Kinetics study on leaching of rare earth and aluminum from polishing powder waste using hydrochloric acid

In this study,a novel hydrometallurgical process consisting of hydrochloric acid three-stage countercurrent leaching and solvent extraction was proposed to recover rare earth oxide(REO) from the rare earth polishing powder waste(REPPW).The effects of HCI concentration,liquid-solid ratio(L/S ratio),temperature and time on the leaching yields of rare earths(in REO) and aluminum(in Al_2O_3) were studied.The result shows that the leaching yields of REO and Al_2O_3 are 90.96% and 43.89% respectively under the optimum leaching parameters of HCl concentration=8.00 mol/L,L/S ratio=4 mL/g,leaching temperature=353 K and leaching time=180 min.Meanwhile,the leaching kinetics of REO and Al_2O_3 were investigated in this study.The leaching behaviors of REO and Al_2O_3 follow a shrinking sphere/core model and the general leaching process is controlled by the surface chemical reaction.The leaching activation energies of REO and Al_2O_3 are 9.86 and 13.68 kJ/mol,respectively.The leaching yield of each substance in three-stage countercurrent leaching is improved substantially compared with single-stage leaching,with a change from 90.96% to 95.38% for REO and from 43.89% to 46.22% for Al_2O_3,respectively.Especially,the total concentration of REO in three-stage countercurrent leaching solution is greatly increased to above 300 g/L,and the acidity of which is decreased to ca.pH=2,which is conducive to subsequent solvent extraction directly.High purity REO(99.92%) is obtained by solvent extraction separation,oxalate precipitation and calcination.The total recovery yield of REO is 85.13%.     

电极银浆用微纳米银粉的制备与性能研究

以硝酸银为前驱体, 抗坏血酸为还原剂, 单宁为分散剂, 采用液相化学还原法制备了微纳米超细银颗粒。通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、激光粒度分析仪、振实密度仪及太阳能性能测试仪等设备研究了反应物浓度、分散剂剂量、pH值等工艺参数对银颗粒形貌、平均粒径及振实密度的影响。结果表明, 当硝酸银浓度为0.1mol·L-1, 抗坏血酸浓度为0.1mol·L-1, 单宁浓度为0.01mol·L-1, pH值为1, 反应温度为25℃时, 能够获得分散性良好的球状银颗粒; 将平均粒径为1.16μm和0.66μm的两种银粉按照一定质量比进行混合, 制备得到的混合银粉最高振实密度可达到6.1g·mL-1; 通过研究基于不同振实密度银粉的银电极表面形貌和电池性能, 可以得出基于振实密度6.1g·mL-1混合银粉所制的银电极相对密度最好, 太阳能电池的光电转换效率最高, 达到17.16%。     

包覆-热分解碳酸银前驱体制备球形银粉的研究

以碳酸铵为沉淀剂、硝酸银溶液为原料, 利用化学沉淀法制备得到碳酸银前驱体, 通过并流沉淀法包覆改性碳酸银前驱体, 并经热分解得到单分散的球形银粉。通过X射线衍射分析(X-raydiffraction, XRD)、粒度分布统计(particlesize distribution, PSD)、振实密度测量和扫描电子显微检查(scanning electron microscopy, SEM) 等表征手段研究了热分解银粉的结晶度、纯度、分散性、填充性及微观形貌; 讨论了硝酸银溶液浓度和甲醇添加对碳酸银前驱体颗粒分散性和粒径的影响, 并分析了碳酸镁与碳酸银包覆比例(摩尔比) 对银粉分散性的影响。结果显示, 使用包覆-热分解方法可以制备得到单分散的球形银粉, 该方法具有设备简单、投资少、产品分散性好且粒度分布集中的优点; 当硝酸银溶液浓度为0.2~0.5 mol/L时, 可以得到粒径为0.5~2.5μm的球形银粉; 碳酸银分散性可通过添加甲醇进行调整, 甲醇含量(甲醇在硝酸银溶液中的体积分数) 应控制在5%~10%;当硝酸银溶液浓度为0.5 mol/L、甲醇体积分数为5%时, 碳酸镁与碳酸银摩尔比2:1制备得到的球形银粉分散性最佳。     

工艺条件对硝酸银溶液雾化热分解制备超细银粉的影响

以AgNO₃溶液为原料、柠檬酸为添加剂,在空气气氛下采用溶液雾化热分解法制备超细银粉.采用扫描电镜、激光粒度仪、振实密度测试仪、X射线衍射仪等对银粉进行了表征,系统地研究了反应温度、硝酸银溶液浓度、硝酸银溶液pH值、压缩空气流量、柠檬酸用量等工艺条件对产物银粉形貌、振实密度和平均粒径的影响.结果表明:在反应温度为700 ℃、硝酸银溶液浓度为2.0 mol/L、柠檬酸的添加量为2.5 %（摩尔比）、压缩空气流量为1.0 m3/h、硝酸银溶液pH值为6.0的条件下,可制备得到物相单一、表面光滑、分散性好的球形银粉,银粉的振实密度为4.24 g/cm3,平均粒径为3.16 μm.      

沉淀剂对ZrO_2(MgO)纳米粉体制备的影响

以ZrOCl_2·8H_2O、Mg(NO_3)_2·6H_2O为原料,分别以氨水、氨水+0.5 mol/L碳酸铵、氨水+0.5 mol/L碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂,采用化学共沉淀法制备ZrO_2(MgO)前驱体粉体.通过差热分析、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、红外光谱等对所得纳米粉体进行测定分析.结果表明:采用不同沉淀剂制得的ZrO2(MgO)纳米粉体平均晶粒尺寸都稍大于30 nm,用氨水+碳酸铵、氨水+碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂时,能够提高ZrO_2(MgO)纳米粉体的分散性能.     

微波外场对液相合成砂状氧化钇前驱体形貌的影响

在微波外场作用下,以YCl3溶液为原料、草酸为沉淀剂直接液相合成了大颗粒砂状Y2O3前驱体,采用SEM、XRD和TG-DTA对前驱体及热分解产物进行表征,考察了H2C2O4与YCl3的摩尔比、YCl3起始浓度、反应时间和反应温度等对前驱体形貌的影响.结果表明,在微波外场作用及H2C2O4与YCl3的摩尔比为2∶1、YCl3的起始浓度为0.5 mol/L、反应时间3 h和反应温度40℃液相合成条件下,可得到D50约为40μm的附聚形大颗粒砂状前驱体.     

超细球形镍粉的制备

在不使用分散剂和表面活性剂的条件下,以水溶液为反应体系,水合肼为还原剂,采用液相还原法制备超细镍粉.通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、激光粒度分析仪、能谱分析仪等测试仪器对粉体进行表征,研究了反应温度和[N2H4]/[Ni2+]浓度比对镍粉平均粒径、形貌、分散性、还原率以及纯度的影响,探讨了镍粉从刺球形向球形转变过程中...     

电位滴定法测定Ruthner法盐酸再生工艺流程酸洗液中游离盐酸浓度

采用Ruthner法盐酸再生工艺对酸洗液进行再生处理时,需要及时测定其游离盐酸浓度。当采用通过电位滴定法测定酸洗液中游离H⁺浓度得到游离盐酸浓度的方法时,酸洗液中Fe²⁺和Fe³⁺的存在会干扰测定。实验利用Ca-CaY(0.1mol/L EDTA-0.150mol/L CaCl₂溶液)作为掩蔽剂消除了酸洗液中大量Fe²⁺和少量Fe³⁺的干扰,实现了电位滴定法对Ruthner法盐酸再生工艺流程酸洗液中游离盐酸浓度的测定。试验结果表明,Ca-CaY掩蔽剂的加入不仅对游离酸的测定无影响,且可使pH值的突跃范围变窄;在采用电位滴定法时,设定终点判断阈值为10、终点判断范围pH=7~10、终点识别为最大,可避免pH=6附近的突跃对终点的影响从而获得准确的滴定终点。优化后确定Ca-CaY掩蔽剂用量为10mL。从Ruthner法盐酸再生工艺不同流程中各取1个酸洗液样品,按实验方法测定游离盐酸浓度,并采用间接法进行方法对比。结果表明,采用t检验验证,t为0.51~1.18,小于t_(0.05,9)=2.26,说明实验方法和间接法测定结果无系统差。实验方法测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=10)在1.5%~2.6%之间。选取Ruthner法盐酸再生工艺流程中的不同酸洗液样品,按照实验方法进行测定,并加入一定量0.1mol/L盐酸标准滴定溶液进行加标回收试验,回收率在96%~103%之间。     

部分稳定氧化锆(PSZ)的化学稳定性研究

本文研究喷雾干燥法和无机胶化法制得PSZ粉末和陶瓷片,在不同介质及条件下Y_2O_3的溶解度。结果表明:PSZ粉末或陶瓷体在碱性介质中均稳定,不会发生Y_2O_3溶解。在水溶液中有少部分溶解。但在酸性介质中,PSZ粉末和陶瓷体中Y_2O_3均有明显的溶解。其溶解度是随着盐酸的浓度升高而明显增大,当盐酸浓度述3wt%时,Y_2O_3溶解量达到最高值。随着烧结温度升高,材料中Y_2O_3的溶解度明显下降。证实材料中Y_2O_3固溶ZrO_2较完全,只有微量游离Y_2O_3保留着,不影响材料的性能。喷雾干燥获得的粉末比胶化法的粉末,其Y_2O_3溶解度更低(0.3wt%);证明,喷雾法的PSZ粉比胶化法粉的化学稳定性高。     

高磷高钼复杂白钨矿的脱磷-除钼处理工艺

利用磷灰石、钼酸钙和钨酸钙等含钙矿物与盐酸反应的差异性规律,首先在温和的盐酸浸出条件下预处理高磷高钼复杂白钨矿,即反应温度为50 ℃,盐酸浓度2.5 mol/L,反应时间2 h,液固比（指液体体积与固体质量之比,单位为L/kg,下同）5:1的条件下实现杂质磷的高效选择性浸出,磷的浸出率达到99%以上,同时实现钨钼的初步分离,钼浸出率为44.76%,钨浸出率仅为1.84%。然后,再利用钨酸和钼酸在盐酸体系中溶解度的性质差异,进一步提高盐酸浓度和反应温度强化浸出,在盐酸浓度4 mol/L,反应温度80 ℃,反应时间2 h,液固比5:1的条件下,钼的浸出率达到95%,而钨以钨酸的形式留在固相,此步骤的钨浸出率只有1.55%,实现了钼的深度分离和钨矿的转型。      

Solvent extraction of neodymium（III） from acidic nitrate medium using Cyanex 921 in kerosene

The extraction of neodymium(Ⅲ) from acidic nitrate medium was investigated using Cyanex 921 as extractant in kerosene. The metal concentration in the aqueous phase before and after extraction was determined spectrophotometrically by Arsenazo Ⅲ method. The complete equilibration was achieved in 15 min. The effects of shaking time, nitric acid concentration, nitrate concentration, extractant concentration, and temperature on the extraction were studied. The extraction of Nd(Ⅲ) was found to increase very slowly with increase in concentration of HNO3 in the range of 0.001-0.008 mol/L and then decreased when 0.01 mol/L HNO3 was used. The percentage of extraction was increased with increase in nitrate concentration from 0.01-0.45 mol/L and then decreased when nitrate concentration increased to 0.5 mol/L. Quantitative extraction of Nd(Ⅲ) (98%) was obtained from the aqueous phase containing 0.001 mol/L HNO3 and 0.1 mol/L KNO3 using 0.5 mol/L Cyanex 921. On the basis of slope analysis, the extracted complex in the organic phase was proposed to be Nd(NO3)3.2Cyanex 921. The extraction of Nd(III) was found to increase with increase in concentration of metal ion in the range of 0.001-0.05 mol/L from 0.001 mol/L HNO3 and 0.1 mol/L KNO3 with 0.1 mol/L Cyanex 921. The percentage of extraction of neodymium was found to decrease with increase in temperature. From temperature variation studies, the negative value of △H indicated the extraction reaction to be exothermic and the negative value of △S indicated the formation of a stable complex. Almost 100% Nd(Ⅲ) was recovered from the fully loaded organic phase using 0.002 mol/L H2SO4 and 0.01 mol/L HCl.     

共沉淀法制备稀土石榴石Ln3Al5O12(Ln=Y, Ce, Yb)

以Y2O3、Yb2O3、Al(NO3)3.9H2O和Ce(NO3)3.6H2O为原料,NH4HCO3、NH3.H2O做复合沉淀剂,用共沉淀法制备纳米稀土石榴石Ln3Al5O12(LnAG,Ln=Y,Ce,Yb)粉体。用TG/DTA、XRD、SEM、TEM等手段对LnAG前驱体及煅烧后的粉体进行表征。结果表明,用上述方法在1 000℃煅烧3h可得到分散性好、形状规则且粒径为50nm左右的Y3Al5O12、Yb3Al5O12、Y2.9Ce0.1Al5O12石榴石粉体,但不能得到Ce3Al5O12石榴石,合成石榴石粉体的最佳煅烧温度为1 050℃以上。     

化学淋洗法对铀污染土壤的修复效果研究

采用振荡淋洗方法对三种粒径(+2mm、-2mm+0.15mm、-0.15mm)某尾矿库周边铀污染土壤进行去污试验,选用盐酸、硝酸、柠檬酸、草酸为淋洗剂,通过控制淋洗浓度、液固比、时间、温度、混合淋洗等因素来确定较优的淋洗条件。结果表明:各淋洗剂对铀污染土壤的去污效果为草酸盐酸硝酸柠檬酸;当淋洗浓度大于0.5mol/L、淋洗时间大于8h或液固比大于10∶1时,其淋洗效果都逐渐趋于稳定;提高淋洗温度可显著提升淋洗效果;选用草酸+盐酸和草酸+硝酸两组较优混合淋洗组合对全粒径土壤进行淋洗时,土壤中铀去除率均达50%以上,总含铀量分别降至27.15、24.32mg/kg,均达到土壤修复目标(40mg/kg)。     

柚皮残渣制备活性炭对Cu2+吸附性能

以柚皮为材料,提取柚皮苷后残渣制备柚皮基活性炭（简称PPAB）,研究其在不同pH、投加量、吸附质浓度、时间、温度、粒径、解吸剂条件下对水中Cu2+的吸附性能.结果表明:在pH值为6,PPAB投加量4 g/L,溶液温度35 ℃,Cu2+初始浓度30 mg/L,吸附60 min,PPAB对Cu2+去除率94.47 %,最大吸附容量7.09 mg/g;0.25 mol/L盐酸脱附Cu2+效果较优,回收率98.21 %.吸附过程Langmuir等温式能较好拟合,此工艺下PPAB平均得率36.9 %,比表面积高达1 764 m2/g.柚皮基活性炭作为吸附剂处理低浓度重金属废水具有广阔前景.      

沉淀—胶溶法制备偏钛酸型锂离子交换剂研究

报道一种制备Li_2TiO_3的新方法—无机沉淀胶溶法。以硫酸氧钛为钛源、乙酸锂为锂源、过氧化氢为络合剂,经沉淀-胶溶制备钛-锂溶胶体系,再经干燥、煅烧、酸洗制备偏钛酸型锂吸附剂。采用FTIR、TG-DSC、XRD、SEM、ICP、Zetasizer Nano及旋转式黏度计等测试、表征手段,考察了各制备条件对溶胶体系稳定性、干凝胶及Li_2TiO_3显微结构特性及性能的影响。结果表明:乙酸锂为锂源,体系pH值为7,Ti~(4+)浓度为0.2 mol/L,经陈化24h,可得到黏度为7.3 m Pa·s,Zeta电位为-29.5 m V的稳定溶胶体系。红外光谱分析表明干凝胶中含过氧键;干凝胶较佳煅烧温度和煅烧时间分别为750℃、2 h,制备得到β-Li_2TiO_3,;将β-Li_2TiO_3用0.2 mol/L盐酸溶液进行酸洗制备得到偏钛酸型锂吸附剂H_2TiO_3,锂的酸洗率为85.31%,锂的再吸附容量为27.15 mg/g。     

Preparation of enriched cerium oxide from bastnasite with hydrochloric acid by two-step leaching

Roasted with sodium carbonate, bastnasite (Ln(Ce)CO₃F) was converted to calcine containing rare earth oxides (REO), among them cerium, which existed mainly as CeO₂. The calcine was first leached with diluted hydrochloric acid, which resulted in a sludge with the enriched cerium (IV) dioxide. The sludge was further leached with a concentrated hydrochloric acid, adding hydrogen peroxide as a reducing agent; in this manner, the enriched cerium tri-chloride (CeCl₃) was prepared. The optimal technological parameters are suggested as follows: first, the hydrochloric acid concentration, the leaching temperature, the ratio of solid to liquid, and the leaching time are 1 mol/L, 60 °C, 1:20, and 90 minutes, respectively; second, the hydrochloric acid concentration, the dosage of hydrogen peroxide in every 5 g of the sludge, the ratio of solid to liquid, the leaching temperature, and the leaching time are 6 mol/L, 6 mL, 1:20, 50 °C, and 90 minutes, respectively. As a result, the cerium-enriched rare earth (RE) solution, containing over 95 pct cerium oxide, is obtained, which is in turn available for use in preparing a kind of polishing powder containing high cerium. The total recovery of cerium was 91 pct (85.3 pct, in the second step).     

微波外场辅助液相沉淀法合成立方形Co3O4及前驱体研究

在微波外场强化作用下,以CoCl₂溶液为钴源、草酸铵为沉淀剂采用液相沉淀的方法合成立方形Co₃O₄前驱体,前驱体及热分解产物经SEM、XRD以及TG-DTA分析表征,考察加热方式、反应物浓度、反应温度和反应时间对前驱体形貌的影响.结果表明,在微波外场作用下,反应物起始浓度为0.1 mol/L、反应温度为80 ℃和反应时间为150 min的液相合成条件下,反应可制得粒径大小分布均匀,D50分布在3 μm左右的立方形Co₃O₄前驱体.      

水解沉淀法制备纳米α-Fe_2O_3的实验研究

α-Fe_2O_3是最稳定的铁氧化物,具有良好的耐腐蚀、耐光性、磁性、催化性等特性。以Fe Cl3·6H2O为主要原料,采用水解沉淀法在一定的实验条件下制备出了椭球体的纳米α-Fe_2O_3。根据水解沉淀法的基本原理,研究了溶液p H值、Fe Cl3溶液浓度、焙烧温度对纳米α-Fe_2O_3显微形貌和颗粒尺寸的影响,利用SEM和XRD表征纳米α-Fe_2O_3的微观形貌和相结构。结果表明:制备纳米α-Fe_2O_3的最佳实验条件是溶液p H值为2.0,Fe Cl3溶液浓度为0.05 mol/L,产物前驱体的焙烧温度为400℃,制得的纳米α-Fe_2O_3纯度较高,平均粒径30~50 nm。     

两步水热法制备超细纳米颗粒钇稳定氧化锆

采用两步水热法制备钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ)的超细纳米颗粒.利用X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜研究pH值以及分散剂和阳离子浓度对YSZ粉体的相组成、相结构和晶粒大小的影响.结果表明,两步水热法制得的YSZ粉体具有立方相结构,平均晶粒尺寸约为6nm;pH值越大,越利于立方相的生成,pH为12时,YSZ粉体为纯立方相;无水乙醇作为分散剂,可以有效地减少粉体的团聚;阳离子浓度过高时(2 mol/L),不利于立方相生成,在阳离子浓度适当(约0.02～0.05 mol/L)的前提下,稍大的阳离子浓度得到的粉体粒径较小,团聚较少,最佳的阳离子浓度为0.05 mol/L.     

反相微乳液碳吸附耦合法制备氧化钇稳定四方氧化锆纳米粉体及表征

采用反相微乳液和碳吸附法制备了氧化钇稳定四方氧化锆纳米粉体,探讨了碳黑的加入量对粉体比表面积的影响,得到最佳的碳黑量。分别采用XRD、TEM、BET和TG分析了不同温度下煅烧所得粉体的物相、颗粒度和比表面积以及前驱体热分解特性。实验结果表明,经700℃焙烧后制得了分散性好的四方相ZrO2纳米粉体,比表面积为97.4m2/g,平均粒径为9nm。