构建基于CSCW的TSP实施系统的研究

软件开发是一个群体协作的过程，要求团队成员在开发活动中相互分工、紧密协作。小组软件过程(TSP)的产生为规范软件开发和改进过程能力提供了有效而实际的帮助，TSP的实施遇到阻碍，主要是由于小组成员对TSP过程不够理解、交流和协同工作困难、软件过程数据处理繁琐等原因。该文提出了计算机支持的协同工作(SCW)-TSP系统解决这些问题，该系统根据CSCW的特性，将TSP的管理方法以计算机应用软件的形式加以实现，使开发团队能够更有效地应用TSP进行开发，全面提高软件开发的效率和质量。     

What makes mobile computer supported cooperative work mobile? Towards a better understanding of cooperative mobile interactions

Despite the high availability of mobile phones and personal digital assistants with online capabilities, mobile computer supported cooperative work is still in its infancy. So far, only little is known about the distinct attributes of mobile cooperative work in comparison to its stationary counterpart. Across which dimensions does cooperation via mobile devices differ from traditional hard-wired settings and what implications have to be drawn for future research? To bring more light to this question, we conducted an experimental business-case at Frankfurt University with 16 graduate students and analysed their collaborative behaviour across mobile and non-mobile channels of communication over a 5 week period. We find that mobile messages differed from stationary messages in terms of size and that the use of mobile emails prevailed over stationary emails under conditions of stress. Finally, we found that the social structure of mobile communication corresponded with the structure of stationary communication. This indicates that mobile communication technologies support existing communication relations rather than creating new relations. From the perspective of system designers, these results may serve as practical insights into the user behaviour of mobile technologies and might support the future development of mobile computer supported cooperative work environments.     

Collaboration and controlCrisis management and multimedia technology in London Underground Line Control Rooms

Despite technical advances over the past few years in the area of systems support for cooperative work there is still relatively little understanding of the organisation of collaborative activity in real world, technologically supported, work environments. Indeed, it has been suggested that the failure of various technological applications may derive from their relative insensitivity to ordinary work practice and situated conduct. In this paper we discuss the possibility of utilising recent developments within sociology, in particular the naturalistic analysis of organisational conduct and social interaction, as a basis for the design and development of tools and technologies to support collaborative work. Focussing on the Line Control Rooms in London Underground, a complex multimedia environment in transition, we begin to explicate the tacit work practices and procedures whereby personnel systematically communicate information to each other and coordinate a disparate collection of tasks and activities. The design implications of these empirical observations, both for Line Control Room and technologies to support cooperative work, are briefly discussed.The research discussed in this paper is supported in part through a project grant from the ESRC/MRC/SERC Joint Initiative on Cognitive Science and Human Computer Interaction and part by Rank Xerox, Cambridge EuroPARC. The authors have greatly benefitted from discussions with Jens Rasmussen, John Gardner, Bernard Conein, Isaac Joseph, Marina Jirotka and Liam Bannon concerning a number of the issues addressed in this paper. The authors are alone responsible for the contents of the piece.     

Virtual workgroups in offshore systems development

The market for offshore systems development, motivated by lower costs in developing countries, is expected to increase and reach about $15 billion in the year 2007. Virtual workgroups supported by computer and communication technologies enable offshore systems development. This article discusses the limitations of using virtual work in offshore systems development, and describes development processes and management procedures amenable to virtual work in offshore development projects. It also describes a framework to use virtual work selectively, while offshore developing various types of information systems.     

数据管理技术的新格局

数据获取技术的革命性进步、存储器价格的显著下降以及人们希望从数据中获得知识的客观需要等,催生了大数据.数据管理技术迎来了大数据时代.关系数据库技术经历了20世纪70年代以来40年的发展,目前遇到了系统扩展性不足、支持数据类型单一等困难.近年来,noSQL技术异军突起,对多种类型的数据进行有效的管理、处理和分析;通过并行处理技术获得良好的系统性能;并以其高度的扩展性,满足不断增长的数据量的处理要求.试图沿着数据库技术进步的历史脉络,从应用维度(操作型与分析型应用)入手,为读者展开当今数据管理技术的新格局,讨论具有挑战性的重要问题,并介绍作者自己的研究工作.     

Semantic Web based innovative design knowledge modeling for collaborative design

This paper describes a study about how to use the Semantic Web technologies for innovative design knowledge modeling in a multi-agent distributed design environment. Semantic Web based knowledge modeling for innovative design is proposed as prelude to the meaningful agent communication and knowledge reuse for collaborative work among multidisciplinary organizations. A model for innovative design is proposed at first, based on which a knowledge schema is brought forward. For sharing the design knowledge among an internet-based or distributed work team, even globally, A RDF-based knowledge model is presented to realize its representation on Semantic Web. A Semantic Web based repository for innovative design and its API for topper Semantic Web applications have been also constructed. The proposed knowledge modeling extends traditional product modeling with capabilities of innovative design, knowledge sharing and distributed problem solving, and is employed as a content language within the messages in the proposed multi-agent system architecture. The proposed approach is viewed as a promising knowledge management method that facilitates the implementation of computer supported cooperative work in innovative design of Semantic Web applications.     

计算机支持同步协同工作中应用共享机制的研究

应用共享技术是计算机支持协同工作 ( CSCW)系统中支持同步协作的关键技术之一 .本文详细讨论了计算机支持协同工作中应用共享的实现机制 ,分析了混合式应用共享机制的实现方法 .最后 ,给出了在 MS Windows平台上的一个应用共享的具体实例     

混合式应用共享机制模型的研究

应用共享技术是计算机支持协同工作(CSCW)系统中支持同步协作的关键技术之一．本文通过对应用共享机制的分析，给出了混合式应用共享机制的结构模型，并利用着色Petri网技术建立混合式应用共享的CPN模型．最后，文章还给出了一个模型的实现例子．     

一个基于CSCW的协同式计算机辅助设计系统

文中首先建立了一个CSCW系统的基本模型;然后详细介绍了一个基于复制式应用程序共享方式技术的协同式计算机辅助设计系统－CoopCAD的系统结构和关键技术,最后,给出了一个使用CoopCAD系统进行协同设计的例子。     

A survey of CSCW systems

Over the last decade, computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) has emerged as an identifiable research area that focuses on the role of the computer in group work. CSCW is a generic term which combines the understanding of the nature of group working with the enabling technologies of computer networking, systems support and applications. The paper examines the classes of system which have emerged to support cooperative working. A framework for characterising and describing CSCW systems is presented and four major classes of cooperative system identified. Each of these classes of cooperative system are examined highlighting their general characteristics and applicability to CSCW.     

组播技术综述

组播通信技术提供了一种点对点或多点对多点的数据传输模型 ,作为下一代 Internet应用的重要技术 ,组播相关技术研究引起了广泛关注 .本文从分布式系统特点出发 ,分析了组播研究的内容和特点 ,描述了组播设计所涉及的技术及难点 ,概括了现有工作和相关进展     

混合式应用共享技术的研究

应用共享技术是计算机支持协同工作(CSCW)系统中支持同步协作的关键技术之一。文中详细讨论了计算机支持协同工作中应用共享的实现原理,分析了混合式应用共享机制的实现方法。最后,结合笔者目前正在开发的项目给出了在MS Windows平台上实现应用共享的实例。     

Invisible Work of Telephone Operators: An Ethnocritical Analysis

This paper applies principles derived from ethnocriticism to help explain differential outcomes with different methods used to analyze the work of Directory Assistance telephone operators in a large US telecommunications company. The work of Directory Assistance operators provides a subtle case of computer-supported cooperative work. Collaborative work between operator and customer is supported and shaped by digitized-voice and database technologies. Our work also involved the introduction of additional voice-recognition technologies to this human-to-human collaboration. In a previous paper, we used methods from participatory design to show that knowledge work is a major component of the operators' conversations with customers. By contrast, other research using formal cognitive task analyses had described operators' work as routine and as involving no active problem solving. How had evidence that we had found so compelling been invisible to other analysts? I analyze the concept of “invisible work” as an attribute not of the work, but rather of the perspectives from which that work appeared to be invisible. Ethnocritical heuristics help us to contrast the analytical methods and their outcomes.     

电子商务推荐系统研究

目前，电子商务网站之间的竞争日益加剧，赢得这场竞争的关键之一是如何更好地了解用户需求以提供更令人满意的服务，于是以AI领域的agent技术为依托，电子商务推荐系统就逐步发展起来。本文首先介绍推荐系统的表现形式，然后分类研究各种主流推荐技术，并在此基础上深入分析和比较这几种推荐技术的异同及其应用范围，最后探讨实
际应用效果最好的混合推荐系统技术。     

基于Ajax技术的WebGIS研究及实现

介绍了Ajax的基本概念及其工作原理和关键技术,对基于Ajax技术的WebGIS进行了分析与建模,并在此基础上利用MapX为基础GIS开发组件,实现了功能比较简单的WebGIS地图服务器,利用ASENET技术实现了GIS请求代理服务器,利用Ajax技术实现了WebGIS客户端.最后,由这3大模块所组成的简单WebGIS系统成功地通过了测试并达到预期效果,提出了基于Ajax技术的WebGIS需改进的地方并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

Context-Based Workplace Awareness

Maintaining an awareness of the working context of fellow co-workers is crucial to successful cooperation in a workplace. For mobile, non co-located workers, however, such workplace awareness is hard to maintain. This paper investigates how context-aware computing can be used to facilitate workplace awareness. In particular, we present the concept of Context-Based Workplace Awareness, which is derived from years of in-depth studies of hospital work and the design of computer supported cooperative work technologies to support the distributed collaboration and coordination of clinical work within large hospitals. This empirical background has revealed that an awareness especially of the social, spatial, temporal, and activity context plays a crucial role in the coordination of work in hospitals. The paper then presents and discusses technologies designed to support context-based workplace awareness, namely the AWARE architecture, and the AwarePhone and AwareMedia applications. Based on almost 2 year’ deployment of the technologies in a large hospital, the paper discuss how the four dimension of context-based workplace awareness play out in the coordination of clinical work.     

When design just isn’t enough: the unanticipated challenges of the real world for large collaborative displays

Large interactive displays for supporting workgroup collaboration comprise a growing area of ubiquitous computing research and many such systems have been designed and deployed in laboratory studies and research settings. Such displays face difficulties in real-world deployments, as they are often supplemental technologies as opposed to primary tools for work activities. In this work, we investigate the integration and uptake of the NASA MERBoards, shared interactive displays that were deployed to support science tasks in the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) missions. We examine the hurdles to adoption imposed specifically by the real-world circumstances of the deployment that were external to the design of the system, and explain how these concerns apply to the general deployment of shared ubicomp technologies in the real world.     

Patient source of learning about health technologies and ratings of trust in technologies used in their care

In order to design effective health technologies and systems, it is important to understand how patients learn and make decisions about health technologies used in their care. The objective of this study was to examine patients' source of learning about technologies used in their care and how the source related to their trust in the technology was used. Individual face-to-face and telephone interviews were conducted with 24 patients. Altogether, 13 unique sources of information about technology were identified and three major themes emerged: outside of the work system vs. inside the work system; when the health information was provided; the medium used. Patients used multiple sources outside of the healthcare work system to learn about technologies that will be used in their care. Results showed a relationship between learning about technologies from web sources and trust in technologies but no relationship between learning about technologies from healthcare providers and trust in technologies. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: The value of considering human attitudes about elements in health systems has been illustrated. This research shows a relationship between patient attitudes about medical technologies used in their care and healthcare work system design. Results show that patient attitudes are formed about technologies used in their care by sources within and outside of the sociotechnical work system.     

Patient source of learning about health technologies and ratings of trust in technologies used in their care

In order to design effective health technologies and systems, it is important to understand how patients learn and make decisions about health technologies used in their care. The objective of this study was to examine patients' source of learning about technologies used in their care and how the source related to their trust in the technology was used. Individual face-to-face and telephone interviews were conducted with 24 patients. Altogether, 13 unique sources of information about technology were identified and three major themes emerged: outside of the work system vs. inside the work system; when the health information was provided; the medium used. Patients used multiple sources outside of the healthcare work system to learn about technologies that will be used in their care. Results showed a relationship between learning about technologies from web sources and trust in technologies but no relationship between learning about technologies from healthcare providers and trust in technologies.

Statement of Relevance: The value of considering human attitudes about elements in health systems has been illustrated. This research shows a relationship between patient attitudes about medical technologies used in their care and healthcare work system design. Results show that patient attitudes are formed about technologies used in their care by sources within and outside of the sociotechnical work system.     

提高VLIW指令级并行性的基本策略与技术

文章概述了ＶＬＩＷ体系结构特征,分析了在ＶＬＩＷ体系结构下开发指令级并行性的技术难点,针对影响 ＶＬＩＷ体系指令级并行性的因素阐述了一些基本的实现策略和实现技术。