Polarization phase-shifting interferometric technique for complete evaluation of birefringence

A full-field technique for simultaneous measurement of the magnitude of birefringence and its orientation is presented. This is achieved using a monolithic birefringence sensitive interferometer where the interference fringes carry the information of both the birefringence phase and the orientation of the fast axis of an optically transmissive anisotropic material placed at the output of the interferometer. The interferometer consists of a suitably polarization-masked cube beam splitter, orientated as in the Gates interferometer, which serves to generate a pair of orthogonally polarized and collinearly propagating light beams. Experimental results are obtained through an algorithm incorporating eight polarization phase-shifted interferograms.     

多模增益光纤受激布里渊散组束中散射效果的研究

提出了在计算多模增益光纤有效受激布里渊增益系数时,以优化的高斯模场面积作为光纤有效截面积的方法,并基于光强耦合微分方程,研究了多模增益光纤稳态受激布里渊散射的效果.结果表明,无论是一阶还是二阶受激布里渊散射,随着泵浦功率的增加,残余的泵浦功率都将达到饱和,而Stokes功率都线性增加;二阶Stokes功率相对较弱;光纤的有效长度随泵浦功率的增加逐渐减小.     

基于STFT和DBN的高压电缆瓷套式终端液位智能检测

瓷套式高压电缆终端内部液态介质关乎高压电缆的运行安全,其内液位定时检测可以有效排除因介质泄露引起的安全隐患。该文提出一种基于STFT和DBN的瓷套式高压电缆终端液位智能检测方法。首先,对超声兰姆波信号进行信号分割,并通过短时傅里叶变换获取分段信号的时频表示;然后,提取分段时频信号的有效值、峰峰值、峭度和波形因子等统计特征;最后将提取的特征作为深度置信网络模型的输入,并将液位分为15个区间作为网络输出。实验训练迭代5 000次时,所提方法的液位识别准确率为92%;当训练迭代10 000次时,测试正确率达到100%。实验结果表明,该方法可以准确地识别液位的高度范围,并提供一定的维护指导。     

Polarization independent thermally tunable erbium-doped fiber amplifier gain equalizer using a cascaded Mach-Zehnder coupler

A thermally tunable erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) gain equalizer filter based on compact point symmetric cascaded Mach-Zehnder (CMZ) coupler is presented with its mathematical model and is found to be polarization dependent due to stress anisotropy caused by local heating for thermo-optic phase change from its mathematical analysis. A thermo-optic delay line structure with a stress releasing groove is proposed and designed for the reduction of polarization dependent characteristics of the high index contrast point symmetric delay line structure of the device. It is found from thermal analysis by using an implicit finite difference method that temperature gradients of the proposed structure, which mainly causes the release of stress anisotropy, is approximately nine times more than that of the conventional structure. It is also seen that the EDFA gain equalized spectrum by using the point symmetric CMZ device based on the proposed structure is almost polarization independent.     

Fourier transform technique with frequency filtering for optical thin-film design

A Fourier analysis of existing and potentially complex refractive index profiles is often useful in the resolution of thin-film design problems. Applications of a frequency-filtering technique, which consists of the suppression of undesired spatial frequencies from the refractive index profiles, are described. A new, extremely simple antireflection coating synthesis method based on this concept is proposed.     

Analysis of fiber blends using horizontal attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared and discriminant analysis

We have investigated the utility of a horizontal attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (HATR/FT-IR) for the analysis of fiber and textile blends. The identification of a blended textile can be accomplished by subtracting a reference spectrum of the textile's most abundant component, leading to a difference spectrum that infers the identity of the second constituent of the blended textile. Mathematical post-processing of the spectra employing discriminant analysis provided a useful statistical tool to confirm the fiber blend components.     

Limitations of the potential step technique to impedance measurements using discrete time Fourier transform

Recently, a new method of measuring impedance of electrochemical systems was proposed in the literature by Yoo and Park (Yoo, J.-S.; Park, S.-M. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 2035). It is based on the analysis of system response to a potential step. Differentiation of the applied potential step and the current response in the time domain followed by applying Fourier transform to both signals allows for determination of the system's impedance. It has been proposed that the measurements carried out in a short time period permit the determination of the system's impedance in the whole frequency range. The aim of the present work was to verify the validity of the impedance spectra obtained using this method, as well as to establish the conditions for which the method may be used. This method was tested using simulated data for a simple ideally polarized electrode and a simple one-electron redox system in the solution. The results show that the reliable impedance spectra may be obtained only for frequencies between 1/(NDeltat) and 1/(2Deltat), where Deltat denotes the sampling time and N is the number of points acquired during the experiment. However, the artifacts are generated when the experimental data are extrapolated to lower frequencies.     

Structural characterization of BDN-SOH LB films using small angle XRD and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy

We investigated the structure of BDN(bis(4-diethylaminodithiobenzil) Nickel)-SOH(Stearyl alcohol) Langmuir-Blodgett films using small angle X-ray diffraction and polarized FTIR spectroscopy. The results show that the microcrystal domains formed on the surface of LB film resemble a well-laminated periodic structure with a molecular spacing of 2.56 nm. Meanwhile, the tilted angles of the molecules of SOH and BDN are about 30°, referring to the normal direction of the sample surface, as determined by our XRD and FTIR studies.     

Capillary isoelectric focusing-electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for protein characterization

On-line combination of capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) with electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI-FTICR) mass spectrometry is demonstrated for high-resolution analysis of model proteins, human hemoglobin variants, and Escherichia coli proteins. The acquisition of high-resolution mass spectra of hemoglobin beta chains allows direct identification of hemoglobin variants A and C, differing in molecular mass by 1 Da. Direct mass determination of cellular proteins separated in the CIEF capillary is achieved using their isotopic envelopes obtained from ESI-FTICR. The factors which dictate overall performance of CIEF-ESI-FTICR, including duty cycle, mass resolution, scan rate, and sensitivity, are discussed in the context of protein variants and cell lysates analyzed in this study.     

Fourier transform technique with refinement in the frequency domain for the synthesis of optical thin films

An optical thin-film synthesis technique combining a Fourier transform approach with the refinement of design parameters in the Fourier space is proposed. The theory and numerical examples are described.     

Preparation and in situ characterization of surfaces using soft landing in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer

Mass-selected peptide ions produced by electrospray ionization were deposited onto fluorinated self-assembled monolayer surfaces (FSAM) surfaces by soft landing using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) specially designed for studying interactions of large ions with surfaces. Analysis of the modified surface was performed in situ by combining 2-keV Cs+ secondary ion mass spectrometry with FT-ICR detection of the sputtered ions (FT-ICR-SIMS). Regardless of the initial charge state of the precursor ion, the SIMS mass spectra included singly protonated peptide ion, peptide fragment ions, and peaks characteristic of the surface in all cases. In some experiments, multiply protonated peptide ions and [M + Au]+ ions were also observed upon SIMS analysis of modified surfaces. For comparison with the in situ analysis of the modified surfaces, ex situ analysis of some of the modified surfaces was performed by 25-keV Ga+ time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). The ex situ analysis demonstrated that a significant number of soft-landed peptide ions remain charged on the surface even when exposed to air for several hours after deposition. Charge retention of soft-landed ions dramatically increases the ion yields obtained during SIMS analysis and enables very sensitive detection of deposited material at less than 1% of monolayer coverage. Accumulation of charged species on the surface undergoes saturation due to coulomb repulsion between charges at close to 30% coverage. We estimated that close to 1 ng of peptide could be deposited on the spot area of 4 mm2 of the FSAM surface without reaching saturation.     

Top-down approaches for measuring expression ratios of intact yeast proteins using Fourier transform mass spectrometry

The extension of quantitation methods for small peptides to ions above 5 kDa, and eventually to global quantitative proteomics of intact proteins, will require extensive refinement of current analytical approaches. Here we evaluate postgrowth Cys-labeling and 14N/15N metabolic labeling strategies for determination of relative protein expression levels and their posttranslational modifications using top-down mass spectrometry (MS). We show that intact proteins that are differentially alkylated with acrylamide (+71 Da) versus iodoacetamide (+57 Da) have substantial chromatographic shifts during reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation (particularly in peak tails), indicating a requirement for stable isotopes in alkylation tags for top-down MS. In the 14N/15N metabolic labeling strategy, we achieve 98% 15N incorporation in yeast grown 10 generations under aerobic conditions and determine 50 expression ratios using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS in comparing these cells to anaerobically grown control (14N) cells. We devise quantitative methods for top-down analyses, including a correction factor for accurate protein ratio determination based upon the signal-to-noise ratio. Using a database of 200 yeast protein forms identified previously by top-down MS, we verify the intact mass tag concept for protein identification without tandem MS. Overall, we find that top-down MS promises work flows capable of large-scale proteome profiling using stable isotope labeling and the determination of >5 protein ratios per spectrum.     

Filter implementation technique for multicriteria characterization of coding domains in the joint transform correlator

An improved method for implementing correlation filters in the joint transform correlator architecture is proposed. We derived the method from computer-generated holography techniques. It allows us to use any correlation filters, especially ones that provide an optimal trade-off between noise robustness, peak sharpness, and optical efficiency, with any spatial light modulator (SLM). This method also allows for an objective comparison of the performance of the coding domains of various SLM's.     

Experimental geometry for simultaneous beam characterization and sample imaging allowing for pink beam Fourier transform holography or coherent diffractive imaging

One consequence of the self-amplified stimulated emission process used to generate x rays in free electron lasers (FELs) is the intrinsic shot-to-shot variance in the wavelength and temporal coherence. In order to optimize the results from diffractive imaging experiments at FEL sources, it will be advantageous to acquire a means of collecting coherence and spectral information simultaneously with the diffraction pattern from the sample we wish to study. We present a holographic mask geometry, including a grating structure, which can be used to extract both temporal and spatial coherence information alongside the sample scatter from each individual FEL shot and also allows for the real space reconstruction of the sample using either Fourier transform holography or iterative phase retrieval.     

Characterization of plasmonic hole arrays as transparent electrical contacts for organic photovoltaics using high-brightness Fourier transform methods

We present a methodology for probing light-matter interactions in prototype photovoltaic devices consisting of an organic semiconductor active layer with a semitransparent metal electrical contact exhibiting surface plasmon-based enhanced optical transmission. We achieve high-spectral irradiance in a spot size of less than 100?μm using a high-brightness laser-driven light source and appropriate coupling optics. Spatially resolved Fourier transform photocurrent spectroscopy in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions allows us to measure external quantum efficiency with high sensitivity in small-area devices (<1?mm²). This allows for rapid fabrication of variable-pitch sub-wavelength hole arrays in metal films for use as transparent electrical contacts, and evaluation of the evanescent and propagating mode coupling to resonances in the active layer.     

A damage identification technique for CF/EP composite laminates using distributed piezoelectric transducers

In this study, a damage identification approach was developed for carbon fibre/epoxy composite laminates with localized internal delamination. Propagation of the Lamb wave in laminates and its interaction with the delamination were examined. The fundamental symmetric Lamb wave mode, S₀, and the lowest order shear wave mode, S₀^′, were chosen to predict damage location. A real-time active diagnosis system was therefore established. This technique uses distributed piezoelectric transducers to generate and monitor the ultrasonic Lamb wave with narrowband frequency. The two-way switches were employed to minimize the number of transducers. A signal-processing scheme based on the time–frequency spectrographic analysis was utilised to extract useful diagnostic information. Also, an optimal identification method was applied on damage searching procedure to reduce errors and obtain the diagnostic results promptly. Experiments were conducted on [0/−45/45/90]_s CF/EP laminates to verify this diagnosis system. The results obtained show that satisfactory detection accuracy could be achieved.     

Discrete Fourier Transform as applicable technique in electrochemical detection of hydrazine using multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyacrylonitrile ceramic fiber as working electrode

Effect of “Discrete Fourier Transform” (DFT) is studied for electrochemical detection of some electroactive species using multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyacrylonitrile ceramic fiber as ultra micro electrode. Based on DFT theory, two independent phases i.e. the imaginary and real phases are evaluated during the oxidation/reduction of the quasi-reversible or irreversible electroactive species, revealing the independent components of imaginary (I_Imaginary) and real (I_Real) currents. The results show that, in different electrochemical modes such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), the contribution of DFT to the electrochemical signals significantly improves the detection limit of the electrochemical technique. More sensitive signals are obtained at high scan rates according to the combination of electrochemical techniques with the DFT theory. The reliability of DFT algorithm was evaluated for rapid determination of trace amount of hydrazine (N₂H₄) at a scan rate up to 800 V s^? 1. In this study, the amounts of phase and amplitude were estimated to 1.69 and 31.57, respectively. The detection limit of hydrazine was 4.13 × 10^? 9 M. The application of this technique was also evaluated for determination of hydrazine in different industrial wastewater samples.