Ce对440C不锈轴承钢夹杂物演变的影响

为探究稀土Ce对440C不锈轴承钢中夹杂物的改性作用,利用实验室MoSi₂电阻炉对440C不锈轴承钢进行稀土Ce处理,采用OM、SEM等系统分析了Ce的添加对440C不锈轴承钢脱氧及夹杂物演变的影响。结果表明,随着Ce加入量的增加,其收得率逐渐升高。Ce的加入使钢中TO质量分数由0.002 5%降低至0.001 2%。未加入Ce的钢中夹杂物主要为Al₂O₃、MnS以及镁铝尖晶石;加入质量分数为0.011 5%的Ce后,夹杂物被改性为以Ce-Al-O为主的夹杂物;当Ce的添加量达到0.036 4%时,夹杂物被完全改性为Ce-O-S夹杂物。适量的Ce可以降低夹杂物尺寸及面积比例,但过量加入会使夹杂物尺寸变大。在本试验条件下,当Ce质量分数为0.011 5%时,钢中夹杂物细小弥散效果最明显。以上结论可为Ce在高碳铬不锈轴承钢中的应用提供参考。     

Experimental and DFT study on cerium inclusions in clean steels

To provide insights into deforming Ce-O-S-Al inclusions in steels and improving the mechanical properties,the evolution process of such harmful inclusions in clean steels was investigated by thermodynamic calculation,metallographic examination and first-principles calculation in this paper.For the tested IF steel,the thermodynamic analysis results are consistent with the calculated formation enthalpy.After Ce addition,the inclusions are transformed from Al₂O₃and TiN-Al₂TiO₅-Al₂O₃to Ce2O₃,Ce₂O₂S,CeAlO₃,TiN-Al₂TiO₅-Ce₂O₃and TiN-Al₂TiO₅-Ce₂O₂S composite inclusions,which can be confirmed by metallographic examination.The elastic constants were calculated,and the bulk modulus,Young's modulus,shear modulus and Poisson's ratio were evaluated by the Voigt-Reuss-Hill(VRH)approximation.All inclusions except Ce₂O₃show apparent brittleness.TiN,Al₂O₃,Al₂TiO₅and CeAlO₃present much higher hardness than iron matrix,while the hardness of Ce2O₃or Ce₂O₂S is close to that of iron matrix.The thermal expansion coefficients of Ce₂O₃and CeAlO₃are close to that of iron matrix,whereas,Ce₂O₂S inclusion has largely different thermal expansion coefficient from iron matrix and may deteriorate the steel performance at higher temperatures.The relatively small differences between Ce inclusions and iron matrix in terms of hardness,toughness,brittleness,and thermal expansion coefficient can explain the improvement of the mechanical properties of the tested steel.     

稀土元素在铁素体不锈钢中的作用和应用前景

铁素体不锈钢(11%～30%Cr)的抗点蚀、抗应力腐蚀和抗高温氧化性能均优于奥氏体不锈钢。但普通铁素体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性较高,塑性和韧性较低,焊接裂纹倾向较大。经分析得出,铁素体不锈钢加稀土元素可改善钢的凝固组织,影响碳、氮化物析出形态,细化晶粒,改变钢中硫化物形态和夹杂物成分,从而改善钢的横向韧性、焊接性能和疲劳性能。因此,稀土元素在铁素体不锈钢中的应用研究工作有广阔的前景。     

Effect of Ce on Inclusions and Impact Property of 2Cr13 Stainless Steel

 The effect of Ce on inclusions and impact toughness of 2Cr13 stainless steel were studied by SEM and electron spectroscopy. Thermodynamic calculation was used to analyze the formation of RE inclusions in 2Cr13 stainless steel. The result shows that Al2O3 and MnS can be entirely replaced by Ce2O2S and CeS. Fracture is changed from cleavage to ductile fracture by adding Ce to the 2Cr13 stainless steel, and the spherical rare earth oxysulfide inclusions-Ce2O2S in the dimple are the main factors. The transverse impact value of 2Cr13 stainless steel has been improved obviously by rare earth. The transverse impact value of RE-2Cr13 is increased 55.46% at the temperature of -40℃, comparing with 0RE-2Cr13.     

铈对S32550双相不锈钢微观组织及冲击性能的影响

 双相不锈钢兼具奥氏体和铁素体不锈钢的优良性能,多用于船舶、化工、核反应等领域。为了进一步提高S32550双相不锈钢的力学性能和抗腐蚀性能,采用真空感应炉成功冶炼了S32550双相不锈钢,并研究了有无添加稀土铈对其锻造、轧制后的微观组织、夹杂物形貌及冲击性能的影响。结果表明,添加稀土铈可以细化组织晶粒,使形状分布不均匀的铁素体组织与奥氏体组织均匀化;改善夹杂物形貌分布大小,对有害夹杂MnS进行改质,降低硫含量,使多余硫元素与铈反应形成Ce₂O₂S、Ce₂S₂夹杂弥散分布在钢中;另外,添加稀土铈可以提高S32550双相不锈钢在室温和低温(-40、-20 ℃)下的冲击韧性,在低温下可出现韧窝带,降低冷脆效应对钢材的危害。     

稀土在铁素体不锈钢中的研究现状及发展前景

摘要：铁素体不锈钢具有“节镍资源型”特性及优良的综合性能,被广泛应用于轨道运输、汽车、家电和厨具等行业中。稀土作为战略性资源在不锈钢中的应用已有多年,国内外学者在这方面做了大量研究。归纳和总结了稀土对铁素体不锈钢组织和性能等方面的影响,并对其在钢中的作用机制和影响机制进行了简要分析。大量研究表明,稀土能将钢中不规则状且电子功函数较小的A12O3、MnS夹杂改性为电子功函数较大的球状稀土复合夹杂;此外,稀土能降低钢中晶粒尺寸,净化其晶界,对钢的凝固组织、退火组织等金相组织起到明显的细化作用,提高其耐蚀性能和力学性能。最后展望了稀土在不锈钢中的发展前景。     

Pitting corrosion behavior of cerium treated HSLA steel induced by sulfide inclusions in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution

Pitting corrosion behavior of Ce treated HSLA steels induced by sulfide inclusions in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was investigated with potentiodynamic polarization and immersion corrosion test.The results show that Ce added steels exhibit better pitting corrosion resistance with lower corrosion current density and bigger pitting potential compared with steel without Ce,which is mainly attributed to optimized characteristics of spherical Ce-oxysulfide inclusions with less number density,smaller average size and lower pitting corrosion susceptibility.The spherical Ce₂O₂ S inclusions precipitated on the surface of CeAlO₃ inclusions in the Ce added steels induce pits with bigger opening mouth and shallow depth,reducing their tendency of extension to go deeper due to occlusion corrosion battery in the pitting holes.Furthermore,corrosion inhibitor Ce(OH)₃ generated by Ce₂O₂ S hydration can weaken electrochemical corrosion of the matrix micro-region around the pits.To avoid harmful bigger inclusions,Ce content in steels should be regulated within reasonable range,0.015 wt% Ce in present steels effectively modified inclusions to acquire the best pitting corrosion resistance of the steels.     

钇基稀土对51CrV4弹簧钢冲击韧性的影响

运用扫描电镜观察了51CrV4弹簧钢显微组织、夹杂物及断口形貌,并结合能谱分析了钢中夹杂物成分组成,探究了钇基稀土对51CrV4弹簧钢冲击韧性的影响.结果表明,对于51CrV4弹簧钢,添加钇基稀土能明显提高其冲击韧性,纵向冲击功提升了68.8%,断口形貌由准解理断口转变为韧窝型断口,韧窝处存在大量细小球状的稀土复合夹杂.钇基稀土的添加促进了51CrV4弹簧钢回火组织中碳化物的球化,并使其分布更加弥散.钇基稀土对钢中夹杂物有很好的改性作用,夹杂物被球化且尺寸得到细化.      

稀土元素铈对精密模具用不锈钢组织性能的影响

为了提高精密模具用不锈钢的性能,在3Cr13马氏体不锈钢中添加质量分数为0.002%的稀土元素铈(Ce),经淬火+回火处理后,采用金相观察、SEM、拉伸试验、冲击试验和硬度测试等方法,研究了Ce对3Cr13马氏体不锈钢组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明：Ce能细化淬火+回火后的马氏体组织,使其晶粒大小趋于一致,“白块区”马氏体分布更加均匀,使试验钢屈服强度和抗拉强度提高了100 MPa以上,0℃低温冲击韧性提高了62 J/cm²,HV₁₀硬度值提高了48。同时Ce改变了试验钢低温冲击试样的断口形貌,减少了夹杂物引起的“孔洞”缺陷,阻碍了裂纹的扩展,提高了试验钢的低温冲击韧性。     

钇含量对铝脱氧含钛不锈钢中夹杂物的影响

 以T4003铁素体不锈钢为研究对象,采用热力学计算与实验室试验的方法,对钇质量分数为0、0.007 0%、0.014 0%和0.023 0%的不锈钢中夹杂物进行了分析,研究了稀土元素钇含量对T4003铁素体不锈钢中夹杂物的影响,总结了不同钇含量对钢中夹杂物影响的规律。首先通过计算夹杂物的生成吉布斯自由能变预测了钢中生成的夹杂物种类,总结了不同钇含量试验钢中不同夹杂物的生成吉布斯自由能变随温度的变化规律。计算结果与扫描电镜对钢中夹杂物的检测结果一致。研究表明,不含钇的T4003不锈钢中夹杂物主要为尺寸不均匀的均相TiN夹杂物及少量Al₂O₃、Mg-Al-O、Ca-Ti-O与TiN的非均相复合夹杂物,添加钇后钢中夹杂物主要为小尺寸的TiN和部分以Y₂O₃和Y₂O₂S为核心表面包裹TiN的复合夹杂物。随着钢中钇含量的增加,钢中夹杂物的总含量先增加后减少,夹杂物平均直径先减小后增大。夹杂物中氧化物的改性路径为MgAl₂O₄-CaO-TiO_x→MgAl₂O₄-Y₂O₃-(CaO-)TiO_x→Y₂O₃-TiO_x→Y₂O₃-Y₂O₂S及Y₂O₃和Y₂O₂S。试验钢中含TiN夹杂物的数密度与面积分数先增加后减少,平均直径先减小后增大。钇的加入使钢中小于4 μm的小尺寸含TiN夹杂物数量增多,但钇的加入量过高时,含TiN夹杂物的细化程度减弱。当钢中钇质量分数为0.007 0%与0.014 0%时,渣中含TiN夹杂物的尺寸明显减小,大尺寸的含TiN夹杂物数量显著减少。     

稀土铈对55SiCr高应力弹簧钢夹杂物的改性作用

 55SiCr高应力弹簧钢主要用于制造交通工具的气门、悬架和制动弹簧,钢中的大颗粒复合夹杂物所引起的疲劳破坏和长条形MnS所造成的各向异性与氢致裂纹敏感性等是降低弹簧服役寿命的重要原因。从冶炼环节对此类夹杂物进行改质改性并使其细小、无害化是提高弹簧服役性能的重要途径。基于高温管式炉冶炼试验并结合SEM、EDS检测和热力学计算等方法探究了稀土铈对55SiCr钢中夹杂物的改性机制以及铈含量对夹杂物的影响规律。结果表明,钢水中加入铈后,首先生成大量小尺寸稀土夹杂物;随着反应进行,夹杂物数量逐渐减少,大多数夹杂物得以上浮去除。适量铈可以起到净化钢液作用。此外,铈的添加量对夹杂物特性影响很大。当铈添加量为0.02%时,钢中的夹杂物主要为被铈不同程度改性的MnS夹杂以及Ce-O-S、Ce-S类夹杂,尺寸大多为1~3 μm,呈球形或椭球型;当铈添加量增加至0.26%时,MnS夹杂消失,形成大量有棱角、不规则的Ce-O和Ce-O-S类夹杂,对钢的疲劳性能将产生不利影响。铈通过3种方式改性MnS夹杂, 从MnS四周向内扩散进行、从MnS夹杂物一侧改性以及从MnS中部开始改性。从控制夹杂物无害化角度,建议适宜的稀土添加量为0.01%~0.02%,此时钢中铈质量分数为0.009%~0.014%。     

Ce含量对H13钢中稀土夹杂物析出行为的影响

为了更好地研究Ce含量对H13钢中稀土夹杂物析出行为的影响,通过SEM、EDS和夹杂物自动分析系统观察和统计了稀土夹杂物的类型、形貌、数量及尺寸,并利用Factsage 8.0热力学软件计算了稀土夹杂物的析出过程和析出规律.结果 表明,不同Ce含量下H13钢中稀土夹杂物的形貌与类型相同,主要为Ce-O、Ce-O-S和C...     

Ce和W对444铁素体不锈钢耐点蚀性的影响

采用浸泡失重法和电化学方法研究Ce和W对铁素体不锈钢在含Cl-溶液中耐点蚀性能的影响,并通过恒电位极化法测定不同Ce和W含量的铁素体不锈钢临界点蚀温度(CPT)。结果表明,W和Ce都可显著抑制铁素体不锈钢在FeCl₃溶液中的腐蚀溶解,且含W的不锈钢蚀坑坑底有W元素富集。Ce和W的添加提高了不锈钢在5%NaCl溶液中的临界点蚀温度,并且当W的质量分数达到1%时,可以显著增强蚀坑的再钝化能力。添加Ce和W可提高不锈钢的点蚀电位,降低腐蚀电流密度,提高不锈钢的耐点蚀性能。不同成分的铁素体不锈钢在中性氯溶液中都表现出稳定的钝态,而Ce和W的添加可以提高钝化膜的稳定性,扩大钝化区范围。     

Effects of Mg Addition on Inclusions Formation and Resultant Solidification Structure Changes of Ti-stabilized Ultra-pure Ferritic Stainless Steel

The effects of Mg addition on the formation of nonmetallic inclusions and solidification structure of Ti-stabilized ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels were investigated by experimentally casting ingots with different compositions.Thermodynamic analyses on the formation of complex inclusions after adding Mg into steels were carried out combined with the scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS)analysis.And the EDS analysis showed that in steel samples with Mg addition,a new spinel crystal phase combined with Al2O3-TiOx formed.It was also found that after Mg addition,the proportions of equiaxed grain zone of 409L,4003,439 and 443NT steels increased from 10.2%,21.8%,13.4% and 18.6% to 84.3%,92.3%,91.1% and 100.0%,respectively.Since the planar disregistry between spinel and TiN is 5.1%,spinel could promote the precipitation of TiN and increase the number density of TiN inclusions in steel melts.The mechanism of solidification structure refinement after adding Mg into steels supposed that the complex inclusions of spinel and TiN in high number density enhanced columnar-to-equiaxed transition,since the planer disregistry betweenδphase and spinel is 1.4%.     

Observations of the columnar-to-equiaxed transition in stainless steels

Observations are reported for the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) in stainless steel bars which have been solidified slowly and progressively in a horizontal configuration. For ferritic, austenitic, and ferritic/austenitic stainless steels containing more than 0.085 wt pct carbon, CETs occur at about the same distance from the start of solidification at a given growth rate. With increasing growth rates, the transition occurs closer to the start of solidification. At low carbon levels, near 0.02 wt pct carbon, the ferritic/austenitic steel is entirely columnar, in most cases. Adding nickel to the ferritic/austenitic steel, which makes the leading phase austenitic, produces a CET with small equiaxed grains. This suggests that different particles which are effective with austenitic growth become operative as nucleants. The transition from a columnar to an equiaxed structure occurs abruptly across the diameter of the sample. There is extensive fluid flow in the bulk melt, which produces shallow temperature gradients in the melt prior to the onset of solidification. The bulk melt flow does not appear to interact significantly with the melt in the interdendritic region or the melt immediately ahead of this region. The width of the solid/liquid region in the present experiments is observed to be between 10 and 20 mm, depending on the growth velocity and the distance from the start of solidification.     

439铁素体不锈钢的研制

439是在430不锈钢基础上降低C＋N含量，添加Nb、Ti等稳定化元素发展起来的新型不锈钢材料，已逐步代替304不锈钢应用于电梯面板等行业。为开发满足用户使用要求的439不锈钢，试验室研究了成分、热处理制度对439不锈钢性能的影响，结果表明：Ti、Nb稳定化元素的添加对改善439不锈钢综合性能比较有利、热轧439退火再冷轧可明显改进深冲性能。生产试制结果表明，宝钢生产的439冷轧产品完全能满足用户对材料的性能要求。     

稀土元素对奥氏体不锈钢焊条熔敷金属组织和性能的影响

在奥氏体不锈钢焊条中，通过在焊条药皮中加入稀土元素。探讨了其对焊条熔敷金属组织和性能的影响。对加稀土前后两种焊条进行了熔敷金属常规拉伸和冲击试验。宏观金相组织分析和冲击断口扫描电镜分析。并对熔敷金属薄片进行了透射电镜分析。结果表明：在奥氏体不锈钢焊条药皮中加入稀土元素。可以细化结晶组织，改变晶界上碳化物的析出形态和分布，并使碳化物的析出数量和颗粒尺寸明显减小，从而净化了奥氏体晶界，提高了其焊条熔敷金属的机械性能。     

Inclusions for Ultra-pure Ferritic Stainless Steels Containing 21% Chromium

As stabilizing elements added into ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels, niobium and titanium react with carbon and nitrogen to form carbonitrides and have great effects on the ratio of equiaxed zone and the grain size of solidification structure of ingots, which remarkably affect the quality of cold-rolled sheets. Combined with thermodynamic calculation, style and precipitation progress of inclusions in ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results indicate that the inclusions are mainly Ti-Al-N-O system inclusions in ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels. Al₂O₃ starts to precipitate firstly and then TiO_x and TiN precipitates sequently. The inclusions are mainly single TiN particles and complex inclusions with Al₂O₃-Ti₂O₃ as cores and covered with TiN under the condition of 0.31% titanium addition and mainly Al₂O₃ under the condition of 0.01% titanium addition. A few (Nb, Ti) N particles precipitate because of no enough titanium to react with nitrogen when titanium addition is 0.01%. In addition, fine Nb(C, N) particles with size of less than 500 nm precipitate at relatively low temperature.     

稀土改善430铁素体不锈钢冲击韧性的作用机理

 采用金相、扫描电镜和能谱等分析手段,研究了微量稀土对430铁素体不锈钢在室温和低温下的横向冲击性能的影响。研究结果表明,稀土夹杂物减缓了裂纹的扩展。加稀土的试样断口为韧性撕裂,不加稀土的试样断口为解理断裂。加微量稀土的试样横向冲击性能比不加稀土的试样大幅度提高,最高提高了5倍。