Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (XNBR) Vulcanizate Reinforced by Organic Filler

Carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) composite containing organic filler was fabricated on lab-scale, two-roll mill. The organic filler originated from the olive husk powder (OHP). The work has two aims. The first is the role of the OHP as a co-curing agent for XNBR vulcanizate based on the fact that it is a nitrogen-containing material; the second is the potential of the OHP as reinforcing filler. Therefore, the prepared samples were inspected with reference to their cure characteristics and mechanical properties. It has been found that the OHP was able to shorten the optimum cure time (t₉₀) and enhance the state of cure (difference between the maximum torque M_H and the minimum torque M_L). It was noticed that the OHP addition has increased the minimum torque (M_L), which is an indirect indication of increased viscosity of the vulcanizate. The cure behavior change was accompanied with a notable improvement in the mechanical properties of the composites as compared to the pristine counterpart. Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) was used to explore the possibility of any interactions between the filler and the matrix. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was carried out on the fabricated composites. The related parameters, such as the mechanical loss factor (tanδ and storage modulus (È), were reported.     

Effect of different types of filler and filler loadings on the properties of carboxylated acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber latex films

The effects of different types of fillers and filler loadings on the properties of carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) latex were identified. Silica, mica, carbon black (CB; N330), and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) were used as fillers with filler loadings of 10, 15, and 20 parts per hundred rubber. Furnace ashing and Fourier transform infrared analysis proved that interaction existed between the fillers and XNBR latex films. The morphology of the filled XNBR films was significantly different for different types of fillers. Mica and CaCO₃ fillers showed uneven distribution within the XNBR film, whereas other fillers, such as silica and CB, showed homogeneous distribution within the films. In the observation, silica and mica fillers also illustrated some degree of agglomeration. The mechanical properties (e.g., tensile and tear strengths) showed different trends with different types of fillers used. For silica and mica fillers, the mechanical properties increased with filler loadings up to a certain loading, and decreased with higher filler loadings. For CB filler, the mechanical properties increased gradually with increasing filler loadings. CaCO₃ fillers did not increase the mechanical properties. The crosslinking density of the XNBR films increased when they were incorporated with fillers because of the presence of elastomer–filler and filler–filler interactions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Enhancement of the mechanical and tribological properties of carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber filled with cryptocrystalline graphite by different preparation methods

As a cost-effective and environmentally friendly natural mineral, cryptocrystalline graphite (CG) is applied in rubber materials and its performance has been evaluated. In this work, the filler dispersion and mechanical and tribological properties of carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR)/CG composites by different preparation methods were studied. XNBR/CG composites prepared by latex blending (XNBR/CG-L) exhibited better mechanical and tribological performance, higher toughness, and lower heat build-up than those prepared by mechanical blending (XNBR/CG-M). These differences were ascribed to the filler dispersion degree, filler amount and dispersed size, and also filler–rubber interfacial interaction. Adding CG was conducive to improving the stability of the friction coefficient and reduced the wear rate via the formation of graphite lubricant and transfer films. The tribological performance of XNBR/CG-L was superior to that of XNBR/CG-M because of the improved tensile strength, tear resistance, and toughness as well as lower temperature rise. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscope observation showed a smoother worn surface, less and smaller wear debris of XNBR/CG-L, and a more uniform transfer film on the steel counterpart surface. The relevant results provided new insight into the performance and structural design of CG/rubber composites.     

Tailoring the structure of Kevlar nanofiber and its effects on the mechanical property and thermal stability of carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber

Water-dispersible hydrolyzed Kevlar nanofibers (hANFs) prepared by acid-assisted hydrothermal treatments of Kevlar nanofibers (ANFs) were first incorporated into carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) by a latex co-coagulation method. The obtained hANFs maintained the one-dimensional nanofibrous morphology and crystal structure as ANFs. There were amounts of polar groups appearing at the end of hANFs molecular chains after hydrothermal process, which led to the strong hydrogen bonding interaction between the filler and XNBR matrix. The results indicated that hANFs had significant reinforcement effects on the mechanical properties, crosslink density, and thermal stability of XNBR matrix. In comparison with those of neat XNBR, the tensile strength, tear strength, crosslink density, and maximum heat decomposition temperature (T_max) of XNBR/hANFs nanocomposites filled with 7 phr hANFs increased by 236%, 161%, 35%, and 19.64 °C, respectively. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47698.     

Curing Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm Wood Flour Reinforced Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites

Abstract

The paper reports on the curing characteristics and mechanical properties of oil palm wood flour (OPWF) reinforced epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) composites. Three sizes of OPWF at different filler loadings were compounded with a two roll mill. The cure (t ₉₀) and scorch times of all filler size decrease with increasing OPWF loading. Increasing OPWF loading in ENR compound resulted in reduction of tensile strength and elongation at break but increased tensile modulus, tear strength and hardness. The composites filled with smaller OPWF size showed higher tensile strength, tensile modulus and tear strength. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs showed that at lower filler loading the fracture of composites occurred mainly due to the breakage of fibre with minimum pull-out of fibres from the matrix. However as the filler loading is increased, the fibre pull-out became very prominent due to the lack of adhesion between fibre and rubber matrix.     

Water‐induced mechanically adaptive behavior of carboxylated acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber reinforced by bacterial cellulose whiskers

Water‐induced mechanically adaptive rubber nanocomposites were prepared by mixing bacterial cellulose whiskers (BCWs) suspension with carboxylated acerlonitrile‐butadiene rubber (XNBR) latex, followed by latex blending method. The introduction of BCWs into XNBR enhanced the tensile storage modulus (E') significantly, which originated from the formation of a rigid 3D filler network within matrix as well as the interfacial interaction between filler and matrix. The water uptake ratio of nanocomposite films increased with BCWs content, from 5.5% for neat XNBR to 54% for nanocomposite with 20 phr (parts per hundred rubber) BCWs. Upon submersed in water, the nanocomposite films showed dramatic decrease in E′, especially for which filled with high BCWs loadings. For example, E′ of nanocomposite with 20 phr BCWs was decreased by 98.04% after equilibrium swelling compared with only 52.02% for nanocomposite with 3 phr BCWs. The remarkable water‐triggered modulus changes are attributed to the disentanglement of BCWs network after swelling. The prepared XNBR–BCWs nanocomposites with mechanically adaptive properties could contribute to develop the new type of rubber‐based smart materials. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:58–65, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Mechanical and Thermal Analysis of Poly (Vinyl-Alcohol) and Modified Wood Dust Composites

Abstract

A study of Polymer Modified Wood Dust Nanocomposite (PMW) was done using a polymer matrix of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Modified Wood Dust as reinforcing agent. Composite materials were prepared by effectively dispersing the wood dust within the PVA matrix via a conventional solvent casting technique. The obtained PMW materials were typically characterized by Fourier-Transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The Thermal properties of the PWC films were investigated by means of Themogravimetric Analysis. The dispersion of modified filler in the polymer matrix was investigated by TEM analysis. The surface morphology of the uncrosslinked and crosslinked PVA nanocomposite membranes was analyzed by Tapping Mode—Atomic Force Microscopy (TM-AFM). To study the temperature dependencies of the dynamic moduli, stress relaxation, mechanical loss, and damping phenomena of the composite material, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was done. The tensile behavior of the composite films was analyzed by comparing their tensile strength and their modulus of elasticity with change in filler content.     

Preparation of functional reduced graphene oxide and its influence on the properties of polyimide composites

Homogeneous dispersion and strong filler–matrix interfacial interactions were vital factors for graphene for enhancing the properties of polymer composites. To improve the dispersion of graphene in the polymer matrix and enhance the interfacial interactions, graphene oxide (GO), as an important precursor of graphene, was functionalized with amine‐terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG–NH₂) to prepare GO–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Then, GO–PEG was further reduced to prepare modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO)–PEG with N₂H₄·H₂O. The success of the modification was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. Different loadings of rGO–PEG were introduced into polyimide (PI) to produce composites via in situ polymerization and a thermal reduction process. The modification of PEG–NH₂ on the surface of rGO inhibited its reaggregation and improved the filler–matrix interfacial interactions. The properties of the composites were enhanced by the incorporation of rGO–PEG. With the addition of 1.0 wt % rGO–PEG, the tensile strength of PI increased by 81.5%, and the electrical conductivity increased by eight orders of magnitude. This significant improvement was attributed to the homogeneous dispersion of rGO–PEG and its strong filler–matrix interfacial interactions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45119.     

Properties of natural rubber composites reinforced with silica or carbon black: influence of cure accelerator content and filler dispersion

Filler dispersion is a critical factor in determining the properties of filled rubber composites. Silica has a high density of silanol groups on the surface, which lead to strong filler–filler interactions and a poor filler dispersions. A cure accelerator, N‐tert‐butyl‐2‐benzothiazole sulfenamide (TBBS), was found to improve filler dispersion in silica‐filled natural rubber (NR) compounds. For the silica‐filled NR compounds without the silane coupling agent, the reversion ratio generally increased with increase in TBBS content, whereas those of the silica‐filled NR compounds containing the silane coupling agent and carbon black‐filled NR compounds decreased linearly. The tensile strength of the silica‐filled NR vulcanizate without the silane coupling agent increased as the TBBS content increased, whereas carbon black‐filled samples did not show a specific trend. The experimental results were explained by TBBS adsorption on the silica surface and the improvement of silica dispersion with the aid of TBBS. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of Rice Husk Filler on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Liquid Natural Rubber Compatibilized High-Density Polyethylene/Natural Rubber Blends

Natural rubber/high-density polyethylene (NR/HDPE) blend with rice husk (RH) filler and liquid natural rubber (LNR) as the compatibilizer was prepared using an internal mixer at 140°C and 50 rpm. The reinforcing effect and compatibilizing performance of the added reagents in the composites were evaluated from the mechanical and thermal properties, and blend homogeneity. The tensile and impact strength decreased with RH loadings in the matrix, while the tensile modulus and hardness showed an opposite trend. The weak filler–matrix interaction, resulting in poor filler dispersion and large agglomerated particle size, caused those properties to decrease. However, the mechanical properties of the composites improved with the addition of NR or LNR into the matrix. The dissolution effect caused interactions between the phases, leading to an improvement in the compatibility in the blend. Changes in morphology resulted in the shift of T _g of the amorphous part of NR to higher temperatures, as observed in differential mechanical analysis (DMA) thermograms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the fractured surface had also revealed the good RH–matrix interaction and, thus, the dispersion of particles in samples with added LNR.     

A Comparative Study on Curing Characteristics,Mechanical Properties,Swelling Behavior,Thermal Stability,and Morphology of Feldspar and Silica in SMR L Vulcanizates

Abstract

Comparison studies on effects of feldspar and silica (Vulcasil C) as a filler in (SMR L grade natural rubber) vulcanizates on curing characteristics, mechanical properties, swelling behavior, thermal analysis, and morphology were examined. The incorporation of both fillers increases the scorch time, t ₂, and cure time, t ₉₀, of SMR L vulcanizates. At a similar filler loading, feldspar exhibited longer t ₂ and t ₉₀ but lower values of maximum torque, M_HR, and torque difference, M_HR–M_L than did silica-filled SMR L vulcanizates. For mechanical properties, both fillers were found to be effective in enhancing the tensile strength (up to 10 phr), tensile modulus, and hardness of the vulcanizates. However, feldspar-filled SMR L vulcanizates showed lower values of mechanical properties than did silica-filled SMR L vulcanizates. Swelling measurement indicates that swelling percentages of both fillers-filled SMR L vulcanizates decrease with increasing filler loading whereas silica shows a lower swelling percentage than feldspar-filled SMR L vulcanizates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on fracture surface of tensile samples showed poor filler–matrix adhesion for both fillers with increasing filler loading in the vulcanizates. However, feldspar-filled SMR L vulcanizates showed poorer filler–matrix adhesion than did silica-filled SMR L vulcanizates. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicate that the feldspar-filled SMR L vulcanizates have higher thermal stability than do silica-filled SMR L vulcanizates.     

Mechanical properties of polypropylene/clay nanocomposites: Effect of clay content,polymer/clay compatibility,and processing conditions

In this work, polypropylene/clay nanocomposites with 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 wt % of montmorillonite (MMT) (unmodified clay) were prepared by intensive mixing at 50 rpm and 10 min of mixing. For the highest clay content (5 wt %), the initial materials or the processing conditions were changed to study their independent effect. On one hand, 10 wt % of PP‐graft‐MA (PP‐g‐MA) was incorporated or MMT was replaced by organomodified clays (C10A and C30B). On the other side, for the initial system, the speed of rotation (100 and 150 rpm) and the mixing time (5 and 15 min) were altered. In all cases, the state of the clay inside the matrix (DRX), the degree of dispersion in the micro (SEM) and nano (TEM) scales, and the rheological and mechanical properties were analyzed. It was found that the stiffness increased with clay content, whereas tensile and impact strength did not significantly change. Although intercalated structures were observed in the composites with unmodified clay, in the composites with modified clay or PP‐g‐MA, improved dispersion of clay in PP was found. The mechanical properties increased accordingly. The degree of dispersion of the filler in the matrix appeared to be unaffected by the changes in the processing conditions introduced. Finally, the elastic modulus was modeled by using an effective filler‐parameter model based on Halpin–Tsai equations, which also allowed estimating the relative degree of dispersion. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Effect of polymer/filler interactions on the structure and rheological properties of ethylene-octene copolymer/nanosilica composites

The microstructure and rheology of melt compounded ethylene-octene copolymer (EOC) nanocomposites, containing different types of functionalized matrices and nanosilica particles, were investigated. The EOC matrix was functionalized via silane grafting, using monofunctional (vinyltriethylsilane-VTES) or bifunctional (vinyltriethoxysilane VTEOS) silane agents, to prepare EOC-g-VTES and EOC-g-VTEOS respectively. Two different types of silica were used, unmodified (SiO₂), or modified with octylsilane (oct-SiO₂). Depending on the matrix/filler combination, different types of polymer/filler interactions were present in these composites. The formation of covalent bonds between the VTEOS functionality and the hydroxyl groups present at the surface of the particles, generated strong polymer/filler interactions, resulting in improved filler dispersion. The presence of polymer/filler interactions was confirmed by bound polymer measurements. TEM micrographs revealed a fractal-like composite structure, which agreed with the exponents determined through small angle oscillatory shear rheometry (SAOS). Rheological properties in the melt state revealed significant differences, depending on the types of matrix and filler used. Time-sweep experiments showed pronounced time-dependence indicative of a tendency toward aggregation for the EOC-g-VTES-based composites. On the contrary, strong polymer/filler interactions between EOC-g-VTEOS and oct-SiO₂ resulted in a stable response. During strain-sweep experiments the EOC-g-VTEOS-based composites exhibited a higher critical strain for the onset of non-linearity, indicative of stronger adhesion between the fillers and the matrix. DMA measurements showed that more energy is dissipated during the glass transition in the composites with enhanced polymer/filler interactions.     

Novel in situ carbon nanofiber/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposites: Synthesis,morphology, and physico‐mechanical properties

A series of carbon nanofiber (CNF)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)‐based nanocomposites was prepared by anionic ring opening polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D₄) in presence of pristine CNF and amine‐modified CNF. A detailed study of morphology–property relationship of the nanocomposites was carried out in order to understand the effect of chemical modification and loading of filler on property enhancement of the nanocomposites. An elaborate comparison of structure and properties was carried out for the nanocomposites prepared by in situ and conventional ex situ methods. Pronounced improvement in degree of dispersion of the fillers in the matrix on amine modification of CNFs was reflected in mechanical properties of the modified nanocomposites. Maximum upliftment in mechanical properties was observed for in situ prepared amine modified CNF/hydroxyl PDMS nanocomposites. For 8 phr filler loading, tensile strength increased by 370%, while tensile modulus showed an increase of 515% compared with the virgin elastomer. Furthermore, in situ prepared unmodified CNF/hydroxyl PDMS nanocomposites showed an increase of 141°C in temperature of maximum degradation (T_max) for 8 phr CNF loading. These results were correlated with the morphological analysis through transmission electron microscopic studies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Mechanical,thermophysical, and diffusion properties of TiO2‐filled chlorobutyl rubber composites

The mechanical and thermophysical properties of TiO₂‐filled chlorobutyl rubber composites were investigated. These materials exhibited enhanced mechanical properties such as increased modulus, tensile strength, and hardness. The morphology of filler dispersion in the matrix was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Moreover, the effect of TiO₂ content on the molecular transport of solvents was examined by means of degree of swelling, volume fraction of rubber, penetration rate of solvent, mean diffusion coefficient, etc. A periodic method was used to estimate the thermophysical behavior of samples. It was shown that the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of composites increase with increasing of TiO₂ filler content. Finally, the utilization of the material as effective chemical protective clothing against volatile organic chemicals was analyzed. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Curing characteristics and mechanical properties of rattan‐powder‐filled natural rubber composites as a function of filler loading and silane coupling agent

Curing characteristics, tensile properties, morphological studies of tensile fractured surfaces using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the extent of rubber filler interactions of rattan‐powder‐filled natural rubber (NR) composites were investigated as a function of filler loading and silane coupling agent (CA). NR composites were prepared by the incorporation of rattan powder at filler loading range of 0–30 phr into a NR matrix with a laboratory size two roll mill. The results indicate that in the presence of silane CA, scorch time (t_s2), and cure time (t₉₀) of rattan‐powder‐filled NR composites were shorten, while, maximum torque (M_H) increased compared with NR composites without silane CA. Tensile strength and tensile modulus of composites were enhanced whereas elongation at break reduced in the presence of silane CA mainly due to increase in rubber‐filler interaction. It is proven by SEM studies that the bonding between the filler and rubber matrix has improved. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Ionic elastomer blends of zinc salts of maleated natural rubber and carboxylated nitrile rubber: Effect of grafted maleic anhydride

Zinc neutralized maleated natural rubbers (Zn‐MNR) were prepared by solution grafting and neutralization with zinc acetate in one‐step. It was later used for blending with carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) in the composition of 50/50 parts by weight. The effect of grafted anhydride content (1.2, 1.6, 2.0, and 2.5% wt of NR) on the tensile properties of ionic rubber blends (Zn‐MNR/XNBR) was investigated. The tensile strength of the ionic blends was found to be greater than those of pure rubbers. The modulus, tensile, and tear strength of the blends dramatically increased with increasing levels of grafted anhydride. The ionic rubber blends also possessed superior physical properties compared to those of the corresponding nonionic rubber blends (MNR/XNBR). Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopic studies were performed to verify the process of mixing. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies were carried out to characterize the nature of specific intermolecular interactions between Zn‐MNR and XNBR chain segments. The results indicated that the ion‐ion (Zn⁺ ‐COO^?) interactions between Zn‐MNR and XNBR are formed at the interface, which provides the mean of compatibilization in the ionic rubber blends. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Carbon nanotubes‐filled thermoplastic polyurethane–urea and carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber blend nanocomposites

This article reports the preparation and characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)‐filled thermoplastic polyurethane–urea (TPUU) and carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) blend nanocomposites. The dispersion of the MWCNTs was carried out using a laboratory two roll mill. Three different loadings, that is, 1, 3, and 5 wt % of the MWCNTs were used. The electron microscopy image analysis proves that the MWCNTs are evenly dispersed along the shear flow direction. Through incorporation of the nanotubes in the blend, the tensile modulus was increased from 9.90 ± 0.5 to 45.30 ± 0.3 MPa, and the tensile strength at break was increased from 25.4 ± 2.5 to 33.0 ± 1.5 MPa. The wide angle X‐ray scattering result showed that the TPUU:XNBR blends were arranged in layered structures. These structures are formed through chemical reactions of ? NH group from urethane and urea with the carboxylic group on XNBR. Furthermore, even at a very low loading, the high degree of nanotubes dispersion results in a significant increase in the electrical percolation threshold. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40341.     

Thermoplastic Composites Based on Renewable Natural Resources: Unplasticized PVC/Olive Husk

The current study explores the potential of eco-friendly biomaterials, namely olive husk (OH) as a reinforcing filler for PVC composite. Thus, composite-based unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (u PVC) and olive husk were mixed by a Brabender two-roll mill at 180°C and 25 rpm. The olive husk concentration was progressively varied from 0–20 phr. The fabricated samples were inspected with respect to their tensile properties, impact strength, thermal stability, and density and water uptake. It has been found that stress at peak increased with filler loading up to certain loading. This scenario was related to hydrogen bond formation due to polar-polar interactions. Evidence of the hydrogen bond formation between the polymer matrix and the olive husk was examined with the aid of attenuated reflectance infrared spectra (ATR-IR). Such interactions were cited to justify the improved performance of the composites. Fracture mode and filler dispersion of the composites were compared to the unfilled counterpart by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The influence of olive husk on the thermal stability of the PVC composites was studied by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). It has been found that the enthalpy of fusion was improved with OH loading. The observed trend was correlated with the phenolic hydroxyl group of the lignin component used as an antioxidant.     

Compatibilizer/graphene/carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR)/ethylenepropylenediene monomer (EPDM) nanocomposites: Morphology,compatibility, rheology and mechanical properties

In this study, nanocomposites based on different blends of XNBR/EPDM with 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1 phr graphene were prepared on a two-roll mill. The role of EPDM-grafted maleic anhydride compatibilizer (EPDM-g-MAH) and the effect of graphene on morphology, curing characteristics, and mechanical properties were investigated. The curing behavior of the nanocomposites was studied using a rubber curing rheometer. Also, microstructure of the nanocomposites was observed by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. With increasing the graphene content in the composite, in addition to the torque, the curing time and scorch time were increased. Fracture surface morphological studies indicated that the presence of EPDM-g-MAH improved the graphene dispersion within the XNBR/EPDM matrix and a uniform dispersion with a small amount of aggregation was observed. On the other hand, the presence of graphene in the matrix created a rough fracture surface. In addition, with adding EPDM-g-MAH compatibilizer and increasing the graphene, the dispersed phase size of EPDM in the XNBR matrix became smaller and a uniform dispersion was obtained. Also, hardness, tensile strength, fatigue, modulus, and elongation-at-break of XNBR/EPDM nanocomposite showed a significant increase by the addition of compatibilizer and increasing the graphene content.