染源之一,是重点治理行业。实现氮肥生产污水零排放,既要从生产工艺技术、设备、管理抓节水防污,尽量减少用水和污染水,又要采用三水闭路循环、生物法终端处理等多项防污先进工艺技术和管理进行治理减排。     

氮肥行业发展循环经济的主要做法

日前，就氮肥行业如何如何发展循环经济的问题，中国氮肥工业协会副理事长孔祥琳器出了以下建议： （1）大力开展水的节约利用工作，开发并推广氮肥生产污水零排放技术和循环冷却废水准零排放技术（合称“两水零排放技术”）。 a）开展水的循环利用，提高水的重复利用率。     

氮肥污水处理新技术

氮肥企业是用水大户，也是污水排放大户，废水排放量占全国废水排放量的10％左右，而且污水中污染因子较多，必须要进行多次处理，才有可能达标排放。江苏徐州水处理研究所对生产源头污水源开发了循环冷却水浓缩减排、脱硫、含油污水净化及脱盐废水达标外排等技术。同时对终端污水处理的常规工艺大胆创新。研制出了全厂清污分流、除氨的短程硝化、组合式除NH4^＋-N技术，组成了可适应各种规模、各种浓度的用于氮肥企业的整套新工艺。河北怀安化肥厂应用该所全套治污技术后，污水排放量减少60％-70％，污染因子总量减排70％-80％，年节水近百万吨。另外，山东德齐龙化工集团和山东瑞星化工集团采用这套技术后，污水排放量也减少50％-60％，水重复利用率大于96％。该技术的应用成功，标志着我国氮肥行业向污水零排放目标又迈出一大步。     

化肥行业节能减排目标

(1)氮肥行业节能减排目标目标:2010年,吨氮加权平均标煤耗降至1 600 kg以下,力争全行业节标煤5 000 kt;通过实施循环冷却水和生产过程污水零排放工程,实现吨氨节水10%,废渣基本回收利用。措施:继续优化原料结构,实现制氨原料的多元化;适当加大装置生产规模;加大环保治理力度,鼓励“三废”综合利用。重点技术:先进的煤气化技术;节能的脱硫、脱碳技术;全面推广两水零排放和氮肥生产节电200 kW·h工程;加强废水、废气、废渣和废热的综合利用。(2)磷肥行业节能减排目标目标:磷石膏年处理量超过10 000 kt,磷石膏排放量的22%将被综合利用;湿法精…     

简讯

氨醇污水实现低成本近零排放2012年7月2日,徐州水处理研究所宣布,该所开发的低成本污水零排放技术,将外排污水量由5～10 m3/t氨醇降至1 m3/t以下,低于合成氨工业水污染物排放新标准以及氮肥行业清洁生产技术推行方案中规定的先进企业5 m3/t以下的排放标准,也低于氨醇行业近似污水零排放指标(2～3 m3/t)。同时,氨氮含量不超过15 mg/L,总氮含     

氮肥行业节能减排实施目标与技术创新

氮肥行业属于高能耗、高污染行业,面对当前国家不断加大的节能减排工作力度,氮肥行业通过采用经过实践验证的先进适用、运行可靠、经济合理的新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料进行推广应用,使氮肥生产的吨氧煤耗、电耗、水耗都较前些年有所下降,主要污染物排放也得到了有效控制,达到大幅度提高氨产量、降低能耗、保护环境的目的,从整体上提高了氮肥企业的生产水平,推动氮肥行业走科技含量高、资源消耗低、环境污染少的和谐发展道路。通过对国内氮肥行业近期开展的节能减排工作总结和回顾,介绍了国内节能减排概况、氮肥行业节能减排的目标、重点创新技术的应用及几个先进的节能减排化肥企业的情况。     

氮肥行业节能减排实施目标与技术创新

氮肥行业属于高能耗、高污染行业,面对当前国家不断加大节能减排工作力度,氮肥行业通过采用经过实践验证的先进适用、运行可靠、经济合理的新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料进行推广应用,使氮肥生产的吨氨耗煤、耗电、耗水都较前些年有所下降,主要污染物排放也得到了有效控制,达到大幅度提高氨产量、降低能耗、保护环境的目的,从整体上提高了氮肥企业的生产水平,推动氮肥行业走科技含量高、资源消耗低、环境污染少的和谐发展道路。本文对国内氮肥行业近期开展的节能减排工作进行了总结和回顾,介绍了国内节能减排概况、氮肥行业节能减排的目标、重点创新技术的应用及几个先进的节能减排化肥企业的情况。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。