氮肥装置脱盐水平衡的建立与测算分析

参照清洁生产审核物料核算的操作规范,对氮肥装置脱盐水系统进行了水平衡的建立与测算分析。测算结果:该氮肥装置脱盐水系统平衡建立期的合成氨装置脱盐水消耗量为5.871吨/吨氨,单位尿素脱盐水消耗量为3.258吨/吨尿素。基于该测算结果,可进一步制定相应的清洁生产方案以提高该氮肥装置脱盐水的利用效率。     

Status of the Yuma desalting plant

The Colorado River is the main source of water for the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Because of increasing consumptive use of the water and increasing return of saline irrigation drainage to the river, the river salinity has steadily increased. The effects are particularly evident at the lower end of the river and consequently in Mexico. The United States has agreed to provide Mexico with water of a salinity of no more than 115p/m greater than the salinity of water arriving at Imperial Dam. Imperial Dam is the last United States irrigation diversion structure on the Colorado River. The United States plans on building a 4.21-m³/s membrane desalting plant to solve the salinity problem. The plant will be located 7.4 km west of Yuma, Arizona.The current status of the plant can be summarized as follows: The site location has been identified and the land has been purchased; membrane desalting equipment proposals have been received and selection of contractors has been made; specifications for peripheral support equipment such as clarifiers, filters, tanks, recalcining furnaces, and centrifuges will be forthcoming and requests for bidding on these items made; the by-pass drain to the Santa Clara Slough has been completed; the sludge disposal site has been located and methods of sludge disposal determined; and finally, the power source has been identified and power contracts are being prepared. The progress on the plant has been slowed by legal questions concerning the procurement of desalting equipment. A decision by the General Accounting Office on this matter is expected shortly.     

离子交换树脂复苏技术在化肥厂脱盐系统的应用

大庆石化分公司化肥厂脱盐水装置共有3列浮动床,每列均有阳浮床、阴浮床和混床,所用原水为石灰软化水.2002年经过技术改造将合成工艺冷凝液和尿素水解水投入脱盐系统部分代替石灰软化水,提高了浮床的周期制水量,2003年4月又将尿素蒸汽冷凝液投入脱盐系统,进一步提高了浮床的周期制水量.     

Desalting in Hong Kong — The first phase

Geographical and historical factors which led to the decision to desalt sea water are reviewed. A brief account is given of the two-year pilot plant operation which established many of the design features. Other pre-contract studies necessary to the successful construction and operation of a large-scale plant in a difficult environment are briefly described. The notable features of plant design and some problems encountered during commissioning are reviewed.     

The Desalting Property of Ion-Exchange Resins in Organic Solvent

The desalting property of ion-exchange resins in organic solvent is reported by using potassium acetate as a model compound. The experimental results show that the solvability of the solvent stirring speed, and temperature are the factors which influence the ion-exchange rate. The increase of solvability, stirring speed and temperature will speed up the ion-exchange process.     

离子交换树脂在有机溶剂中的脱盐行为研究

The desalting property of ion-exchange resins in organic solvent is reported by using potassium acetate as a model compound. The experimental results show that the solvability of the solvent, stirring speed, and temperature are the factors which influence the ion-exchange rate. The increase of solvability, stirring speed and temperature will speed up the ion-exchange process.     

Crude Oil Desalting Using Hydrocyclones

Dilute dispersion/emulsion of ultrafine water droplets containing a variety of salts is usually present in crude oil. It is very useful to remove the water and the dissolved salts, so that corrosion, plugging, and fouling of equipment can be prevented. Electrical desalter is an effective method in crude oil desalting. In order to overcome the shortcomings of electrical desalting system, such as larger equipment volume, complex high tension electricity system, a new process of crude desalting that are based on hydrocyclone technology is designed. Preliminary industrial experiments have been carried out to prove the feasibility of desalting using hydrocyclone. The effects of several dimensionless units, such as Reynolds number, Euler number and pressure drop ratio were studied. An increase in inlet Reynolds number will decrease the pressure drop ratio. With an increase in inlet Reynolds number, Euler number increases gradually. Under the condition that Reynolds number of inlet is ranging from 5000 to 5800, the water concentrations can decrease from 5 vol%  8 vol% to less than 0.40 vol% and the salt concentrations is reduced from less than 8 mg L⁻¹ to 3 mg L⁻¹ after handled.     

塔河原油脱盐脱水研究最新进展

以西安某炼厂加工的塔河原油为研究对象,分析探讨了新时期下塔河重质原油脱盐脱水难的问题,通过研究得到以下结论：塔河原油自身的油性特点是导致其具有较差脱盐脱水效果的直接原因,而单一利用现有高效破乳剂是难以提高原油的脱盐脱水效果;塔河重质原油中的无机盐类存在进一步降低和脱除的空间;在电脱盐工艺参数优化的基础上借助于开发的新型高效助剂,在实验室中使原油脱后含盐含水达到了工业生产要求;在应对原油劣质化问题上,工艺的改进和新型助剂的开发将更具高效性、长效性。     

电脱盐装置的技术改造及效果

介绍了沈阳石蜡化工有限公司常压装置原油电脱盐系统由二级脱盐改造为三级脱盐后,脱盐效果明显提高。按原油脱盐后含盐量≤3 mg/L的指标,脱后含盐合格率由原来的75%提高到95%以上。为装置降低能耗,减轻设备腐蚀,安全平稳生产创造了条件。     

高速电脱盐运行问题的分析

电脱盐装置的稳定优化运行直接关系到全厂加工原油结构的优化,关系到全厂的经济效益。结合实际生产运行情况,分析了常减压装置电脱盐电流的影响因素,总结了常减压装置电脱盐优化运行的措施。     

海水淡化的热处理工艺技术综述

综述了海水淡化的主要热处理工艺：多级闪蒸(MSF)、多效蒸发(MED)和压气蒸馏(VC)。     

电脱盐系统优化操作

随着公司原油加工品种的增加,以及原油重质化、劣质化的影响,原油破乳愈加困难。针对加工原油变化情况,分别从破乳剂选择、电脱盐温度的控制、电场强度、注水量、混合压差的调整及反冲洗等方面优化操作,达到改善电脱盐系统运行效果的目的。     

电脱盐操作条件的优化

针对安庆石化炼油二部新Ⅱ套常减压蒸馏装置加工含硫含酸原油及掺炼污油期间电脱盐罐电流异常高、电场强度下降、乳化层杂质多、原油脱后含盐超标、常顶及减顶腐蚀速率上升等问题,分析造成电脱盐罐电流高、原油脱后含盐超标问题的原因,对电脱盐操作参数进行优化,优化后原油脱后含盐含水达到指标要求。     

重交沥青装置电脱盐系统改造提高原油脱盐效率确保设备防腐效果

文章通过比较两次脱盐罐改造前后运行质态,针对原电脱盐装置出现的原料和加工能力不适应问题,借鉴公司、长江电脱盐设备有限公司及SEI的攻关技术,使用可调电压智能控制电脱盐新技术,先后对三级电脱盐进行改造,改造后电脱盐装置各项指标全面达标。     

Theoretical Investigation on Internal Leakage and Its Effect on the Efficiency of Fluid Switcher-Energy Recovery Device for Reverse Osmosis Desalting Plant

This work is focused on the theoretical investigation of internal leakage of a newly developed pi lotscale fluid switcherenergy recovery device （FSERD） for reverse osmosis （RO） system. For the purpose of in creasing FSERD efficiency and reducing the operating cost of RO, it is required to control the internal leakage in a low level. In this work, the internal leakage rates at different leakage gaps and retentate brine pressures are investigated by computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method and validating experiments. It is found that the internal leak age has a linear relationship with the retentate brine pressure and a polynomial relationship with the scale of leakage gap. The results of the present work imply that low internal leakage and high retentate brine pressure bring benefits to achieve high FSRD efficiency.     

原油脱盐脱水方法进展概述

随着对石油资源需求的不断增长和原油开采力度的加大,国内外原油重质化、劣质化趋势日益加剧,原油加工难度增大。尤其是随着所开采原油含盐含水量的增加,给原油的加工和利用带来一定的危害,炼油业迫切需要提高原油的脱盐脱水效率,提高原油的预处理效果。本文在介绍原油含盐含水危害的基础上,系统地介绍了常用的原油脱盐脱水方法,如电化学法、沉降法、过滤法、微波辐射法、声化学法等等。     

电脱盐设备在煤焦油加氢装置上的应用

电脱盐设备是煤焦油加氢装置的前期处理的重要设备,因煤焦油自身的特性使电脱盐设备的应用受到限制,文章主要针对煤焦油的特性从电脱盐技术特点、设备条件、操作控制方面进行了闸述,扩大了电脱盐设备的处理能力,找到了一条煤焦油脱盐脱水的处理途径,电脱盐设备在处理煤焦油上的成功投用填补了国内的空白,此设备可在国内广泛推广。     

Desalting in Australia : The development of a new process for brackish water

The present status of desalination in Australia, the world's driest continent, is reviewed. The well-established techniques of distillation, electrodialysis and reverse osmosis have been utilized to obtain potable water from underground sources or the sea. In remote areas where mining and tourism are major industries, about 30 plants with capacities of up to 900 m³/day have been installed.The future application of large scale desalting is likely to be for municipal purposes in more highly populated regions. The emphasis has been on the treatment of water of moderate salinity which may be of surface, underground, sewage or industrial origin.A new ion exchange desalination process is described which has been developed in Australia to upgrade mildly brackish water to potable or industrial standards. Developed jointly by CSIRO and ICI Australia, the process uses “Sirotherm” resins which are regenerated by hot water, in contrast to the conventional regeneration by chemicals. This uses low grade or waste heat, reduces operating costs compared with existing processes and saves adding extra regenerant chemicals to the environment.Operation of a 600 m³/day plant to remove 80% of the salinity in a 600 ppm municipal supply has recently commenced at a factory site in Adelaide, Australia. A 20 m³/day pilot plant has successfully demonstrated the removal of salt from reclaimed sewage in Tokyo, Japan, where water reuse is fast becoming mandatory. The resin is now available commercially throughout the world.     

工业水处理中浅除盐技术的应用

在工业的实际运作中,需要大量的水资源,进行生产与再生产。在这个过程中,通过浅除盐技术的应用,不仅可以实现工业用水的再利用,还可以贯彻国家秉承的可持续发展的观念,实现集约经济的发展。本人将从工业用水处理中浅除盐技术的应用出发,发现问题所在,分析技术改造的作用,从而提高技术的应用水平。