LIQUID PHASE FLOW ESTIMATION IN GAS-LIQUID TWO-PHASE FLOW USING INVERSE ANALYSIS AND PARTICLE TRACKING VELOCIMETRY

An inverse analysis algorithm is proposed for estimating liquid phase flow field from measurement data of bubble motion. This kind of technology will be applied in future for various estimation of fluid flow in rivers, lakes, sea surface flow, and also microscopic channel flow as the problem-handling in civil, mechanical, electronic, and chemical engineering. The relationship between the dispersion motion and the carrier phase flow is governed and expressed by the translational motion equation of spherical dispersion. The equation consists of all the force components including inertia, added inertia, drag, lift, pressure gradient force and gravity force.Using this equation enables us to estimate the carrier phase flow structure using only the data of the dispersion motion.Whole field liquid flow structure is also estimated using spatial or temporal interpolation method. In order to verify this principle, the Taylor-Green vortex flow, and the Karman vortex shedding from a square cylinder have been chosen. The results show that the combination of the inverse analysis and Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) with the spatio-temporal postprocessing algorithm could reconstruct well the carrier phase flow of the gas-liquid two-phase flow.     

低比转速离心旋涡泵的气液混输汽蚀试验分析

提出了低比转速离心旋涡泵的叶轮设计方法,研制了具有诱导轮、复合离心叶轮和开式旋涡叶轮串联组合结构型式的低比转速离心旋涡泵样泵,并设计了气液混输泵闭式试验装置,进行了气液混输对汽蚀性能影响的试验;以清水汽蚀试验作为对照,分析了试验工况点的含气量和气液混合总流量两个关键因素变化对汽蚀性能的影响.试验结果表明,气液混输时泵的汽蚀性能陡降,且含气量越大,汽蚀性能越低;样泵适合在额定流量5m~3/h且含气量在0-0.42 m~3/h范围内进行气液混输.     

A SECOND-ORDER MOMENT TURBULENCE MODEL FOR POWER LAW FLUID WITH PARTICLES

The USM-θ model of power law fluid for dense two-phase turbulent flow was developed, which combines the unified second-order moment model for two-phase turbulence with the particle kinetic theory for the inter-particle collision. This model was used to simulate the turbulent flow of power law fluid single-phase in pipe. It is shown that the USM ? θ model has better prediction result than the k f ? ε f?kp?εp?θ model. The USM ? θ model was then used to simulate the dense two-phase turbulent up flow of power law fluid with particles. With the increase of the flow exponent, the velocities of power law fluid and particles increase near the pipe centre. Comparison between the two-phase flow of power law fluid-particle and of liquid-particle indicates that the axial fluctuation velocity of fluid phase and particle phase in liquid-particle two-phase flow is smaller than that in the power law fluid two-phase flow, but the two-phase velocities of power law fluid-particle and liquid-particle are close to each other.     

水平井筒变质量分散泡状流压降的理论与实验研究

由于水平井筒和常规水平管道中气液两相流动的相似和差别，可以预知常规水平管流的压降计算方法对于井筒流动来说就需要进行修正或扩展。本文对气、液两相分别应用质量守恒方程和动量守恒方程，考虑管壁存在人流或出流对于分层流流型压降的影响，得到水平井筒气液两相变质量流动分散泡状流流型的压降计算方法。同时，设计并建立了水平井筒流体流动模拟实验装置，在轴向为气液两相流动的前提下分别进行了上管壁单孔眼注入和下管壁单孔眼注入的压降实验研究，获得了大量的实验数据。实验数据和理论计算结果吻合很好，这表明该计算方法具有实际应用价值。     

垂直上升气液两相流中三角形柱体两相斯托拉赫数的研究

本文试验研究了两种规格三角形柱体，在垂直上升气液两相流中，发生气液两相涡街时，气液两相斯托拉赫数的变化规律。在测得大量数据的基础上，得出了发生气液两相涡街时，气液两相斯托拉赫数的通用关系式，研究表明，气液两相斯托拉赫数在两相工况下为一变数，与来流截面含气率、涡街发生体形状和特征尺寸、来流方向等因素有关，应用此关系式，根据测得的两相涡街频率可钎涡街发展体作为测量两相流流量与组分的测量元件。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURE DROP AND CORRELATION OF FRICTION FACTORS FOR SINGLE-PHASE FLOW IN ROLLING HORIZONTAL PIPE

Gas-liquid two-phase flow occurs increasingly in some dynamic devices operating in the oceanic condition. The relative data are limited with respect to flow characteristics, so the present study is to investigate systematically single-phase pressure drop, and to develop the theory for frictional factor under the rolling condition. Using deionized water as the test fluid, a series of experiments of single–phase flow were conducted in pipe with the inner diameter of 34.5 mm. The test section was horizontally settled on the rolling apparatus, and its regularity was similar to simple harmonic motion. It is found that the pressure drop during rolling motion fluctuate with the change of the rolling period and rolling angle, which is significantly different from fluid motion in a steady state. By the contrast between experiment results and stable-state theory values, existing correlations can not predict present frictional factor very well. Therefore, in the present article, the single-phase frictional factor is correlated with the Reynolds number for rolling motion, and its computated results agree well with experimental data.     

曝气池中气液两相流粒子图像测速技术

在粒子图像测速原理的基础上研究了基于快速傅立叶变换的粒子图像测速算法,并编制算法程序进行验证。通过试验研究了气液两相流在曝气池试验装置中的流动情况,应用粒子图像测速技术对装置中3种状态下气液两相流的运动参量进行测量,获得了各种流体运动参数,并应用粒子图像测速程序进行计算分析。试验结果表明当气液两相流处于状态3时,气泡在装置中具有最长的停留时间和较大的速度紊动强度,氧转移速率和效率大大提高,这为曝气池选型提供了依据。     

Numerical analysis of the unsteady behavior of cloud cavitation around a hydrofoil based on an improved filter-based model

The unsteady cavitation evolution around the Clark-Y hydrofoil is investigated in this paper, by using an improved filter-base model(FBM) with the density correction method(DCM). To improve the prediction accuracy, the filter scale is adjusted based on the grid size. The numerical results show that a small filter scale is crucial for the unsteady simulations of the cavity shedding flow. The hybrid method that combines the FBM and the DCM could help to limit the overprediction of the turbulent viscosity in the cavitation region on the wall of the hydrofoil and in the wake. The large value of the maximum density ratio ? l /? v, clip promotes the mass transfer rate between the liquid phase and the vapor phase, which results in a large sheet cavity length and the vapor fraction rise inside the cavity. The cavity patterns predicted by the improved method are verified by the experimental visualizations. The time-average lift, the drag coefficient and the primary oscillating frequency St for the cavitation number ?= 0.8, the angle of attack, ?= 8o, at a Reynolds number Re= 7 ?105 are 0.735, 0.115 and 0.183, respectively, and the predicted errors are 3.29%, 3.36% and 8.93%. The typical three stages in one revolution are well-captured, including the initiation of the sheet/attached cavity, the growth toward the trailing edge(TE) with the development of the re-entrant jet flow, and the large scale cloud cavity shedding. It is observed that the cloud cavity shedding flow induces the vortex pairs of the TE vortices in the wake and the shedding vortices. The positive vorticity vortex of the re-entrant jet and the TE vortices interacts and merges with the negative vorticity vortex of the leading edge(LE) cavity to produce the shedding flow.     

绕圆柱非定常周期性涡旋脱落的数值模拟

利用非定常流函数涡量方程数值模拟圆柱突然起动尾流涡旋的形成及周期性脱落过程。对求解的流函数的一阶导数即速度项采用四阶精度的Hermitian公式，而方程的对流项则采用四阶精度的差分格式，并利用ADI方法迭代求解差分方程组。当雷诺数Re不大于40时，圆柱尾流为附体的两个对称涡，为定常解。当Re大于40后流动为非定常及非对称的，圆柱尾流呈现周期性涡旋交替脱落而形成著名的Karman涡街。选择Re=100为例，在初始条件未加任何扰动情况下，成功地模拟了圆柱非定常涡旋形成与脱落的完整过程（无量纲时间算到t=250及以上）。所计算的阻力系数与实验结果及其它数值方法的计算结果一致。约在t=200形成严格的Karman涡街。对涡量方程ADI求解方法的稳定性进行了分析。对流项采用四阶精度差分格式，若应用于定常问题，将极大提高数值求解的精度，若应用于非定常问题的求解，将对求解精度有所改善，其中时间空间两阶混合偏导数的处理是关键，有待进一步的数值实验。     

离心叶轮内宾汉流体的密相两相湍流数值模拟

阐述了宾汉流体控制方程的特点,首先对单相的宾汉流体与密相液固两相流进行了计算,计算结果与实验数据吻合较好。其次对离心叶轮内的含颗粒的宾汉流体的两相流动进行了计算,从进口到出口,宾汉流体的速度是减小的,压力随半径增大逐渐升高,而且压力面上的压力大于吸力面上的压力。吸力面上的颗粒拟温度小于压力面上的颗粒拟温度,而且靠近壁面处的大于叶道中的。从减轻叶片磨损角度来讲,双圆弧型线比单圆弧的好,叶片出口角小的比出口角大的好。最后比较了液固两相流与含颗粒的宾汉流体的两相流的流动,颗粒拟温度有较大差别。     

并列旋转双圆柱流动特性的数值模拟

该文基于k - ε湍流模型,采用Galerkin有限元法对并列旋转双圆柱的绕流特性进行了数值模拟,计算的雷诺数为 1550.为了考查两圆柱旋转和间距的相互作用,文中采用三种间距比分别是T/D = 1.2,1.6和3.0 (T 为两圆柱中心之间的距离,D为圆柱直径) 和一系列不同的旋转速度比 (|α| ≤ 2).计算显示,当 |α| = 0,即圆柱不转动时,对应三种间距有三种典型的流型,单钝体流型对应小间距、偏流对应中等间距和对称流对应大间距;当 |α| 达到临界值时,涡脱落得到了有效的抑制,流动趋于稳定,升力系数和阻力系数的脉动值趋于零;平均升力系数和阻力系数随着 |α| 的增大分别增大和减小.     

低渗透油藏非线性渗流理论及数值模拟方法

针对低渗透油藏非线性渗流理论与数值模拟方法方面存在的大量问题,从毛细管模型出发,推导了低渗透油藏非线性渗流新模型,详细解释了新模型中特有的物理参数内涵;并由此建立了低渗透油藏非线性单相渗流理论,与相对渗透率引入渠道流假设一致,将单相非线性新模型推广到两相渗流中,建立了能够同时考虑启动压力梯度、非线性渗流弯曲段连续变化的数值模拟方法。根据所建立的低渗透油藏单相稳态和非稳态渗流理论以及数值模拟方法,开展了达西、拟启动压力梯度和非线性模型的油藏动态对比计算。结果表明:低渗透油藏主要受非线性渗流控制,仅井点的少数网格存在拟线性流动,非线性模型计算的结果介于达西和拟启动线性模型之间。     

NUMERICAL STUDIES ON AIRFLOW AND POLLUTANT DISPERSION IN URBAN STREET CANYONS FORMED BY SLANTED ROOF BUILDINGS

Based on the CFD technique, fifteen cases were evaluated for the airflows and pollutant dispersions inside urban street canyons formed by slanted roof buildings. The simulated wind fields and concentration contours show that W/H, W/h and h/H (where W is the street width, and H and h are the heights of buildings at the leeward and windward sides of the street, respectively) are the crucial factors in determining the vortex structure and pollutant distribution within a canyon. It is concluded that (1) in a symmetrical canyon, at W/H =0.5 two vortices (an upper clockwise vortex between the slanted roofs and a lower counter-clockwise one) are developed and pollutants accumulate on the windward side of the street, whereas at W/H=2.0 only one clockwise vortex is generated and thus pollution piles up on the leeward side, (2) in a step-up canyon with W/H =0.5 to 2.0 (at h/H =1.5 to 2.0)and a step-down canyon with W/h=1.0 (at h/H =0.5 to 0.667), the pollution level close to the lower building is higher than that close to the taller building since a clockwise vortex is generated in the step-up canyon and a counter-clockwise one in the step-down canyon, (3) in a narrow step-down canyon with W/h=0.5 (at h/H =0.667) very poor ventilation properties is detected, and inside a wider step-down canyon with W/h=2.0 the vortex structure and consequently pollutant distribution varies greatly with h/H.     

优选数值计算方法用于不对称街道峡谷的研究

分别将迎风、混合及调和QUICK格式用于对称街道峡谷的汽车排放污染物浓度预测,并与风洞实验结果相比较,研究表明数值模拟与风洞实验吻合较好,调和QUICK格式的预测效果最佳。将调和QUICK格式用于不对称街道峡谷的研究,发现当迎风面建筑物高于背风面建筑物时,峡谷内的流场和浓度场与对称街道峡谷相似,即峡谷内有一个顺时针方向的强漩涡,使得背风面污染物浓度高于迎风面污染物浓度。同时,随着迎风面建筑物高度的增加,漩涡中心的位置成垂直向上分布,且与迎风面建筑物的高度基本成线性关系;当迎风面建筑物低于背风面建筑物且差别较大时,街道峡谷内出现了两个反时针方向旋转的强漩涡,使得峡谷内的流场与浓度场都发生较大的变化,迎风面污染物浓度会高于背风面污染物浓度。同时表明,峡谷上方的顺时针方向漩涡的中心呈抛物线向右上方向发展,而峡谷下方的逆时针方向旋涡的中心呈抛物线向左E方向发展。     

Vortex shedding in the flow around two side-by-side circular cylinders of different diameters

In this paper,the 3-D turbulent flow around two side-by-side circular cylinders of different diameters,at sub-critical Reynolds number(Re=3 900),is numerically simulated by the large eddy simulation(LES).The spacing ratios(T/D)between the two cylinders are considered in four cases(T/D=1.2,1.5,1.8 and 2.7)to study the vortex shedding and turbulent properties in the flow field.The main results are focused on the drag and lift coefficients,the vortex shedding frequency,the coherent structure,and the scale properties.It is shown that when T/D is equal to 1.2,the vortex shedding of the main cylinder is strongly suppressed by the small cylinder,the drag and lift coefficients of the main cylinder are smaller than those in other three cases.While T/D is equal to 1.5,the vortex shedding of the main cylinder can be improved,the drag and lift coefficients of the main cylinder are larger than those in other three cases.The empirical mode decomposition(EMD)method is applied to decompose the velocity signals traced by the LES.It is shown that there is a linear relationship between the mean period and the mode in the semi-log coordinates.The vortex shedding period of the main cylinder is consistent with the period of the restructured coherent structures quantitatively.     

The flow patterns of bubble plume in an MBBR

The flow patterns of the gas-liquid two-phase flow in a Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) have a critical effect upon the mass transfer by the convection.Bubble plumes promote unsteadily fluctuating two-phase flows during the aeration.This article studies the unsteady structure of bubble plumes through experiments.The time-serial bubble plume images in various cases of the tank are analyzed.The Recursive Cross Correlation-Particle Image Velocimetry (RCC-PIV) is used to calculate the velocities in those cases, and then the time-serial vortex, the total turbulence intensity, the time-serial streamline are obtained.It is shown that the aspect ratio and the void fraction are the dominant factors influencing the unsteady structure of bubble plumes.When the aspect ratio is unity and the void fraction is high, the bubble plumes see a symmetrical vortex structure with a long residence time, which is beneficial for optimizing the aeration system and enhancing the applied range of bubble plumes.     

透水框架的三方柱绕流数值分析

针对四面六边透水框架按高度分层后形成等边三角形布置的三方柱绕流问题进行了数值模拟,分析不同间距比l/d=1.5,2,3,4,5,7下流场分布和各方柱的升、阻力系数以及斯特劳哈尔数的特性。研究结果表明:当l/d=1.5~7时,B,C柱尾流场经历了近处漩涡掺混到近处漩涡分离,远处漩涡掺混到远处漩涡分离,最后形成各自独立的方柱绕流;在l/d=2时,各方柱的平均阻力系数明显减小,并且通过对流场分析发现此间距比下对水流的减速效果最明显;由于B,C柱的存在与单方柱绕流有很大区别:在流场方面,l/d=1.5时,B,C柱限制A柱边界层剪切带的卷起,随间距比的增加这种现象逐渐消失;在动力特性上,A柱的阻力系数明显小于单方柱绕流情况。斯特劳哈尔数Sr随间距比的增大而逐渐增大并趋近于单方柱绕流的值。     

FLOW PAST TWO ROTATING CIRCULAR CYLINDERS IN A SIDE-BY-SIDE ARRANGEMENT

Measurements were performed using Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) to analyze the modification of flow by the combined effects of the rotation and the Reynolds number on the flow past two rotating circular cylinders in a side-by-side-arrangement at a range of 425 ≤ Re≤ 1130,0 ≤α≤ 4(α is the rotational speed) at one gap spacing of T / d =1.11(T and d are the distance between the centers of two cylinders and the cylinder diameter,respectively).A new Immersed-Lattice Boltzmann Method(ILBM) scheme was used to st...     

两层黏性流体中直立圆柱体绕流的三维数值模拟

研究了两层流体中直立贯底圆柱体的三维黏性绕流问题.以不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程为控制方程,应用VOF方法追踪两层流体的内界面,建立了该问题的数值模拟方法.成功地数值模拟了两层流体中圆柱体黏性绕流产生的三维尾涡特征,表明了流体的密度分层效应对直立贯底圆柱体的尾涡特性和阻力系数都是有影响的.在海洋立管涡激振动的研究中,考虑流体的密度分层效应是重要的.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF AN OSCILLATING FLOW PAST A CIRCULAR CYLINDER IN THE VICINITY OF A PLANE WALL

Oscillating flow around a circular cylinder in the vicinity of a plane wall was investigated by solving the two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with a finite element Galarkin residual method. The effect of the gap G/D between the cylinder surface and the wall on the flow behavior was studied. For the case of G/D 〈 0.25, the periodicity in the flow is attributed to both the outer shear layer instability and the oscillating frequency. As G/D 〉 0.25, vortex shedding occurs and the periodicity in the flow is mainly due to the competition of the oscillating frcqucncy and the vortex shedding frequency from an isolated stationary cylinder.