Adiabatic nanofocusing scattering-type optical nanoscopy of individual gold nanoparticles

We explore imaging of local electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of metallic nanoparticles using a grating-coupled scattering-type near-field scanning optical microscope. In this microscope, propagating surface plasmon polariton wavepackets are launched onto smooth gold tapers where they are adiabatically focused toward the nanometer-sized taper apex. We report two-dimensional raster-scanned optical images showing pronounced near-field contrast and demonstrating sub-30 nm resolution imaging of localized surface plasmon polariton fields of spherical and elliptical nanoparticles. By comparison to three-dimensional finite-difference time domain simulations, we conclude that virtually background-free near-field imaging is achieved. The microscope combines deep subwavelength resolution, high local field intensities and a straightforward imaging contrast, making it interesting for a variety of applications in linear and nonlinear nanospectroscopy.     

不依赖于子波的声波多尺度全波形反演方法

伴随着油气勘探目标复杂性的日益增加,对速度场建模和成像方法都提出了更高的要求。声波介质下的全波形反演方法是现阶段精度最高的速度场建模方法,在复杂介质速度场建模方面具有一定的应用前景。然而,传统的波形反演方法对地震子波的准确性具有较高的依赖性,并且在地震数据主频较高的情况下难以得到有效的反演结果。为此,基于声波方程,通过修改维纳滤波器,通过利用参考道构建滤波器,提出了一种不依赖于子波的全波形反演方法,能够有效避免波形反演对子波的依赖性。由于滤波器目标子波选取较为自由,该方法可以与多尺度反演策略有机结合,实现频率由低到高的递进反演,能够进一步提高反演的稳定性。理论分析和模型试算证明,采用不依赖于子波的多尺度反演方法能够有效避免子波提取问题,在子波错误的情况下可以得到准确的反演结果,并且能够在保证反演稳定性的基础上提高反演精度,反演效果优于传统的波形反演方法。     

Femtosecond dispersion compensation with multilayer coatings: toward the optical octave

Dispersive multilayer coatings have found widespread use, particularly in the compensation of material dispersion in femtosecond oscillators and amplifiers. Other than prism or grating sequences, only chirped mirrors allow for the compensation of a much more general spectral dependence of the dispersion. The current state of the art in ultrabroadband mirror design for dispersion compensation is reviewed. Approaches to expand the utility of chirped-mirror coatings toward the coverage of an even-wider bandwidth beyond the optical octave are discussed.     

Femtosecond laser deposited zinc oxide film and its optical properties

Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films have been grown on Si (100) substrates using a femto-second pulsed laser deposition (fsPLD) technique. The effects of substrate temperature and laser energy on the structural, surface morphological and optical properties of the films are discussed. The X-ray diffraction results show that the films are highly c-axis oriented when grown at 80 °C and (103)-oriented at 500 °C. In the laser energy range of 1.0 mJ-2.0 mJ, the c-axis orientation increases and the mean grain size decreases for the films deposited at 80 °C. The field emission scanning electron microscopy indicates that the films have a typical hexagonal structure. The optical transmissivity results show that the transmittance increases with the increasing substrate temperature. In addition, the photoluminescence spectra excited with 325 nm light at room temperature are studied. The structural properties of ZnO films grown using nanosecond (KrF) laser are also discussed.     

Femtosecond Z-scan measurements of nonlinear refraction in nonlinear optical crystals

We report an investigation of third-order optical nonlinearities in several nonlinear optical crystals using the Z-scan technique with femtosecond laser pulses at 780 nm wavelength. The crystals studied include LiNbO₃:MgO, KTiOAsO₄, KTiOPO₄, β-BaB₂O₄ and LiB₃O₅, which are extensively used for ultrashort-pulse second-harmonic generation and optical parametric oscillation. The nonlinear refractive index n₂ in these crystals has been determined to be in the range from 10⁻¹⁶ to 10⁻¹⁵ cm²/W. No two-photon absorption has been observed. The experimental results are compared with the two-band model for the bound electronic Kerr nonlinearity. It is shown that the measured n₂ values in β-BaB₂O₄ and LiB₃O₅ are one order of magnitude smaller than those of LiNbO₃:MgO, KTiOAsO₄, KTiOPO₄, which is in agreement with the theoretical prediction.     

Femtosecond optical parametric oscillators based on periodically poled lithium niobate

Abstract

We describe two configurations of collinearly pumped femtosecond optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled lithium niobate and tunable in the infrared from 975 nm to 4.98 μm. Maximum output powers of 240 mW for the signal and 106 mW for the idler were recorded with 25 mW of average power measured at 4.88 μm. An overall conversion efficiency of 35% and slope efficiencies for the signal of 46% at a wavelength of 1.04 μm and 70% at 1.1 μm were measured. Interferometric autocorrelations of the signal and idler pulses at various wavelengths within the tuning range have been obtained and imply nearly transform-limited pulse durations of about 140fs for the signal and about 190fs for the idler.     

Adaptive PID control scheme for full car suspension control

The objective of this paper is to design an adaptive proportional, integral, and derivative (APID) control strategy for a full car active suspension system. A nonlinear full car model is used to capture all the dynamics of a real vehicle suspension system. A vehicle’s stability and ride comfort is affected by road disturbances and can be improved by using an APID-based active suspension system. This paper presents performance assessment of the vehicle suspension system in terms of displacement and acceleration of seat, heave, pitch, and roll. The update parameters of APID are tuned online using the gradient descent method. The convergence of the proposed technique is guaranteed in the closed-loop control system. Simulation results show that the APID control scheme improves the convergence speed and robustness of the APID control strategy significantly for an active suspension system.     

Noncontact optical imaging in mice with full angular coverage and automatic surface extraction

During the past decade, optical imaging combined with tomographic approaches has proved its potential in offering quantitative three-dimensional spatial maps of chromophore or fluorophore concentration in vivo. Due to its direct application in biology and biomedicine, diffuse optical tomography (DOT) and its fluorescence counterpart, fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT), have benefited from an increase in devoted research and new experimental and theoretical developments, giving rise to a new imaging modality. The most recent advances in FMT and DOT are based on the capability of collecting large data sets by using CCDs as detectors, and on the ability to include multiple projections through recently developed noncontact approaches. For these to be implemented, we have developed an imaging setup that enables three-dimensional imaging of arbitrary shapes in fluorescence or absorption mode that is appropriate for small animal imaging. This is achieved by implementing a noncontact approach both for sources and detectors and coregistering surface geometry measurements using the same CCD camera. A thresholded shadowgrammetry approach is applied to the geometry measurements to retrieve the surface mesh. We present the evaluation of the system and method in recovering three-dimensional surfaces from phantom data and live mice. The approach is used to map the measured in vivo fluorescence data onto the tissue surface by making use of the free-space propagation equations, as well as to reconstruct fluorescence concentrations inside highly scattering tissuelike phantom samples. Finally, the potential use of this setup for in vivo small animal imaging and its impact on biomedical research is discussed.     

Time domain synthesis of electro-optical birefringent system for optical waveform generation

In this paper is described a novel technique for producing an electro-optical intensity synthesizer which can generate different periodic time domain waveforms through only sine or cosine wave applied-voltages. The synthesizer presented here consists of a series of stages between two polarizers, with each stage consisting of an electro-optic element and a compensator. Every electro-optical element has the same applied-voltage function but different azimuth angles and ratios between the longitudinal and transverse lengths. The main principle is the synthesis of an electro-optic effect and a polarization interference effect in the time domain. This technique is based on an expanded Fourier positive-direction searching algorithm, which can not only simplify the calculation process but also produces many choices of structural parameters for different waveforms generation. A three-stage synthesis of an electro-optical birefringent system for continuous square waveform is undertaken to prove the principle.     

一种全光纤电子电压互感器的研究

基于石英晶体的逆压电效应,研制出一种双模干涉式的电子电压互感器。该互感器利用两个低阶模的干涉原理改善了电压互感器的性能,为消除外界干扰、提高系统的测量精度提供理论根据。实验表明：在．40℃～＋40℃的温度范围内,互感器能达到0.2级的准确度。     

Femtosecond optical parametric generation of noncollinear phase matching for a biaxial crystal

In an optical parametric generation of a femtosecond pulse for a biaxial crystal, the interaction of three waves can be used as a model of noncollinear phase matching in which the group velocities of the interacting pulses are suitably linked to each other. For satisfaction of group-velocity matching, the tunable parametric generation of femtosecond pulses must use noncollinear phase matching. We consider three conditions of group-velocity matching for femtosecond pulses. Signal and idler pulses can be obtained when the coupled-wave equations, including the group-velocity mismatch and group-velocity dispersion effects, are solved. A Fourier method is an effective method for solving the equations, and from the solution of the equations the relation between duration of output pulses and wavelengths can be obtained. In a comparison of collinear and noncollinear matches, when the latter is group-velocity matched, the duration of its outpulses are smaller, and the outpulses can be continually tuned from the visible to the mid-infrared.     

逆变GMAW焊机短路过渡波形控制研究

为了实现对GMAW焊短路过渡过程精确和优化控制,首先研究短路过渡不同阶段的熔滴过渡过程,在充分利用IGBT逆变GMAW焊机优异的动态响应性能的基础上,研究了多种不同的短路过渡波形控制方式,并提出一种短路燃弧状态控制法.当短路发生后,电流先保持在一较低值,然后以斜率可以调节的双折线规律上升.在燃弧阶段,调节控制回路参数,控制燃弧电流的变化速度,保证充足的燃弧能量.实验表明,采用该种控制方式的GMAW电源可以有效的减少焊接飞溅,改善工艺性能.     

Toward full spatiotemporal control on the nanoscale

We introduce an approach to implement full coherent control on nanometer length scales. It is based on spatiotemporal modulation of the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) fields at the thick edge of a nanowedge. The SPP wavepackets propagating toward the sharp edge of this nanowedge are compressed and adiabatically concentrated at a nanofocus, forming an ultrashort pulse of local fields. The profile of the focused waveform as a function of time and one spatial dimension is completely coherently controlled.     

Femtosecond laser-induced permanent anisotropy in bacteriorhodopsin films and applications in optical data storage

In polymeric films of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) a photoconversion product named F₅₄₀-state, which is excited by 790 nm femtosecond laser pulses, is stable either for photochemical reaction or thermal pathway. The optical properties of the F₅₄₀-state were studied, and Jones-matrix theory was adopted to analyze the photoinduced anisotropy of the F₅₄₀-state. Based on the permanently photoinduced anisotropy, write-once-read-many (WORM) optical data storage was demonstrated by using two polarization states of femtosecond pulsed laser. Since the polarization information is also written on the storage media, it is impossible to copy it in a common way. This storage technique has a potential application in advanced optical security.     

Phase series echography with prior waveform distortion for evaluating posterior waveform distortion

We describe a pulse-echo ultrasound method for measuring nonlinear waveform distortion. First, two artificially distorted ultrasound pulses, one of which is transformed into the other by using a linear transform, are prepared prior to the measurement. The linear relationship does not hold for nonlinear propagation. Second, different initial-phase versions of the two pulses are separately transmitted to a specimen one after another, then the echoes with the same turnaround time are placed in order of the initial phase. The placed echoes, called a phase series, have complete information on the posterior waveform distortion. We formulate a waveform distortion index by using these two techniques. The waveform distortion index has a monotonic increasing relationship with the nonlinear parameter B/A. As an example application, we performed tissue characterization of boiled eggs. As a result, egg whites and yolks were clearly distinguished. This method should be useful for biological tissue characterization.     

飞秒激光玻璃微加工技术

为了研究飞秒激光作用下光学玻璃内部发生的改性过程,利用重复频率为1kHz、中心波长为775am、脉宽为130fs的飞秒激光对光学玻璃进行微加工．结果表明,激光辐照区发生永久性折射率改变,并且玻璃的改性线宽随着激光功率的增加而增加,随激光扫描速度的降低而增加．根据飞秒激光致使光学玻璃发生改性的特点,利用飞秒激光在光学玻璃内部直接刻写了相位光栅和二维图案,研究了相位光栅的衍射特性．     

Near-field optical imaging of flagellar filaments of salmonella in water with optical feedback control

We report on the high-resolution observation of biological samples in water with a collection-mode near-field optical microscope (c-mode NOM) operating under optical feedback control. With rapidly decreasing evanescent field power used as the feedback signal, for the first time to our knowledge, an image of straight-type flagellar filaments of salmonella in water has been obtained. The estimated diameter of a single filament is around 55 nm with a pixel size of 10 nm. A comparison with its nominal value of 25 nm obtained from electron microscope observations under high vacuum confirms that our c-mode NOM performs high-resolution imaging in water.     

一种多普勒宽容的多址波形

提出了一种具有多址特性、对多普勒宽容的主动波形．HFM-Costas波形。这种波形是通过将宽带双曲调频波形在时间上切分为子脉冲,再根据Costas阵列编码重新排列而成．它结合了Costas编码的多址特性和双曲调频信号的多普勒宽容性。这种波形适于采用相干．非相干混合接收机进行处理,接收机结构简单,计算量小,检测鲁棒性好。详细说明了这种波形的生成方法、相应混合接收机结构,并分析了该波形的主要特性。最后．通过湖上试验进行了验证。