应变速率对TC21钛合金超塑性拉伸微观组织的影响

研究了应变速率对TC21钛合金超塑性拉伸过程中应变速率敏感性指数m值及显微组织的影响.结果表明,m值在温度为900℃,初始应变速率为10^-4～10^-2s^-1时均大于0.3,在初始应变速率为3.3×10^-4s^-1时,m值达到了最大,平均值为0.376.在较快初始应变速率条件下拉伸时,在温度和较大变形程度的作用下,试样变形区发生了动态再结晶,形成了很多细小、等轴的晶粒,在最佳初始应变速率及更慢速条件下拉伸时,由于高温长时间大变形的作用,试样变形区发生了明显的聚集再结晶长大,相当一部分晶粒合并长大成片状.     

难变形高温合金GH4720Li的超塑性变形行为

利用等温热压缩模拟试验机,对难变形高温合金GH4720Li初始均匀细晶合金不同温度及应变速率下的变形行为研究,计算了判定合金超塑性变形范围的应变速率敏感因子m及对相应变形组织进行分析。结果表明,均匀细晶合金在1040~1130℃、0.0001~0.005 s-1变形区间内,m值随变形温度升高和变形量增加而降低;1040~1100℃、0.0001~0.005 s-1条件下,该细晶合金具有超塑变形的能力,而1130℃时,无论应变速率如何,该合金已经不具备超塑性变形的能力;均匀细晶合金在较高变形温度下最佳超塑性变形所对应的应变速率较高,低温变形时最佳超塑性变形发生需要更低的应变速率。     

TC4钛合金板材超塑性性能研究

采用最大m值法、恒应变速率法在850~910℃下测试TC4钛合金板材的超塑性性能,分析了工艺参数对TC4钛合金板材的流动应力、应变速率敏感性指数和微观组织演变的影响。结果表明:该合金的最佳超塑性变形温度在850℃左右,在该温度下的基于最大m值法、恒应变速率法拉伸的伸长率均达到了最大且分别为1031%和631%,而在850℃下最大m值法拉伸能获得材料的最佳超塑性;当变形温度为850~910℃时,最佳变形速率0.00031~0.001 s~(-1);随变形温度的升高、应变速率的降低,该合金的流动应力降低,最大为70 MPa;该合金在850℃、应变ε=0.1条件下的应变速率敏感性指数m值最大且为0.58,并随着变形温度、应变量的增加而降低:超塑性变形中其内部发生了明显的动态再结晶,温度越高,晶粒越粗大。     

Ti6Al4V钛合金冷轧板材的超塑性变形行为研究

在温度830～890℃和应变速率0.0005～0.005 s~(-1)下对Ti6Al4V钛合金冷轧板材进行超塑性拉伸实验。利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察变形后的微观组织和断口形貌。研究了该合金的超塑性变形行为和变形机理。结果表明:在应变速率为0.0005、0.005 s~(-1)时,随着变形温度的升高,伸长率先升高后降低;在应变速率为0.001 s~(-1)时,随着变形温度的升高,伸长率逐渐降低;在830℃和0.001 s~(-1)条件下伸长率达到最大值1259.0%;超塑性最优变形参数区间为温度830～850℃、应变速率0.0005～0.001 s~(-1)。合金的应变速率敏感性指数m值随温度升高先增加,850℃时达到最大值0.472,随后逐渐减小;超塑性变形下的平均激活能为259 k J/mol。超塑性变形过程发生了明显的动态再结晶,微观组织完全转变为等轴组织。超塑性变形的主要机制为晶界滑移。Ti6Al4V合金板材超塑性拉伸断裂属为于沿晶断裂。     

ZE42镁合金板材拉伸变形行为和热加工图

采用带有加热装置的MTS810液压伺服拉伸试验机,研究了ZE42镁合金板材的高温拉伸变形行为,应变速率的取值为0.000 3～0.17s~(-1),变形温度为300～450℃,采用Z参数和材料动态模型(DMM)建立了本构方程和热加工图。结果表明,ZE42镁合金板材热拉伸变形的平均激活能值为161kJ/mol,避开加工失稳区,ZE42镁合金板材热拉伸的稳态流变温度区间和应变速率区间分别为380～440℃和0.000 3～0.01s~(-1)。     

TA10钛合金高温流变行为及拉伸性能

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对TA10钛合金在变形温度为800~1050℃,应变速率为0.01~5 s-1条件下进行拉伸变形,研究合金的流变应力及显微组织,分析其高温拉伸性能。结果表明:变形温度为800~900℃时,流变曲线有明显的应力峰值,软化机制主要是动态再结晶;而变形温度为1000~1050℃时,流变曲线没有明显的应力峰值,软化机制为动态回复;而当变形温度为800℃时,TA10钛合金的应变速率越高动态再结晶的进行程度越低;以(α+β/β)相变点为界,在相变点以下的温度区间,随着变形温度的升高,TA10钛合金的强度和塑性下降;在相变点以上的温度区间,TA10钛合金的强度下降,塑性上升;而在相变点的过渡区间,强度上升,塑性下降。当应变速率一定时,TA10钛合金在温度为800℃时能够获得强度和塑性的较好匹配。     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金热拉伸变形行为与本构方程

在变形温度600℃⁸00℃、应变速率0.01s-1800℃、应变速率0.01s-1⁰.33s-1条件下进行热态单向拉伸试验,研究Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的变形行为,以及变形性能与变形温度、应变速率之间的关系。结果表明,Ti-6Al-4V钛合金在变形过程中呈现两种变形特征,即稳态形与软化形,且随着变形温度的升高、应变速率的降低,流动应力降低,而延伸率则升高;基于Hooke定律和Grosman方程建立的Ti-6Al-4V钛合金热态成形本构方程,在整个变形区间内可以很好的表征材料的变形行为。     

316LN钢裂纹萌生的临界损伤值

利用Gleeble-1500D热力模拟试验机,对316LN钢进行变形温度为950℃～1200℃,应变速率为0.005s-1、0.05s-1、0.5s-1和1s-1的高温拉伸实验,得到不同变形条件下的真应力-真应变曲线;根据曲线做拉伸卸载实验,利用光学显微镜(OM)观察空洞萌生,确定空洞萌生应变。采用Normalized Cockcroft&Latham准则,用DEFORM 2D模拟高温拉伸变形过程,通过实验与数值模拟结果对比,得到了在不同变形条件下裂纹萌生的临界损伤值。该临界损伤值受温度和应变速率的影响,随着温度的降低而增加,随应变速率的增加而增加。该值的确定,对316LN钢锻造裂纹的预测及锻造工艺的制定具有指导意义。     

TA7钛合金板材高温拉伸变形

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对板厚为4 mm的TA7 ELI材料在变形温度为800、850、900、950和1000℃,应变速率为0.01 s^-1和0.001 s^-1下进行高温拉伸实验,获得材料发生超塑性变形的温度区间和应变速率范围。采用炉中高温拉伸实验对Gleeble实验结果进行验证。得出在950～1000℃范围内,应变速率低于0.001s^-1时,TA7 ELI钛合金高温拉伸会出现超塑性变形。伸长率最高可达260%。在应变速率0.001 s^-1、800℃时,TA7钛合金的断口组织中有动态再结晶现象。1000℃时,断口出现较为粗大的层片状α组织和明显的晶粒长大现象。m和n值都随着温度的升高而增大,在950℃时到达最大值。硬化现象能够有效的抑制颈缩,变形温度为950℃时,材料的硬化和软化达到较好的平衡,易获得较大的伸长率。     

TC4超塑性变形行为和再结晶

通过单向恒应变速率拉伸试验和金相显微组织观察研究了TC4钛合金在不同温度、不同应变速率下热变形过程及其变形前后的组织变化。获得了应变速率敏感性指数m的最值,得出最佳热变形参数、最佳应变速率和最佳变形温度,并分析了应变速率对伸长率的影响。     

Dynamics of a lattice of magnetic nanoparticles under action of a pulse of a magnetic field

Processes of quasistatic and dynamic magnetization reversal have been studied for the case of planar 6 × 6 lattices of magnetic nanodipoles that possess a cubic crystallographic anisotropy. The response of the total magnetic moment to a magnetic-field pulse of various duration and polarization have been determined for different equilibrium configurations of the lattices. Along with the in-plane configurations of magnetic moments, configurations with one and two dipoles oriented perpendicular to the plane of the lattices have been considered.     

Dynamics of a heterogeneous polymer system obtained as a result of a conductor explosion

The performed studies allowed us to obtain a composite with regulated structure formation at ?? ?? 0.06 vol % of copper and directed changes of the electrophysical properties in a dielectric using the explosion of a conductor.     

Study of a Neural Network with a Meta-layer

We consider the network studied by Amit et al. (i.e. a network that is quite closely related to the Hopfield model). We show that it is possible to save a significant amount of connections if it is reinterpreted as a two-layer system. One of the layers can be interpreted as the basis layer and the other one as a meta-layer. This system is suited for the storage of orthogonal groundstates. However, an extension of the meta-layer allows one to store mixture-states (multicomponent states) as well. This bears a system in which taxonomies as well as looser associative links can be stored. Due to the topological properties of the mixture-states, the system can be provided with a learning rule according to which the memories reorganize in a way that is suited for some aspects of genetic psychology     

一种可焊性半光亮镀镍工艺

目的解决镀镍层可焊性不良的问题,使得光电子器件外壳镀镍层可焊性满足回流焊要求,并且保存半年后可焊性不降低。方法以氨基磺酸镍为体系,考察温度、p H值、电流密度与沉积速率的关系,采用回流焊和浸润法对镀层可焊性进行表征,并考察镀层的质量、结合力及盐雾性能指标。结果镀液体系在比较宽泛的电流密度和温度范围内,都能得到可焊性优良的镀层,其沉积速率随电流密度的增大呈线性增加。浸润法和回流焊接试验表明,镀层可焊性满足要求。在稳态湿热(45℃,RH=95%)环境中48 h或恒温烘烤(150℃,1 h)后,镀层可焊性仍均满足要求。结论在电流密度1~5 A/dm2,p H值3.2~4.4,温度40~55℃的条件下能得到优良的可焊性镀层,满足回流焊对镀层可焊性的要求,并且放置半年后可焊性不降低。     

Cracking of a Cobalt-Based Hardfacing of a Gate Valve Disk in a Desalination Power Plant

Cobalt-based alloys of the Stellite family are used as hardfacing for sealing surfaces of valves operating in desalination and power plants because of their excellent low friction and anti-galling properties in high-load sliding contact under the prevailing conditions. However, insufficient control of pressure and temperature during operation can degrade the integrity of the hardfaced material thus leading to its premature failure. This article presents a failure investigation carried out on the disk of a main stop gate valve that was used in a desalination plant. The disk was manufactured from X20 as a substrate material and a cobalt-based alloy for hardfacing. The cobalt-based hardfacing suffered from many surface and subsurface cracks that degraded its integrity. It was concluded that high-pressure steam flowing against the disk had tilted it and, thus, disturbed the alignment between the surfaces of the disk and the seat, leading to wear and large frictional heat that resulted in the degradation of the microstructure of the hardfacing layer and formation of the observed cracks.     

Dynamics of a magnetization-reversal nucleus in a ferromagnet

This paper is devoted to a theoretical investigation of the effect of an applied magnetic field and damping on the dynamics of magnetization-reversal nucleus represented by interacting domain walls (DWs) with opposite topological charges. It is shown that at initial amplitudes that are less than the amplitude of the critical nucleus of magnetization reversal, nonlinear vibrations of strongly interacting DWs are observed. In the presence of dissipation, the nonlinear vibrations are damped vibrations with a frequency that changes with time. At the initial amplitudes that are greater than the amplitude of the critical nucleus, the magnetization-reversal nucleus decays with the formation of a solitary domain. The motion of two interacting 180° DWs relative to their common immobile center in fields that are less than the Walker field is translational; in higher fields, it is oscillatory. It is shown that DW vibrations are accompanied by a periodic transformation of their structure from Bloch into Néel and vice versa with a frequency that depends on the field, damping, quality factor, and the initial amplitude of the magnetization-reversal nucleus.     

Formation of a Rhenium-Base Coating on a Nb-Base Alloy

To protect Nb–5Mo–15W alloy against high-temperature oxidation a novel coating was developed involving electroplating of a Re–Ni film, followed by pack cementation with Cr and Al. The coating consisted of a duplex-layer structure, an inner (Re–Cr) or Re(Cr) layer and an outer Cr(Al) or NiAl layer. The Re–Ni film containing more than 70at.%Re, developed in the present investigation, is more useful than the conventional low Re–Ni film. The inner (Re–Cr) and Re(Cr) layer acts as a diffusion barrier between the Nb–5Mo–15W alloy substrate and the outer -Cr(Al) or -NiAl layer, which forms a protective -Al₂O₃ scale. The coated Nb–5Mo–15W alloy was oxidized in air at 1373K for up to 360ks, showing very good oxidation resistance.     

高炉大钟拉杆断裂原因分析

高炉大钟拉杆在工作过程中突然发生断裂,为了查明断裂原因,对拉杆头部的断口进行了宏微观分析和拉杆头部的材质解剖分析。分析结果表明,拉杆断裂的裂纹源位于表面R5过渡圆弧处,裂纹由表面向内疲劳扩展至断裂。表面裂纹萌生原因是拉杆在腐蚀性高炉煤气粉尘和轴向拉伸等工作应力的综合作用下,形成的应力腐蚀裂纹。建议加大R5过渡圆弧的尺寸,拉杆材质最好选用抗氧化性和耐腐蚀性较好的低碳低合金钢。     

列车车钩尾销孔裂纹分析

某型列车运载量增大后,列车车钩尾销孔牵引弧面位置大量出现裂纹。本文车钩尾销孔的化学成分和机械性能进行了检测,观察了车钩钩尾销孔裂纹的宏微观形貌,并对裂纹位置的金相组织进行了检测。结果表明,车钩钩尾销孔裂纹在径向上为脆性断裂特征,而周向上为疲劳断裂特征。分析认为,由于列车运载量增大,车钩尾销孔位置的工作应力增大,同时由于车钩尾销孔处淬硬层与基体的性能差异较大且无明显的过渡层,在工作应力作用下淬硬层首先发生脆性断裂并沿径向扩展,至淬硬层与基体界面处则沿着性能较弱的界面疲劳扩展。