A taxonomy for and analysis of tangible interfaces

There have been many research efforts devoted to tangible user interfaces (TUIs), but it has proven difficult to create a definition or taxonomy that allows us to compare and contrast disparate research efforts, integrate TUIs with conventional interfaces, or suggest design principles for future efforts. To address this problem, we present a taxonomy, which uses metaphor and embodiment as its two axes. This 2D space treats tangibility as a spectrum rather than a binary quantity. The further from the origin, the more tangible a system is. We show that this spectrum-based taxonomy offers multiple advantages. It unifies previous categorizations and definitions, integrates the notion of calm computing, reveals a previously un-noticed trend in the field, and suggests design principles appropriate for different areas of the spectrum.

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A taxonomy for multi-agent robotics

A key difficulty in the design of multi-agent robotic systems is the size and complexity of the space of possible designs. In order to make principled design decisions, an understanding of the many possible system configurations is essential. To this end, we present a taxonomy that classifies multi-agent systems according to communication, computational and other capabilities. We survey existing efforts involving multi-agent systems according to their positions in the taxonomy. We also present additional results concerning multi-agent systems, with the dual purposes of illustrating the usefulness of the taxonomy in simplifying discourse about robot collective properties, and also demonstrating that a collective can be demonstrably more powerful than a single unit of the collective.The support of NSERC Canada is greatfully acknowledged.     

A taxonomy for resource discovery

Resource discovery systems become more and more important as distributed systems grow and as their pool of resources becomes more variable. As such, an increasing amount of networked systems provide a discovery service. This paper provides a taxonomy for resource discovery systems by defining their design aspects. This allows comparison of the designs of the deployed discovery services and is intended as an aid to system designers when selecting an appropriate mechanism. The surveyed systems are divided into four classes that are separately described. Finally, we identify a hiatus in the design space and point out genuinely distributed resource discovery systems that support dynamic and mobile resources and use attribute-based naming as a main direction for future research in this area.

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A taxonomy for computer architectures

A taxonomy is presented that extends M.J. Flynn's (IEEE Trans.Comput., vol. C-21, no.9, p.948-60, Sept. 1972), especially in the multiprocessor category. It is a two-level hierarchy in which the upper level classifies architectures based on the number of processors for data and for instructions and the interconnections between them. A lower level can be used to distinguish variants even more precisely; it is based on a state-machine view of processors. The author suggests why taxonomies are useful in studying architecture and shows how this applies to a number of modern architectures     

A taxonomy generation tool for semantic visual analysis of large corpus of documents

Multimedia Tools and Applications - Taxonomies are semantic resources that help to categorize and add meaning to data. In a hyperconnected world where information is generated at a rate that...     

A survey on GANs for computer vision: Recent research,analysis and taxonomy

In the last few years, there have been several revolutions in the field of deep learning, mainly headlined by the large impact of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). GANs not only provide an unique architecture when defining their models, but also generate incredible results which have had a direct impact on society. Due to the significant improvements and new areas of research that GANs have brought, the community is constantly coming up with new researches that make it almost impossible to keep up with the times. Our survey aims to provide a general overview of GANs, showing the latest architectures, optimizations of the loss functions, validation metrics and application areas of the most widely recognized variants. The efficiency of the different variants of the model architecture will be evaluated, as well as showing the best application area; as a vital part of the process, the different metrics for evaluating the performance of GANs and the frequently used loss functions will be analyzed. The final objective of this survey is to provide a summary of the evolution and performance of the GANs which are having better results to guide future researchers in the field.     

A taxonomy of self-modifying code for obfuscation

Self-modifying code is frequently used as an additional layer of complexity when obfuscating code. Although it does not provide a provable level of obfuscation, it is generally assumed to make attacks more expensive. This paper attempts to quantify the cost of attacking self-modified code by defining a taxonomy for it and systematically categorising an adversary’s capabilities. A number of published methods and techniques for self-modifying code are then classified according to both the taxonomy and the model.     

A taxonomy of parallel strategies for deduction

This paper presents a taxonomy of parallel theorem-proving methods based on the control of search (e.g., master–slaves versus peer processes), the granularity of parallelism (e.g., fine, medium and coarse grain) and the nature of the method (e.g., ordering-based versus subgoal-reduction). We analyze how the different approaches to parallelization affect the control of search: while fine and medium–grain methods, as well as master-slaves methods, generally do not modify the sequential search plan, parallel-search methods may combine sequential search plans (multi-search) or extend the search plan with the capability of subdividing the search space (distributed search). Precisely because the search plan is modified, the latter methods may produce radically different searches than their sequential base, as exemplified by the first distributed proof of the Robbins theorem generated by the Modified Clause-Diffusion prover Peers-mcd. An overview of the state of the field and directions for future research conclude the paper. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A taxonomy of process calculi for distribution and mobility

In this paper, we comparatively analyze some mainstream calculi for mobility and distribution, together with some of their variants: asynchronous π-calculus, distributed π-calculus, and some dialects of Mobile/Boxed/Safe ambients. In particular, we focus on their relative expressive power, i.e. we try to encode every language in the other while respecting some reasonable properties. According to the possibility or the impossibility for such results, we set up a taxonomy of these languages. Our study enables understanding, for every pair of calculi, which features of one can be rendered in the other and how this is possible, or which features cannot be rendered and why this is impossible.     

A taxonomy of standards

Objectivity, Inc., markets an engineering database management system that is an OODBMS. We are committed to the idea that standards are beneficial for all players in the industry. We have played active roles in several standardization efforts, including the CAD Framework Initiative (CFI). This proposal discusses the motivation for a standardization effort, suggests a direction for its development, discusses cooperation with other such efforts, and offers some concrete starting suggestions.     

A taxonomy for key performance indicators management

In recent years, research on Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) management has grown exponentially, giving rise to a multitude of heterogeneous approaches addressing any aspect concerning it. In this paper, we plot the landscape of published works related with KPIs management, organizing and synthesizing them by means of a unified taxonomy that encompasses the aspects considered by other proposals, and it captures the overall characteristics of KPIs. Since most of the literature centers on the definition of KPIs, we mainly focus on such an aspect of KPIs management. Our work is intended to provide remarkable benefits such as enhancing the understanding of KPIs management, or helping users decide about the most suitable solution for their requirements.     

A taxonomy for classifying runtime verification tools

International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer - Over the last 20 years, runtime verification (RV) has grown into a diverse and active field, which has stimulated the development...     

A taxonomy of multicast protocols for Internet applications

The continuous growth in applications that require communications among a group of hosts or simultaneous dissemination of data to multiple sites on the Internet has led to considerable interest in multicast communication. These applications have different quality of service requirements such as deadlines to response time and tolerance to data loss. Internet multicast protocols provide a spectrum of services to cater for the needs of a wide array of multicast applications. The design alternatives of a multicast protocol for a particular application may lead to different performance characteristics, for example higher utilization of network bandwidth vs lower protocol processing requirements. Therefore a framework is required to various design choices available to design multicast protocols and evaluate the performance tradeoffs associated with these alternatives. Motivated by such a need and by the evolution of multicast applications over the Internet, this article presents a taxonomy of multicast protocols and a common framework to evaluate their performance.     

A taxonomy of reconfiguration techniques for fault-tolerantprocessor arrays

Focuses on the characterization and classification of reconfiguration techniques. The techniques are differentiated according to the type of redundancy (time or hardware), allocation of redundancy (local or global), replacement unit, (processor or a set of processors), switching domain (global or local), and switching implementation (switching element, bus, or network). Typical techniques from four major classes-set switching, processor switching, local redundancy, and time redundancy-are reviewed. The proposed taxonomy can be used as a guide for future research in design and analysis of reconfiguration schemes     

A taxonomy and notation method for three-dimensional hand gestures

Recently, studies on gesture-based interfaces have made an effort to improve the intuitiveness of gesture commands by asking users to define a gesture for a command. However, there are few methods to organize and notate user-defined gestures in a systematic approach. To resolve this, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) Hand Gesture Taxonomy and Notation Method. We first derived elements of a hand gesture by analyzing related studies and subsequently developed the 3D Hand Gesture Taxonomy based on the elements. Moreover, we devised a Notation Method based on a combination of the elements and also matched a code to each element for easy notation. Finally, we have verified the usefulness of the Notation Method by training participants to notate hand gestures and by asking another set of participants to recreate the notated gestures. In short, this research proposes a novel and systematic approach to notate hand gesture commands.     

A taxonomy of clutter reduction for information visualisation

Information visualisation is about gaining insight into data through a visual representation. This data is often multivariate and increasingly, the datasets are very large. To help us explore all this data, numerous visualisation applications, both commercial and research prototypes, have been designed using a variety of techniques and algorithms. Whether they are dedicated to geo-spatial data or skewed hierarchical data, most of the visualisations need to adopt strategies for dealing with overcrowded displays, brought about by too much data to fit in too small a display space. This paper analyses a large number of these clutter reduction methods, classifying them both in terms of how they deal with clutter reduction and more importantly, in terms of the benefits and losses. The aim of the resulting taxonomy is to act as a guide to match techniques to problems where different criteria may have different importance, and more importantly as a means to critique and hence develop existing and new techniques.     

A taxonomy for computer-based assessment of problem solving

Computer-based assessment of problem solving is motivated by the need for educational assessments that are valid and efficient. Based on a recent revision of Bloom's taxonomy (Anderson et al., 2001, A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: a revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. New York: Longman), assessment items should require applying a particular cognitive process to a particular type of knowledge. There are 19 types of cognitive processes that can be classified into six major categories: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create. There are four major categories of knowledge: factual, conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive. Examples of computer-based assessments of problem-solving are provided based on the evaluation of the cognitive consequences of children's participation in an after-school computer club.     

Empirical analysis of the evolution of a taxonomy for best practices

Taxonomies play an increasingly role in knowledge management, providing the basis on which to find and communicate knowledge, information and metrics. However, knowledge continues to evolve over time. As a result, taxonomies also need to continue to evolve.Two different evolved versions of a taxonomy for best practices, each based on the same original taxonomy were analyzed. This research investigated empirical approaches to trace the changes in the original taxonomy. In so doing, an approach using empirical findings to monitoring and anticipating taxonomy change is initiated. There were a number of findings, including a tendency to evolve to greater complexity.     

A dependency taxonomy for agile software development projects

Agile software development is designed to achieve collaborative software development. A supporting pillar of collaboration is effective coordination, which is necessary to manage dependencies in projects. Understanding the dependencies arising in agile software development projects can help practitioners choose appropriate coordinative practices from the large number of practices provided by the various agile methods. To achieve this understanding, this article analyses dependencies in three typical cases of co-located agile software development and presents the dependencies as a taxonomy with decision rules for allocating dependencies into categories. Findings show that knowledge, process, and resource dependencies are present, with knowledge dependencies predominant. In addition, there are agile practices with a coordinative function that address multiple dependencies in these agile software development projects. These practices would be a good choice for coordinating a project and supporting collaboration in agile software projects.