被动微波遥感反演雪水当量不确定性因素分析

雪水当量定义为积雪融化后液态水的高度，是描述季节性积雪储量的关键参数。星载被动微波遥感适用于长时间序列、全球尺度的雪水当量监测。但目前的微波辐射传输模型大多忽略或简化了自然界垂直分层结构中的土壤、植被和大气等要素对积雪辐射亮温的影响，特别是植被参数（例如透过率、覆盖度、单次散射反照率）引起的微波亮温变化仍然不清晰。本研究通过构建土壤—积雪—森林—大气微波辐射模型，重点开展被动微波遥感反演雪水当量的不确定性机理研究。通过模型敏感性分析发现：(1)冠层透过率是森林参数中影响微波亮温最敏感的因子，其次是森林覆盖度，而单次散射反照率影响最小；(2)微波亮温随着森林覆盖度的增加而升高，但随着冠层透过率和雪粒径参数的增加而降低，即三者之间存在“抵偿效应”。通过构建的模型模拟数据库和卫星观测对风云三号B星（FY-3B）和The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2(AMSR2)雪水当量反演算法进行亮温噪声测试发现：(1)亮温噪声对AMSR2雪水当量反演算法影响较大，特别是在森林像元尤为严重，与算法中表征积雪参数演化的极化因子和森林下雪深校正方法不确定性有关...     

L波段多角度裸露地表土壤水分反演研究

土壤水分是气象预报、农情监测以及水文模型的重要参数之一,利用被动微波遥感技术可以有效获取土壤水分。欧空局（ESA）计划于2009年发射卫星SMOS(Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) ,其主要目的是监测全球范围内的土壤水分和海洋盐度变化。根据SMOS的设置情况,寻找精度较高的半经验模型以便为进一步的土壤水分反演提供简化模型。对于裸露地表,地表粗糙度、土壤介电常数等因素影响最终的微波发射率。运用Dobson半经验介电常数模型计算土壤的介电常数,将计算结果输入高级积分方程模型(AIEM)。通过AIEM模拟的数据库,利用回归关系建立了一个精度相对较高的L波段多角度半经验模型。     

中国江淮、黄淮地区陆面微波比辐射率的变化特征

陆面微波比辐射率较高且易变,造成陆面上反演降水以及其它大气参数较为困难。对于地表特征复杂的中国,陆面微波比辐射率的研究还很有限。通过利用Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)卫星上同步扫描的VIRS（红外和可见光）与TMI（微波）资料以及微波辐射传输模式反演了中国江淮、黄淮地区陆面微波比辐射率。然后,结合MODIS提供的地表类型数据,分析了江淮、黄淮地区不同地表微波比辐射率的时空变化特征。 结果表明该地区的农作物地表比辐射率最小,垂直与水平比辐射率极化差最大;而森林地表比辐射率最大,极化差最小。此外,不同地表的微波比辐射率昼夜变化明显,季节变化不明显。比辐射率估算误差中,地表温度、微波亮温和大气相对湿度3因子的准确计算对22 GHz和85 GHz的影响较为明显,对其它通道影响较小。对于小于85 GHz的通道,比辐射率估算精度受微波亮温的影响最为明显,地表温度其次,相对湿度最小;对于高频85 GHz,相对湿度的影响最明显,其次是微波亮温,最后是地表温度。     

中国江淮、黄淮地区陆面微波比辐射率的变化特征

陆面微波比辐射率较高且易变,造成陆面上反演降水以及其它大气参数较为困难。对于地表特征复杂的中国,陆面微波比辐射率的研究还很有限。通过利用Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission（TRMM）卫星上同步扫描的VIRS（红外和可见光）与TMI（微波）资料以及微波辐射传输模式反演了中国江淮、黄淮地区陆面微波比辐射率。然后,结合MODIS提供的地表类型数据,分析了江淮、黄淮地区不同地表微波比辐射率的时空变化特征。 结果表明该地区的农作物地表比辐射率最小,垂直与水平比辐射率极化差最大;而森林地表比辐射率最大,极化差最小。此外,不同地表的微波比辐射率昼夜变化明显,季节变化不明显。比辐射率估算误差中,地表温度、微波亮温和大气相对湿度3因子的准确计算对22GHz和85GHz的影响较为明显,对其它通道影响较小。对于小于85GHZ的通道,比辐射率估算精度受微波亮温的影响最为明显,地表温度其次,相对湿度最小;对于高频85OHz,相对湿度的影响最明显,其次是微波亮温,最后是地表温度。     

基于SMAP亮温数据反演青藏高原玛曲区域土壤未冻水

未冻水和冰共同存在于冻土中,两者的相互转化即冻融变化深刻影响寒区地表水分循环和能量收支。被动微波遥感技术是土壤水分监测的主要手段,但目前大多应用于非冻结土壤的水分反演,对负温环境下冻结土壤中未冻水的反演研究较少。基于SMAP卫星升轨和降轨时刻的亮温观测数据和经改进后适用于青藏高原地区的零阶微波辐射模型,利用单通道算法（SCA）和双通道算法（DCA）,对青藏高原东部黄河源区玛曲区域季节冻土中的未冻水含量进行反演。结果表明：基于SMAP不同过境时刻亮温观测及不同算法的土壤未冻水反演结果均较同步地反映了研究区实测值的动态变化特征（相关系数R均大于0.9）。其中,基于SMAP降轨时刻亮温观测的反演结果在冻融交替的过渡季节存在明显低估,而基于升轨时刻亮温观测得到的反演结果精度更高。基于垂直极化亮温观测的单通道（SCA-V）和DCA算法得到的升轨时刻的反演值与实测值的无偏均方根误差（ubRMSE）分别为0.035 m³m^-3和0.039 m³m^-3,均达到SMAP任务的设计要求（即ubRMSE≤0.04 m³m^-3）,其中SCA-V对该研究区土壤未冻水的反演精度最高。与SMAP标准产品相比,基于SCA-V算法反演得到的暖季土壤水分精度更高。此外,该算法能成功反演得到冻结期土壤未冻水的动态变化,因此更适用于青藏高原地区冻融土壤条件下的水分反演。     

地形坡面对被动微波遥感影响的试验研究

地表起伏所形成的倾斜表面,特别是在山区,受地形坡度和坡向变化的影响,地表的微波辐射特征较之平坦地表发生明显变化。基于地基微波辐射地形试验,模拟星载被动微波辐射计AMSR\|E的观测参数,通过建立地形坡面的地貌微缩景观进行观测,探索地表斜坡对被动微波辐射特征的影响,用AIEM模型 和 Fresnel 方程分别模拟裸土地形坡面的微波辐射特征。结果表明,倾斜坡面对被动微波辐射的亮度温度产生了10~15 K的偏差,由坡度形成的本地入射角改变了地表的有效发射率,并随坡向的变化发生微波极化旋转。经试验数据和模型模拟结果对比,认为AIEM 在考虑了表面粗糙度影响时可以较好地模拟地形坡面的被动微波辐射特征。     

基于AMSR-E的全球陆表被动微波发射率数据集

地表微波发射率表征了地物向外发射微波辐射的能力,星载被动微波发射率估算可在宏观、大尺度上对陆表微波辐射进行整体表达,是被动微波地表参数定量反演中重要基础数据,也是在大尺度上获取陆表微波辐射特征的一种途径。本数据集利用搭载在Aqua卫星上的高级微波扫描辐射计(AMSR-E)和中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的同步观测特点,采用MODIS的地表温度和大气水汽产品数据作为输入,基于考虑大气影响的发射率估算模型,生产了全球晴空条件下AMSR-E传感器运行期间(2002年6月~2011年10月)的陆表多通道双极化微波瞬时发射率。通过产品低频无线电信号影响、数据间比对、分布统计、不同地表覆盖条件的发射率特征、频率依赖和相关性研究等开展验证性分析,结果表明:瞬时发射率的动态大、细节表达丰富,月内日变化标准差在0.02以内,其时空变化、频率依赖和相关性等符合微波理论分析和自然物理过程理解。此套数据集还包括AMSR-E全生命周期的全球陆表逐日、侯、旬、半月及月产品,可用于开展星载被动微波遥感模拟、陆面模型以及陆表温度、积雪、大气降水/水汽/可降水量等反演研究。     

一种针对Windsat极化辐射计的海面风场反演方法

星载极化微波辐射计(Windsat)是美国于2003年1月6日发射的全球第一颗星载极化微波辐射计卫星,目的是为了验证极化辐射计在卫星上遥感海面风场的能力。针对Windsat在轨运行期间的数据,研究了风场反演的海洋和大气算法,进行了全球海面风场的反演,同时反演出其它地球物理参数。最后利用同步的其它数据对反演结果进行了验证。本文在极化辐射计风场反演方法和算法研究方面做了初步的尝试。     

多波段微波辐射计反演大气温湿廓线性能分析

为了为星载、机载以及地基微波大气温湿廓线探测仪通道的设置、大气参数反演指标的论证、反演算法的开发以及反演产品的质量评定提供参考依据,基于快速辐射传输模式(RTTOV10)和大气参数廓线库,建立了基于神经网络的微波大气温湿廓线反演性能分析方法,分析了反演方法、通道选择、亮温观测误差和地表比辐射率等因素对大气温湿廓线反演性能的影响。模拟试验分析表明:1神经网络反演算法显著优于线性统计回归反演算法,特别是对亮温观测噪声的敏感性相对较弱;2183.31GHz附近的水汽探测通道能够为大气温度廓线反演提供一定的信息;118.75GHz附近的温度探测通道对整个大气的温度反演均有明显影响,在200hPa附近误差的影响量达0.4K;350~60GHz和118.75GHz附近的温度探测通道对基于183.31GHz附近通道的湿度廓线反演具有重要影响,而且存在一定的互补性;4微波亮温观测误差以及地表比辐射率假定对大气温湿廓线反演有着显著影响。     

基于Sentinel-1及 Landsat 8数据的黑河中游农田土壤水分估算

土壤水分是陆地表层系统中的关键变量。利用主动微波遥感,特别是合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)的观测,在监测和估计表层土壤水分时空分布方面已开展了诸多研究。然而,SAR土壤水分反演仍存在诸多挑战,特别是地表粗糙度和植被的影响。因此,本文提出了一种结合主动微波和光学遥感的优化估计方案,旨在同步反演植被含水量、地表粗糙度和土壤水分。反演算法首先在水云模型的框架下对模型中的植被透过率因子(与植被含水量密切相关)采用3种不同的光学遥感指数——修正的土壤调节植被指数(Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index,MSAVI)、归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)和归一化水体指数(Normalized Difference Water Index,NDWI)进行参数化估计,用于校正植被层的散射贡献。在此基础上,构造基于SAR观测和Oh模型的代价函数,利用复型洗牌全局优化算法进行土壤水分和地表粗糙度的联合反演。采用Sentinel-1 SAR和Landsat 8多光谱数据在黑河中游开展了反演试验,并利用相应的地面观测数据对结果进行了验证。结果表明反演结果与地面观测具有良好的一致性,其中基于NDWI的植被含水量反演效果最佳,与地面观测比较,土壤水分决定系数(R 2)在0.7以上,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.073 m^ 3/m^ 3;植被含水量R 2大于0.9,RMSE为0.885 kg/m 2,表明该方法能够较准确地估计土壤水分。同时发现植被含水量的估计结果,以及植被透过率的参数化方案对土壤水分的反演精度有一定的影响,在未来的研究中需要进一步探索。     

Retrieving near-surface soil moisture from microwave radiometric observations: current status and future plans

Surface soil moisture is a key variable used to describe water and energy exchanges at the land surface/atmosphere interface. Passive microwave remotely sensed data have great potential for providing estimates of soil moisture with good temporal repetition on a daily basis and on a regional scale (∼10 km). However, the effects of vegetation cover, soil temperature, snow cover, topography, and soil surface roughness also play a significant role in the microwave emission from the surface. Different soil moisture retrieval approaches have been developed to account for the various parameters contributing to the surface microwave emission. Four main types of algorithms can be roughly distinguished depending on the way vegetation and temperature effects are accounted for. These algorithms are based on (i) land cover classification maps, (ii) ancillary remote sensing indexes, and (iii) two-parameter or (iv) three-parameter retrievals (in this case, soil moisture, vegetation optical depth, and effective surface temperature are retrieved simultaneously from the microwave observations). Methods (iii) and (iv) are based on multiconfiguration observations, in terms of frequency, polarization, or view angle. They appear to be very promising as very few ancillary information are required in the retrieval process. This paper reviews these various methods for retrieving surface soil moisture from microwave radiometric systems. The discussion highlights key issues that will have to be addressed in the near future to secure operational use of the proposed retrieval approaches.     

Review of: “Glaciers-Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions”. Edited by V. M. KOTLYAKOV,A. USHAKOV and A. GLAZOVSKY,Proceedings of the International Symposium,St Petersburg, 24-29 September 1990 (Wallingford,UK: IAHS Press, 1991.) [Pp. 549.] Price US$60.

Data gathered during the NASA sponsored Multisensor Aircraft Campaign Hydrology (MACHYDRO) experiment in central Pennsylvania (U.S.A.) in July, 1990 have been analysed to study the combined use of active and passive microwave sensors for estimating soil moisture from vegetated areas. These data sets were obtained during an eleven-day period with NASA's Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR), and Push-Broom Microwave Radiometer (PBMR) over an instrumented watershed, which included agricultural fields with a number of different crop covers. Simultaneous ground truth measurements were also made in order to characterize the state of vegetation and soil moisture under a variety of meteorological conditions. Various multi-sensor techniques are currently under investigation to improve the accuracy of remote sensing estimates of the soil moisture in the presence of vegetation and surface roughness conditions using these data sets. One such algorithm involving combination of active and passive microwave sensors is presented here, and is applied to representative corn fields in the Mahantango watershed that was the focus of study during the MACHYDRO experiment. In this algorithm, a simple emission model is inverted to obtain Fresnel reflectivity in terms of ground and vegetation parameters. Since Fresnel reflectivity depends on soil dielectric constant, soil moisture is determined from reflectivity using dielectric-soil moisture relations. The algorithm requires brightness temperature, vegetation and ground parameters as the input parameters. The former is measured by a passive microwave technique and the later two are estimated by using active microwave techniques. The soil moisture estimates obtained by this combined use of active and passive microwave remote sensing techniques, show an excellent agreement with the in situ soil moisture measurements made during the MACHYDRO experiment.     

Retrieval of soil moisture from passive and active L/S band sensor (PALS) observations during the Soil Moisture Experiment in 2002 (SMEX02)

The Soil Moisture Experiments in 2002 (SMEX02) were conducted in Iowa between June 25th and July 12th, 2002. A major aim of the experiments was examination of existing algorithms for soil moisture retrieval from active and passive microwave remote sensors under high vegetation water content conditions. The data obtained from the passive and active L and S band sensor (PALS) along with physical variables measured by in situ sampling have been used in this study to demonstrate the sensitivity of the instrument to soil moisture and perform soil moisture retrieval using statistical regression and physical modeling techniques. The land cover conditions in the region studied were predominantly soybean and corn crops with average vegetation water contents ranging from 0 to ∼5 kg/m². The PALS microwave sensitivity to soil moisture under these vegetation conditions was investigated for both passive and active measurements. The performance of the PALS instrument and retrieval algorithms has been analyzed, indicating soil moisture retrieval errors of approximately 0.04 g/g gravimetric soil moisture. Statistical regression techniques have been shown to perform satisfactorily with soil moisture retrieval error of around 0.05 g/g gravimetric soil moisture. The retrieval errors were higher for the corn than for the soybean fields due to the higher vegetation water content of the corn crops. However, the algorithms performed satisfactorily over the full range of vegetation conditions.     

微波遥感土壤湿度研究进展

发展实用的微波遥感土壤湿度卫星反演算法,以提供区域尺度上的土壤湿度信息,对水文学、气象学以及农业科学研究与应用至关重要。简要分析了主动微波遥感土壤湿度的研究进展情况,重点对被动微波遥感土壤湿度的原理、算法发展及研究趋势进行了详细论述。主动微波具有卫星数据空间分辨率高的特点,随着携载主动微波器的一系列卫星的发射,主动微波遥感土壤湿度将受到重视。被动微波遥感研究历史长、反演算法特别是卫星遥感算比较成熟,是今后区域尺度乃至全球尺度监测土壤湿度的重要手段。     

青藏高原L波段微波辐射观测与土壤水分反演研究进展

土壤水分是地气间水热交换的重要变量,影响着地表感热潜热划分、水分收支和植被蒸腾等过程,青藏高原土壤水分的研究对于改进高原水分循环和能量平衡的模拟研究具有重要意义.随着SMOS、SMAP等卫星的发射,L波段被动微波遥感技术成为大尺度监测土壤水分的主要手段.分别从L波段星—机—地观测与微波辐射模拟、区域尺度土壤水分观测、卫...     

被动微波遥感土壤水分反演研究综述

由于微波具有全天候、穿透性以及不受云的影响等特征,使其在遥感研究全球变化中具有越来越大的优势。在微波传感器技术发展的过程中,人们通过研究发现被动微波遥感是反演土壤水分的各种技术中最有效的方法之一,而植被覆盖地区的土壤水分反演是反演算法中的难点。简略地介绍针对裸地的Q/P模型和针对植被的τ-ω模型,以及主要土壤水分反演算法。     

Soil Moisture Retrieval over Vegetated Areas based on Sentinel-1 and FY-3C Data

This study aims to develop soil moisture retrieval model over vegetated areas based on Sentinel-1 SAR and FY-3C data.In order to remove vegetation effect,the MWRI data from FY-3C was applied to establish the inversion model of vegetation water content.The model was combined with the original water-cloud model,and developing a soil moisture retrieval model by combining active and passive microwave remote sensing data.Finally,the experiment of the soil moisture retrieval was conducted in Jiangsu and Anhui province,and validating the inversion accuracy of soil moisture by measured data.The results showed that：①For the vegetation-covered surface,the Microwave Polarization Difference Index obtain from FY-3C/MWRI was suitable for removing vegetation effect.②Compared with the Sentinel-1 VH polarization data,the backscattering coefficient of VV polarization was more suitable for soil moisture retrieval and get a higher accuracy of soil moisture retrieval.③Sentinel\|1 data can obtain high precision soil moisture estimation results,and the correlation coefficient between the estimated and measured soil moisture is 0.561 2 and RMSE is 0.044 cm³/cm³.     

Temporal and spatial soil moisture change pattern detection in an agricultural area using multi‐temporal Radarsat ScanSAR data

Monitoring the characteristics of spatially and temporally distributed soil moisture is important to the study of hydrology and climatology for understanding and calculating the surface water balance. The major difficulties in retrieving soil moisture with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) measurements are due to the effects of surface roughness and vegetation cover. In this study we demonstrate a technique to estimate the relative soil moisture change by using multi‐temporal C band HH polarized Radarsat ScanSAR data. This technique includes two components. The first is to minimize the effects of surface roughness by using two microwave radar measurements with different incidence angles for estimation of the relative soil moisture change defined as the ratio between two soil volumetric moistures. This was done by the development of a semi‐empirical backscattering model using a database that simulated the Advanced Integral Equation Model for a wide range of soil moisture and surface roughness conditions to characterize the surface roughness effects at different incidence angles. The second is to reduce the effects of vegetation cover on radar measurements by using a semi‐empirical vegetation model and the measurements obtained from the optical sensors (Landsat TM and AVHRR). The vegetation correction was performed based on a first‐order semi‐empirical backscattering vegetation model with the vegetation water content information obtained from the optical sensors as the input. For the validation of this newly developed technique, we compared experimental data obtained from the Southern Great Plain Soil Moisture Experiment in 1997 (SGP97) with our estimations. Comparison with the ground soil moisture measurements showed a good agreement for predication of the relative soil moisture change, in terms of ratio, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 1.14. The spatially distributed maps of the relative soil moisture change derived from Radarsat data were also compared with those derived from the airborne passive microwave radiometer ESTAR. The maps of the spatial characteristics of the relative soil moisture change showed comparable results.     

空间遥感现状及未来发展

从第三十五届国际宇航联合会的空同遥感专业小组会议上可以看出,目前空间遥感的现状及未来发展前景。今后空间遥感将从具有单一遥感能力向具有综合遥感能力方面发展,不仅能对陆地,而且对海