中巴地球资源卫星热红外通道的交叉辐射定标

以TERRA MOD IS传感器热红外31通道为参考标准,完成对CBERS-02 IRMSS传感器热红外通道的交叉辐射定标.在与MOD IS相应通道的交叉辐射定标中选取了2004年8月~12月间的7次双星同步观测青海湖和太湖的昼夜数据,通过两传感器相应通道间的光谱匹配,利用MOD IS数据推算IRMSS的入瞳辐亮度,再从IRMSS影像上提取对应的DN值.对交叉定标获取的数据,进行多点线性回归,获得定标系数:增益8.0567,单位:DN/(W/m2/sr1/μm1);截距47.892,单位:DN.并对定标数据进行了精度评价和检验,结果表明该方法所获取的定标系数精度与MOD IS定标数据相当,可以满足定量化应用的需要.     

HJ-1B卫星IRS传感器热红外通道交叉定标

以TERRA卫星中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)传感器热红外通道的星上定标结果为标准,采用交叉定标方法获取HJ-lB卫星红外多光谱相机(IRS)传感器热红外通道定标系数.首先,获取两个传感器的对应通道,利用MODTRAN模拟光谱响应、观测角、大气条件和温度变化对匹配因子的影响.然后确定此研究只考虑对应通道的波谱响应和地表温度差异,并计算出不同地表温度下匹配因子的变化趋势.选择7次不同时间双星同步观测青海湖区域的图像作为交叉定标数据,根据MODIS的辐射亮度和匹配因子计算出IRS传感器热红外通道的辐射亮度,最后,将得到的辐射亮度和DN值进行线性回归,获得IRS热红外通道的定标系数.将此次定标结果与HJ-1B卫星IRS传感器热红外通道星上4次黑体定标结果进行比较,定标结果一致性较好.     

FY—2B气象卫星红外通道发射前实验室定标与在轨辐射定标比较

FY－2B是自旋稳定卫星，红外通道无法进行在轨星上绝对定标，FY－2B发射前的地面实验室定标方案参照了FY－2A在轨环境温度的变化情况，定标结果十分理想，在轨电子学定标数据修正红外通道的量化关系，得到的在轨定标结果与利用青海湖进行的同步场地辐射定标结果非常接近。     

利用TERRA/MODIS对FY-3A/VIRR热红外通道进行交叉定标

针对FY-3A/VIRR传感器定标精度有限,且场地定标机会有限的问题,介绍了利用高精度的TERRA/MODIS 31通道对FY-3A/VIRR 红外4通道进行绝对交叉定标的方法。选用2013年1、3、和9三个月的卫星数据进行了交叉定标计算,并对交叉定标结果进行的验证。结果表明,VIRR利用交叉定标系数计算的通道亮温与MODIS匹配点处的实测结果具有很好的一致性,绝大多数的亮温偏差在1 K以内。对不同月份交叉定标结果进行的验证表明,交叉定标系数具有普遍适用性。     

风云三号气象卫星红外分光计在轨交叉定标精度监测系统

为了满足定量遥感对红外探测仪器定标精度监测的需求,采用风云三号气象卫星红外分光计(IRAS)与国际基准红外高光谱探测仪器进行交叉比对的方法,建立了FY-3C气象卫星红外分光计与高光谱仪器IASI的在轨交叉定标精度监测系统.通过对2014年一年的IRAS观测数据的定标精度监测和分析,结果显示,IRAS与IASI的相关系数均在0.98以上,通道1和18的定标偏差最大,分别为-3.7 K和2.1 K,通道9和16也有超过1K的偏差,其他通道的平均偏差均在1 K以内.地表观测通道8、9、18、19、20由于受卫星观测时空变化频繁的影响偏差标准差较大,在1.5~3 K左右,其他通道观测误差稳定性较好,均在1.5 K以内.通道2、3、4,10~13的定标偏差随目标亮温变化趋势不明显,通道14~20定标偏差随目标亮温变化趋势最强,最低和最高目标亮温对应的定标偏差之间的差别最大可达到5 K.定标偏差的时间序列分析表明大部分通道的定标偏差在一年的时间内保持稳定,变化幅度不超过0.3 K;通道15、19、20的定标偏差变化幅度约为1 K,通道1、14、16、17、18定标偏差一年的变化范围达到2~4 K.总之,在轨交叉定标精度监测系统为实时监测定标精度的变化提供了有效工具,为诊断仪器性能和改进定标方案提供了参考依据.     

MODIS的HJ-1B红外通道星上定标系数交叉验证

HJ-1B卫星自发射以红外通道共进行了7次星上黑体定标,针对星上定标系数的验证工作开展较少,以MODIS第31、32通道为参考源,分别基于光谱响应差异和线性统计关系两种方法对HJ-1B红外通道星上定标系数进行验证.首先,计算两个传感器表观辐亮度的匹配关系,进而计算出HJ-1B红外通道的等效离表亮温,通过与HJ-1B红外通道基于星上定标系数反演得到的离表亮温进行比较,实现对星上定标系数的验证.通过半高宽法、矩方法和查找表法这三种不同的方法计算得到了2009年9月14日星上定标系数.结果表明:三种方法中,查找表法精度较高, 且HJ-1B查找表法星上定标系数反演亮温与基于光谱响应差异和线性统计关系计算的等效亮温偏差较小,分别为0.02 K和0.81 K.这两种交叉验证方法的精度均在1 K以内,证明了该方法的可行性,且基于光谱响应差异的验证方法精度更高.该研究为光学载荷在轨辐射定标的验证提供了理论基础.     

利用MODIS对FY-2E/VISSR红外窗区和水汽通道的交叉绝对辐射定标

介绍了利用高精度的TERRA/MODIS观测资料对FY-2E红外窗区和水汽吸收通道进行绝对交叉定标的方法,并选用2010年5、7和12三个月的卫星数据进行了交叉定标计算.结果表明,交叉定标系数计算亮温与MODIS匹配点处实测结果非常接近,约90％的亮温偏差小于1K,其中高温区结果更稳定,偏差小于低温区,这主要是由于低温区杂散光影响显著造成的.总的说来,借助TERRA/MODIS可以实现对FY-2E/VISSR的高频次高精度的绝对定标,为FY-2E在轨替代定标提供重要的方法基础.     

一种卫星遥感仪器热红外通道在轨绝对辐射定标新方法

利用青海湖水文自动观测浮标系统测得的水表温度和NCEP再分析资料的探空数据对HY-1／COCTS热红外通道进行在轨绝对辐射定标．该方法定标结果与常规场地试验定标结果一致，可以实现对卫星热红外通道的在轨连续场地绝对辐射定标．     

HJ-1B热红外通道探元级星上辐射定标方法研究

HJ-1B热红外通道在轨星上定标精度直接影响着后续遥感数据的定量化应用。以往针对整个通道的星上辐射定标忽视了各个探元的响应差异问题。使用查找表法、半高宽法和矩方法,分别对2009年9月14日星上下传的黑体数据进行处理,得到HJ-1B热红外通道探元级辐射定标结果。分析结果,红外相机热红外通道各探元扫描校正黑体时存在2个DN左右的波动,引入误差约0.28%~0.45%。其中,探元9和10相对其他探元波动范围较大。     

FY-2D红外探测器窗区通道非线性特性及其定标订正方案

利用实验室定标与基于高光谱探测器IASI的交叉匹配样本,分析了FY-2D红外探测器在窗区通道的非线性特征,结果显示,VISSR在信号两端都存在非线性特征,但对低信号端的影响最为显著.与实验室测量结果比较,线性定标在低温端会带来大于10 K的亮温偏差.为了同时保证定标结果的质量及其稳定性,采用分段定标方案,高温端为线性定标而中低温端为非线性.从一致性以及台风个例分析等方面对定标方案进行了验证,分析结果表明,分段定标方案稳定,对低温端的定标精度改进显著,与线性结果比较台风监测亮温精度提升大于7K.     

Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ absolute radiometric calibration using the reflectance-based method

The reflectance-based method of vicarious calibration has been used for the absolute radiometric calibration of the Landsat series of sensors since the launch of Landsat-4. The reflectance-based method relies on ground-based measurements of the surface reflectance and atmospheric conditions at a selected test site nearly coincident with the imaging of that site by the sensor of interest. The results of this approach are presented here for Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). The data have been collected by two groups, one from the University of Arizona and the other from South Dakota State University. The test sites used by the University of Arizona group for this work are the Railroad Valley Playa, Lunar Lake Playa, and Roach Lake Playa all of which are in Nevada, Ivanpah Playa in California, and White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. The test site for the South Dakota State group is a grass site in Brookings, SD. The gains derived from dates using these sites spanning the period from 1984 to 2003 are presented for TM and for the period of 1999 to 2003 for ETM+. Differences between the two groups are less than the combined uncertainties of the methods, and the data are thus treated as a single dataset. The results of these vicarious data indicate that there has been no degradation apparent in TM since 1995 and in ETM+ since launch. Agreement between the reflectance-based results and the preflight calibration of ETM+ is better than 4% in all bands, and the standard deviation of the average difference indicates a precision of the reflectance-based method on the order of 3%.     

Landsat-7 ETM+ on-orbit reflective-band radiometric stability and absolute calibration

Launched in April 1999, the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) instrument is in its sixth year of operation. The ETM+ instrument has been the most stable of any of the Landsat instruments. To date, the best onboard calibration source for the reflective bands has been the Full Aperture Solar Calibrator, a solar-diffuser-based system, which has indicated changes of between 1% to 2% per year in the ETM+ gain for bands 1-4 and 8 and less than 0.5%/year for bands 5 and 7. However, most of this change is believed to be caused by changes in the solar diffuser panel, as opposed to a change in the instrument's gain. This belief is based partially on vicarious calibrations and observations of "invariant sites", hyperarid sites of the Sahara and Arabia. Weighted average slopes determined from these datasets suggest changes of 0.0% to 0.4% per year for bands 1-4 and 8 and 0.4% to 0.5% per year for bands 5 and 7. Absolute calibration of the reflective bands of the ETM+ is consistent with vicarious observations and other sensors generally at the 5% level, though there appear to be some systematic differences.     

Landsat-7 ETM+ on-orbit reflective-band radiometric characterization

The Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) has been and continues to be radiometrically characterized using the Image Assessment System (IAS), a component of the Landsat-7 Ground System. Key radiometric properties analyzed include: overall, coherent, and impulse noise; bias stability; relative gain stability; and other artifacts. The overall instrument noise is characterized across the dynamic range of the instrument during solar diffuser deployments. Less than 1% per year increases are observed in signal-independent (dark) noise levels, while signal-dependent noise is stable with time. Several coherent noise sources exist in ETM+ data with scene-averaged magnitudes of up to 0.4 DN, and a noise component at 20 kHz whose magnitude varies across the scan and peaks at the image edges. Bit-flip noise does not exist on the ETM+. However, impulse noise due to charged particle hits on the detector array has been discovered. The instrument bias is measured every scan line using a shutter. Most bands show less than 0.1 DN variations in bias across the instrument lifetime. The panchromatic band is the exception, where the variation approaches 2 DN and is related primarily to temperature. The relative gains of the detectors, i.e., each detector's gain relative to the band average gain, have been stable to /spl plusmn/0.1% over the mission life. Two exceptions to this stability include band 2 detector 2, which dropped about 1% in gain about 3.5 years after launch and stabilized, and band 7 detector 5, which has changed several tenths of a percent several times since launch. Memory effect and scan-correlated shift, a hysteresis and a random change in bias between multiple states, respectively, both of which have been observed in previous Thematic Mapper sensors, have not been convincingly found in ETM+ data. Two artifacts, detector ringing and "oversaturation", affect a small amount of ETM+ data.     

Cross calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and EO-1 ALI sensor

As part of the Earth Observer 1 (EO-1) Mission, the Advanced Land Imager (ALI) demonstrates a potential technological direction for Landsat Data Continuity Missions. To evaluate ALI's capabilities in this role, a cross-calibration methodology has been developed using image pairs from the Landsat-7 (L7) Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and EO-1 (ALI) to verify the radiometric calibration of ALI with respect to the well-calibrated L7 ETM+ sensor. Results have been obtained using two different approaches. The first approach involves calibration of nearly simultaneous surface observations based on image statistics from areas observed simultaneously by the two sensors. The second approach uses vicarious calibration techniques to compare the predicted top-of-atmosphere radiance derived from ground reference data collected during the overpass to the measured radiance obtained from the sensor. The results indicate that the relative sensor chip assemblies gains agree with the ETM+ visible and near-infrared bands to within 2% and the shortwave infrared bands to within 4%.     

FY-3B MERSI短波红外波段温度响应与在轨定标分析

风云三号B星(FY-3B)中分辨率光谱成像仪(Medium resolution spectral imager, MERSI)的两个短波红外波段(1.64和2.13 $\mu$m) 采用光伏碲铬汞探测器,由于辐冷问题导致短波红外波段探测器的实际工作温度远高于设计值,影响了其在轨辐射特性。 对处于高温工作状态的FY-3B MERSI短波红外波段的长时间序列在轨辐射特性进行了较为系统的研究分析。采用冷空观测和 遥测温度时间序列数据开展了工作温度对遥感器响应的影响分析,发现短波红外波段的冷空值与探测器温度之间存在正 相关关系。采用线性模型描述仪器响应的温度依赖性,获得了温度校正因子;温度每变化1度, 1.64和2.13 $\mu$m波段冷空观 测值分别变化约0.7\%和5\%。进行温度校正后,冷空观测时间序列的波动显著降低。采用全球多目标定标方法获得了 短波红外波段的在轨辐射响应变化,在参考温度下,2011年11月至2016年12月,1.64和2.13 $\mu$m波段的总衰减分别 约为6\%和11\%。通过与Aqua中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer, MODIS)的 多年交叉比对分析,发现不管是否在定标过程中进行温度校正,采用基于长时间序列趋势建模的日定标更新后MERSI 与MODIS的辐射偏差较为稳定,可以满足7\%的定标指标要求。     

Evaluation and Comparison of the IRS-P6 and the Landsat Sensors

The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-P6), also called ResourceSat-1, was launched in a polar sun-synchronous orbit on October 17, 2003. It carries three sensors: the high-resolution Linear Imaging Self-Scanner (LISS-IV), the medium-resolution Linear Imaging Self-Scanner (LISS-III), and the Advanced Wide-Field Sensor (AWiFS). These three sensors provide images of different resolutions and coverage. To understand the absolute radiometric calibration accuracy of IRS-P6 AWiFS and LISS-III sensors, image pairs from these sensors were compared to images from the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat-7 Enhanced TM Plus (ETM+) sensors. The approach involves calibration of surface observations based on image statistics from areas observed nearly simultaneously by the two sensors. This paper also evaluated the viability of data from these next-generation imagers for use in creating three National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) products: land cover, percent tree canopy, and percent impervious surface. Individual products were consistent with previous studies but had slightly lower overall accuracies as compared to data from the Landsat sensors.     

Landsat sensor performance: history and current status

The current Thematic Mapper (TM) class of Landsat sensors began with Landsat-4, which was launched in 1982. This series continued with the nearly identical sensor on Landsat-5, launched in 1984. The final sensor in the series was the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), which was carried into orbit in 1999. Varying degrees of effort have been devoted to the characterization of these instruments and data over the past 22 years. Extensive short-lived efforts early in the history, very limited efforts in the middle years, and now a systematic program for continuing characterization of all three systems are apparent. Currently, both the Landsat-5 TM and the Landsat-7 ETM+ are operational and providing data. Despite 20+ years of operation, the TM on Landsat-5 is fully functional, although downlinks for the data are limited. Landsat-7 ETM+ experienced a failure of its Scan Line Corrector mechanism in May 2003. Although there are gaps in the data coverage, the data remain of equivalent quality to prefailure data. Data products have been developed to fill these gaps using other ETM+ scenes.     

Landsat-5 TM reflective-band absolute radiometric calibration

The Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor provides the longest running continuous dataset of moderate spatial resolution remote sensing imagery, dating back to its launch in March 1984. Historically, the radiometric calibration procedure for this imagery used the instrument's response to the Internal Calibrator (IC) on a scene-by-scene basis to determine the gain and offset of each detector. Due to observed degradations in the IC, a new procedure was implemented for U.S.-processed data in May 2003. This new calibration procedure is based on a lifetime radiometric calibration model for the instrument's reflective bands (1-5 and 7) and is derived, in part, from the IC response without the related degradation effects and is tied to the cross calibration with the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus. Reflective-band absolute radiometric accuracy of the instrument tends to be on the order of 7% to 10%, based on a variety of calibration methods.     

FY-4A多通道扫描辐射成像仪评价与图像合成

风云四号卫星发射后,开展了卫星在轨评价工作.采用刃边法对太阳反射通道进行在轨MTF评价,结果表明,多通道扫描辐射成像仪各反射通道在轨MTF分别达到了0.14、0.17和0.22以上,符合仪器指标要求;利用面源黑体对红外通道噪声进行评价,结果表明多通道扫描辐射成像仪性能稳定,噪声大小只与辐冷温度有关,目标温度300 K时主要红外通道噪声优于0.2 K,最优通道达到了0.06 K;为准确检验红外定标精度,采用GSICS方法对红外通道业务定标结果进行检验,GSICS检验显示定标精度优于1 K,最优通道达到了0.3 K@290 K.为充分发挥多通道扫描辐射成像仪多通道联合应用效能,根据多通道扫描辐射成像仪反射通道的响应特点,在没有符合人眼红绿蓝响应通道的情况下,提出了新的真彩色图像合成方法,生成了符合人眼效果的真彩色明显.