Dynamic tensile behaviour and crack propagation of coal under coupled static-dynamic loading

The fracture behaviour and crack propagation features of coal under coupled static-dynamic loading conditions are important when evaluating the dynamic failure of coal. In this study, coupled static-dynamic loading tests are conducted on Brazilian disc(BD) coal specimens using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB). The effects of the static axial pre-stress and loading rate on the dynamic tensile strength and crack propagation characteristics of BD coal specimens are studied. The average dynamic indirect tensile strength of coal specimens increases first and then decreases with the static axial pre-stress increasing. When no static axial pre-stress is applied, or the static axial pre-stress is 30% of the static tensile strength, the dynamic indirect tensile strength of coal specimens shows an increase trend as the loading rate increases. When the static axial pre-stress is 60% of the static tensile strength, the dynamic indirect tensile strength shows a fluctuant trend as the loading rate increases. According to the crack propagation process of coal specimens recorded by high-speed camera, the impact velocity influences the mode of crack propagation, while the static axial pre-stress influences the direction of crack propagation. The failure of coal specimens is a coupled tensile-shear failure under high impact velocity.When there is no static axial pre-stress, tensile cracks occur in the vertical loading direction. When the static axial pre-stress is applied, the number of cracks perpendicular to the loading direction decreases,and more cracks occur in the parallel loading direction.     

Catastrophe model and its experimental verification of static loading rock system under impact load

According to the catastrophe model for impact buckling of static loading structures, a new catastrophe model for impact loading failure of a static loading rock system was established, and one dimension （1D） catastrophe model was analyzed. The analysis results indicate that the furcation collection where catastrophe may take place is not only decided by mechanical system itself but also relates to exterior loading, which is different from the results obtained under mono-static loading where the bifurcation collection is only determined by mechanics of the system itself and has nothing to do with exterior loading. In addition, the corresponding 1D coupled static-dynamic loading experiment is designed to verify the analysis results of catastrophe model. The test is done with Instron 1342 electroservo controlled testing system, in which medium strain rate is caused by monotony rising dynamic load. The parameters are obtained combining theoretical model with experiment. The experimental and theoretical curves of critical dynamic load vs static load are rather coincided, thus the new model is proved to be correct.     

三维动静组合加载下花岗岩能量耗散试验研究

利用改造的三维霍普金森试验系统(split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB),选取4个轴压水平(25, 50, 75和100 MPa)和4个围压水平(0, 5, 10和15 MPa),对应开展4种应变率(约70, 90, 110和130 s^-1)下花岗岩三维动静组合加载试验研究,分析静载轴压、静载围压和应变率对花岗岩受冲击过程中能量耗散的影响规律,并讨论其破坏模式。试验结果表明:轴压增大时,花岗岩破坏时单位体积吸收能逐渐降低;围压或应变率增大时,单位体积吸收能逐渐升高。岩石储能极限在能量耗散过程中发挥关键作用,且不同情况下具体表现不同:储能极限与初始储能的差值影响岩石受冲击时的吸能值;当岩石在静载下进入损伤阶段初期时,储能极限与初始储能的比值决定岩石受冲击时的释能值;当岩石在静载下进入损伤阶段后期甚至发生屈服时,储能极限值正比于岩石释能值。此外,岩石破坏模式与单位体积耗散能关系密切:应变率相似静载组合变化时,破碎程度与单位体积吸收能变化呈负相关;静载组合确定应变率梯度变化时,破碎程度与单位体积吸收能变化呈正相关。     

High strain rate compressive strength behavior of cemented paste backfill using split Hopkinson pressure bar

The stability of cemented paste backfill(CPB) is threatened by dynamic disturbance, but the conventional low strain rate laboratory pressure test has difficulty achieving this research purpose. Therefore, a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) was utilized to investigate the high strain rate compressive behavior of CPB with dynamic loads of 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 MPa. And the failure modes were determined by macro and micro analysis. CPB with different cement-to-tailings ratios, solid mass concentrations, and curing ages was prepared to conduct the SHPB test. The results showed that increasing the cement content, tailings content, and curing age can improve the dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus. Under an impact load, a higher strain rate can lead to larger increasing times of the dynamic compressive strength when compared with static loading. And the dynamic compressive strength of CPB has an exponential correlation with the strain rate. The macroscopic failure modes indicated that CPB is more seriously damaged under dynamic loading. The local damage was enhanced, and fine cracks were formed in the interior of the CPB. This is because the CPB cannot dissipate the energy of the high strain rate stress wave in a short loading period.     

卸围压条件下砂岩变形破坏特性试验研究

从可释放弹性应变能角度对岩石卸围压条件下破坏特性进行研究,利用MTS815电液压伺服可控制刚性试验机进行保持轴向变形不变的卸围压试验,根据卸围压试验数据,分析了该砂岩卸围压过程中变形、强度、弹性模量及能量变化特征。结果表明:随着围压逐渐降低,岩样发生侧向不断扩容;轴向应力逐渐降低,呈现出非线性特征;弹性模量在初始阶段几乎不变化,越过破坏点之后大幅降低;可释放的弹性应变能在初始阶段增大比较缓慢,当围压降低至一定程度时急剧增大;推导出基于可释放弹性应变能的卸荷岩石的整体破坏准则Ue0。     

不同卸载速率下煤岩采动力学响应试验研究

深刻认识采动应力路径下岩体力学响应的加载速率效应,是科学界定实际工作面推进最优速率的重要基础。基于平煤矿区煤岩初始地应力环境,定量分析了千米级赋存深度煤岩保护层开采条件下应力演化特征,展开更为符合真实应力状态的不同加载速率下煤岩体力学行为实验模拟,同时与未考虑采动试验结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明：（1）常规三轴压缩试验,试样强度受加载速率影响较小,在1~4 MPa/min时并无明显变化,达到5 MPa/min时强度才有明显的上升,约为115 MPa。（2）随加载速率增加,采动过程中煤岩体强度呈现下降后上升再下降的趋势,1 MPa/min和4 MPa/min加载速率下煤岩体强度达到最大,其峰值应力约为64 MPa,较3 MPa/min提高了12%。（3）低加载速率下试件内部的微小裂隙可以充分发育、扩展,试样裂隙密度随加载速率增加呈减小趋势,其中1 MPa/min约为5 MPa/min的1.61倍,适当降低开采速度可提高瓦斯抽采效率。（4）不同开采速度煤岩在整个采动过程中体积应变不仅出现了相对初始状态的压缩现象,还出现了破坏阶段的体积膨胀,可将其作为采动特征,明显区别于未考虑采动下的体积压缩,且采动下煤岩强度明显偏小,破损程度更大。研究成果可为类似地质条件开展保护层开采设计奠定一定的理论基础。     

Energy dissipation rate: An indicator of coal deformation and failure under static and dynamic compressive loads

Dynamic disasters in Chinese coal mines pose a significant threat to coal productivity. Thus, a thorough understanding of the deformation and failure processes of coal is necessary. In this study, the energy dissipation rate is proposed as a novel indicator of coal deformation and failure under static and dynamic compressive loads. The relationship between stress-strain, uniaxial compressive strength, displacement rate, loading rate, fractal dimension, and energy dissipation rate was investigated through experiments conducted using the MTS C60 tests(static loads) and split Hopkinson pressure bar system(dynamic loads). The results show that the energy dissipation rate peaks are associated with stress drop during coal deformation, and also positively related to the uniaxial compressive strength. A higher displacement rate of quasi-static loads leads to an initial increase and then a decrease in energy dissipation rate, whereas a higher loading rate of dynamic loads results in larger energy dissipation rate. Theoretical analysis indicates that a sudden increase in energy dissipation rate suggests partial fracture occurring within coal under both quasi-static and dynamic loads. Hence, the energy dissipation rate is an essential indicator of partial fracture and final failure within coal, as well as a prospective precursor for catastrophic failure in coal mine.     

超高应变率下岩石的破坏机理

通过对大理石的轻气炮试验进行三维数值仿真重现,探索了岩石在超高应变率下的破坏机理.大理石试样中两个高速应力计的实测应力信号被用作数值模拟的匹配目标,结果表明,在高速冲击压缩载荷下,细观静水压破坏是大理石的主要破坏机制,而不是通常认为的细观剪切或拉伸破坏.此外,为再现不同冲击速度下大理石的物理实验观测数据,提出了新的考虑...     

基于静-动力转换分析方法的火灾引起钢结构连续倒塌性能研究

为研究火灾引起多高层钢结构连续性倒塌的破坏机理以及多高层钢结构在火灾作用下的初始破坏规律,基于ABAQUS预定义场和重启动功能,建立了局部火灾引起多高层钢结构连续倒塌分析的静-动力转换分析方法,运用此分析方法模拟了局部火灾作用下钢结构的破坏过程,重点研究了柱破坏引起多高层钢结构倒塌的初始破坏机理,分析了受火柱约束刚度比和荷载水平对火灾作用下钢结构初始破坏以及对整体结构产生动力效应的影响规律。研究结果表明：静-动力转换分析方法具有可行性;初始破坏的动力放大系数在1．2～1．5之间。     

多轴应力状态下混凝土的动态强度准则

为了解复杂应力状态下混凝土动态强度变化规律,提出了一个考虑应变率效应的八面体应力空间的多轴静动破坏准则．该准则的空间破坏包络曲面采用二次函数形式,在偏平面上的破坏包络线采用Willam-Warnke 模型在偏平面上的椭圆曲线,使用特征应力点法对拉压子午线方程进行修正以考虑偏平面上罗德角对动态强度的影响．通过对大量混凝土多轴静动强度试验成果的分析,表明此强度准则与已有的试验结果吻合较好,能很好地反映平面应力或三轴应力状态下普通混凝土的静动强度变化规律,并且形式简单,便于实际应用．     

Experimental and theoretical study of static-dynamic mixed mode brittle fracture of rock

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Experimental and numerical investigations on the tensile mechanical behavior of marbles containing dynamic damageOA

To investigate the degradation mechanism of static tensile mechanical behaviors of marble containing dynamic damage, multiple impact loading tests were performed on the disc marble samples, and then static Brazilian tests were conducted for the damaged samples. Besides, coupling modeling technology of finite difference method(FDM)—discrete element method(DEM) was used to carry out the numerical investigation. The results show that after multiple impacts, more white patches appear on the surface,...     

单轴循环冲击下花岗岩力学特性与损伤演化机理

为研究循环冲击荷载下黑云母花岗岩的动态力学特性,利用改进的分离式霍普金森压杆,选取4种不同的入射波应力幅值对花岗岩试样进行等幅循环冲击,并对相关机理和试验现象进行探析.结果表明:入射波应力幅值为110.57和90.48 MPa时,随着冲击次数的增加,岩样的峰值应力逐渐降低,最大应变、平均应变率和损伤值均呈现增大趋势;入射波应力幅值为70.82 MPa时,花岗岩的峰值应力随着冲击次数的增加表现出先增强后降低的特性,而最大应变、平均应变率与损伤值则表现出相反规律;入射波应力幅值降为50.69 MPa时,岩样的力学性质基本不变,岩样未见明显的损伤.此外,研究还发现基于岩样静态压缩应力-应变曲线推求的静态裂纹起裂应力,经强度增长比例系数放大后可得到动态裂纹起裂应力,籍此能较好地解释上述循环冲击试验中所观测到的现象.     

动载下层状岩体力学特性试验与数值模拟

为研究冲击载荷作用下层状复合岩体的动态力学性能和破裂机制,基于煤单体和白砂岩构成层状软硬煤岩复合体,利用分离式霍普金森压杆试验装置和LS-DYNA有限元分析软件,结合Holmquist-Johnson-Cook(HJC)本构模型,开展不同速率和不同冲击方向下层状软硬煤岩复合体加载试验。结果表明：静态载荷作用下,层状煤岩复合体的强度不会随加载方向变化,动态载荷下层状煤岩复合体的峰值应力和动态增长因子DIF都随冲击速度增加呈线性增大,并且波阻抗匹配效果更好的HS复合体力学性能始终优于SH复合体(S和H分别代表煤单体和白砂岩),随着冲击速度增加这种现象逐渐减弱;层状煤岩复合体耗散能密度与入射能密度呈二次增长关系,分形维数也随着速度增加而不断增大,其中,应力波由硬入软时得到的效果优于由软入硬;层状煤岩复合体破碎程度随冲击速度增加而愈发剧烈,HS复合体破坏程度大于同条件下的SH复合体,白砂岩多呈剪切状破碎,煤单体多呈粉碎锥形破坏;层状煤岩复合体交界处与其他区域强度不一致,造成复合体破坏顺序改变,复合体整体强度规律从小到大依次为煤单体非交界面区域、煤单体交界面区域、白砂岩交界面区域、白砂岩非交界面...     

波浪荷载下粉质土动应变和动强度的试验研究

为寻找不同振动频率的波浪荷载作用下海底粉质土的动应变和动强度发展规律,进行了一系列的模拟不同振动频率的波浪荷载的动三轴试验.试验选用杭州湾地区分布较广的粉土,研究了振动频率的变化对粉土动应变和动强度的影响.试验结果表明,粉土的动应变和动强度的发展与土样所受的固结应力、围压、循环应力比和振动频率有关;在等向固结条件下围压对土样的累积轴向应变增长的影响作用是由波浪荷载振动频率的高低决定的;波浪荷载振动频率的改变对不同围压作用下粉土的动强度影响很大,并且在该类粉土中存在临界循环应力比.     

饱和花岗岩水-力耦合力学特性试验研究

采用全应力多场耦合三轴试验仪,对饱和花岗岩开展了不同加载速率、不同围压、不同孔压下的水-力耦合三轴压缩排水试验,分别给出了饱和花岗岩在不同加载速率、不同有效围压下的应力-应变曲线,分析了峰值强度、峰值应变、弹性模量随加载速率以及有效围压的变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)在不同有效围压和加载速率的条件下,岩样的应力应变曲线均经历了非线性压密、弹性、屈服、峰后四个阶段。偏压加载初期非线性压密阶段比较明显,而随着围压的升高非线性段逐渐消失;由于花岗岩的致密性较高,因而曲线的弹性阶段较长且相对平滑;在屈服和峰后阶段,岩石呈现出明显的脆—延性转化的过程。(2)饱和花岗岩的峰值强度随着加载速率的增加而增大;且当有效围压相同时,岩石的峰值强度大致相等,抵抗外界荷载的能力大致相同。(3)缓慢加载条件下饱和花岗岩的峰值应变表现出加载速率强化效应,但强化效果是有限的;且在有效围压相同条件下,随着围压和孔压的同步增长,峰值应变也呈增长的趋势。(4)弹性模量随着加载速率的增加呈二次多项式增长,但随着围压和孔压的同步增长而逐渐降低。     

Energy consumption in rock fragmentation at intermediate strain rate

In order to determine the relationship among energy consumption of rock and its fragmentation, dynamic strength and strain rate, granite, sandstone and limestone specimens were chosen and tested on large-diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) equipment with half-sine waveform loading at the strain rates ranging from 40 to 150 s⁻¹. With recorded signals, the energy consumption, strain rate and dynamic strength were analyzed. And the fragmentation behaviors of specimens were investigated. The experimental results show that the energy consumption density of rock increases linearly with the total incident energy. The energy consumption density is of an exponent relationship with the average size of rock fragments. The higher the energy consumption density, the more serious the fragmentation, and the better the gradation of fragments. The energy consumption density takes a good logarithm relationship with the dynamic strength of rock. The dynamic strength of rock increases with the increase of strain rate, indicating higher strain rate sensitivity. Foundation item: Projects(50674107, 10472134, 50490274) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

水-温循环作用下千枚岩的动态拉伸特性

为研究水-温耦合作用下0°层理倾角千枚岩的动态拉伸特性变化规律,分别对3组试样进行0、1、3、5、7、8、11次温度循环自然降温、温度循环冷水降温、干湿循环后,采用霍普金森杆试验装置对0°层理倾角千枚岩试样开展动态巴西劈裂试验,从动态拉伸应变曲线、动态峰值抗拉强度、动态弹性模量、能量分析与宏观破坏5个角度研究水、温劣化条件下千枚岩的动态拉伸特性。结果表明：千枚岩应力应变曲线包括极速弹性变形阶段、屈服变形阶段、破坏变形阶段;随着水-温循环次数的增加,千枚岩应力-应变曲线极速弹性变形阶段逐渐缩短,屈服变形阶段的应变增长率不断增大;千枚岩动态峰值抗拉强度呈负指数函数关系变化,耗散能比不断减小;水-温耦合条件下,千枚岩峰值抗拉强度、耗散能比普遍小于温度循环自然降温时;动态冲击下,千枚岩发生贯穿层理的张拉破坏,主要破碎为2块;随着水-温循环次数的增加,千枚岩主碎块发生沿层理面的张拉与穿层理面的剪切复合破坏,千枚岩碎块的平均尺寸不断减小;温度循环冷水降温条件下,千枚岩碎块的平均尺寸更小,且降幅最为显著。     

含层状节理岩体力学性质数值模拟研究

采用GDEM软件分析不同角度下平行层状节理岩体力学性质,探讨节理角度与加载方向夹角的变化对试件破坏模式的影响,采用工程常见的不同层间岩体材料建立平行层状节理模型,通过静载单轴压缩、双轴压缩和纯剪切3种加载方式,分析此类岩体模型在不同倾斜角度情况下破坏形式、加载过程应力应变关系和峰值载荷变化趋势。分析结果表明平行层次节理岩体的力学性质和峰值强度与节理倾角有直接关系,并通过模拟发现在3种加载情况下平行层次节理岩体表现出明显的弹脆性力学的特点。     

围压作用下混凝土的静动力细观破坏机理

为了解释围压作用下混凝土静、动力力学性能发生变化的物理机制，根据不同围压下混凝土的宏观破坏现象，通过研究知低围压下断裂力学适于混凝土强度的分析，而高围压下需要借助塑性力学工具.根据混凝土材料的细观结构，揭示了低围压作用下混凝土中微裂纹的开裂、扩展、串接直至破坏的细观损伤过程和破坏机理.利用线弹性断裂力学，考虑主控裂纹之间的相互作用，建立了低围压条件下混凝土静力强度的预测模型；利用断裂动力学，考虑裂纹扩展速度对其应力强度因子的影响，建立了低围压条件下混凝土动力强度的预测模型.理论模型的计算结果表明，加载速率影响围压作用下混凝土的抗压强度，加载速率越快混凝土动力抗压强度提高得越多，但随着围压增大，混凝土动力抗压强度增强系数减小，模型结果与宏观试验现象一致.