Revamping of the Cat Cracker Reactor Block in the GK–3 Complex

The final stage of revamping of the GK–3 cat cracker reactor block with introduction of new technology is described. The elements of implantation are: combined external riser reactor; high–efficiency feedstock and slurry nozzles; crude treatment cyclone; cracking product cooling unit; two–stage catalyst stripping; regenerated catalyst transport system. As a result, the yield of naphtha is increased by 4.6 wt. %, and steam consumption in the reactor block is reduced by 15%; the unit is converted to a two–year servicing schedule; the feedstock is high–end–point vacuum distillate; the reliability and safety of operation are increased.     

New Motor Oil for Heavy–Duty Transport Diesels

The stages and results of refining a new oil, Galol M–4042 TD, primarily intended to replace M–16IKhP–3 oil (GOST 25770) in two–stroke transport diesels, are discussed in detail in [1]. Galol M–4042 TD belongs to the SAE–40 class, i.e., it is a summer oil by definition [2]. The new oil, like M–16IKhP–3 oil, exclusively contains barium–containing additives, which is predetermined by the specific conditions of operation in two–cycle transport diesels with a high degree of boosting.     

Revamping of the catalytic cracking reactor block on the G-43-107M/1 unit. Second stage

Revamping of the catalytic cracking reactor block on the combined G-43-107M/1 unit with introduction of a set of new technological elements and equipment units that significantly increase the efficiency and reliability of operation of the unit and create conditions for its conversion to two-year operation between maintenances is described.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 25 – 28, January – February, 2005.     

丙烯腈反应器三级PV型旋风分离器的性能及工业应用

三级PV型旋风分离器是通过优化匹配组合,在给定压降下达到高效率的。大型冷模对比试验证实三级PV型旋风分离器的分离性能及操作弹性均优于从国外引进的三级旋风分离器。在丙烯腈反应器内的工业应用证明吨丙烯腈催化剂的单耗已降低到0.37kg,旋风分离器的总压降可控制在7kPa以内,效果显著。     

Mechanism of In–Flame Gasification of Disperse Carbon in Diffusion Combustion of Hydrocarbons

The contradiction between the experimental data and theoretical concepts on gasification of disperse carbon in the diffusion flame of hydrocarbon fuels is examined. As a result of the heterogeneous reaction of carbon with molecules of carbon dioxide and water inside a laminar diffusion flame, complete gasification of particles within the time of their residence in the flame is impossible. A hypothesis concerning the two–stage mechanism of in–flame gasification of soot in a sootless diffusion flame is advanced. A mandatory stage is explosive dispersion of disperse carbon particles. The viability of the hypothesis is confirmed by calculated and experimental data.     

Abrasion–Resistant Parts for Cat Crackers. Experience in Manufacture and Operation

Type 1A/1M, GK–3, and G–43–107 cat crackers (CC) with pulverized catalysts are important in the oil refining industry. A special feature of these cat crackers is the presence of parts subject to significant abrasive wear at 400–700°C. In the last ten years, CC have been actively revamped with the participation of the leading American firms (in Ryazan' and Yaroslavl') and domestic specialists (in Angarsk, Ufa, Lisichansk, and Turkmenbashi) to improve the process parameters. After revamping, the rate of movement of the catalyst in transport lines and cyclones and consequently the rate of abrasive wear increase, and this must be taken into consideration in designing and manufacturing CC. This article reports the experience of Aliter–Aksi CJSC in manufacturing abrasion–resistant parts obtained since the mid–1980s.     

Modernization of a Reformer Unit with a Lower Operating Pressure

Modernization of the first-stage of the L–35–11/1000 plant of the OAO Angarskaya neftekhimicheskaya kompaniya [Angarskaya Petrochemical Company (Open Joint Stock Company)] reduced the pressure in the reformer unit from 2.3 to 1.7 MPa and the hydrogenous gas circulation ratio, from 1550 to 1100 m³/m³. The catalyzate yield increased by 2.1 wt.% while the motor octane number (MON) increased by 1.6. After the second stage of the highly efficient domestic catalysts KR–108U and RB–22U fed into the reformer unit will increase the reformate yield with MON=87 to 89 wt. %. Catalyzate from the L–35–11/100 plant is the main component of high-octane gasolines in the Angarskaya Petrochemical Company. This typical plant was built during the development of the country's catalytic reformer technology [1] according to a design by Lengiproneftekhim (Leningrad State Institute for the Design of Oil Refining and Petrochemical Plants). Initially, the intention was to use the aluminoplatinum catalyst AP–64 in the reforming of hydrofined feedstock in the following mode: reactor pressure in the last stage 3.5 MPa, feedstock volumetric flow rate 1.2 h^–1, and hydrogenous gas (HG) circulation ratio 1800m³/m³. The process flow diagram, however, made no provision for booster compressors for the excess HG. As a result substantial lowering of the pressure in the reformer unit was not possible when the plant was switched to more stable polymetal catalysts [2].     

Modernizing Cat Cracker Reactor Block Units on the G-43-107M/1

Modernization of cat cracker reactor block equipment in the G-43-107M/1 combined unit, which significantly increases the unit’s efficiency and reliability, is described.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 12 – 14, May – June, 2005.     

重整装置预加氢单元工艺改进

对山东京博石油化工有限公司40万t/a重整装置预加氢单元压降升高的原因进行分析,并对其工艺进行了改进。结果表明:重整装置预加氢反应器催化剂床层压降升高的主要原因为催化剂中硅及原料油中二烯烃的含量过高;在预加氢反应器前新增二烯烃反应器,原料油经加氢处理后,含二烯烃质量分数由0.286%降至0.015%,二烯烃选择性加氢脱除率约95%;通过采取催化剂撇头、增加脱硅保护剂及设备清焦、增设二烯烃反应器等综合措施,装置开工运行初期预加氢反应器催化剂床层压降由改造前的0.200 MPa降至0.025 MPa,投用1 a压降仅升高0.014 MPa,预加氢单元空速由改造前的3.5 h~(-1)可提高至最大5.0 h~(-1)。     

Cleaning Gas Discharges in Drying Sand

Experiments have been performed on cleaning up gas discharges in a plant consisting of two series-connected cyclones of the same type that differ in diameter in cylindrical parts. A graph is given for the fractional composition of the dust coming for removal in the first and second removal stages.__________Translated from Khimicheskoe i Neftegazovoe Mashinostroenie, No. 6, pp. 35–36, June 2005.     

类球形聚丙烯催化剂PC-1工业应用试验

在6万t／a间歇液相本体法聚丙烯（PP）工业装置上进行了类球形PC-1催化剂的应用试验,并与装置现用工业催化剂DJD—Z进行了对比。结果表明,催化剂PC-1的操作性能良好,动力学过程平稳,聚合反应控制温度、压力均略高于催化剂DJD—Z;在单釜产量接近的情况下,反应时间可相应缩短0．5h,单釜转化率则高出2．5个百分点;在相同工况条件下,其活性为43．05kg／g,与DJD—Z的活性（42．85kg／g）相当;PP产品各项指标完全达到质量要求,整体性能略优于催化剂DJD—z生产的产品,细粉（小于80目的颗粒）含量比用催化剂DJD—Z生产的产品低2．57个百分点。     

Motor Oil for Augmented Truck Diesel Engines

TThe harsh conditions of use of highly augmented two—cycle diesel engines with a power—to—volume ratio of more than 45 kW ( ambient temperature under 55°C, coolant and oil temperature of 130°C) impose heightened requirements not only for reliability of construction but also for motor oil quality.     

甲醇制烯烃装置催化剂细粉跑损问题剖析

某1.8 Mt/a甲醇制烯烃(MTO)工业化装置长期存在严重的催化剂细粉跑损问题。对比典型流化催化裂化(FCC)催化剂和工艺设计,对MTO装置催化剂进行物性分析和反应-再生系统工艺核算。结果发现：相比于FCC催化剂,MTO催化剂平均粒度更大、密度相当、抗磨损性能更好、更容易被旋风分离(旋分)器分离,因此颗粒物性不是其平衡催化剂中细粉跑损问题的根本原因。MTO装置再生器中稀相沉降空间高度偏低且操作气速更高,导致再生器旋分系统颗粒浓度过高;再生器两级旋分实际入口线速均高于传统设计值范围,导致其压降远超设计值;再者,料腿埋入再生器密相床层的长度高,易造成旋分器(尤其是二级旋分器)料腿内形成很高的堆积料柱,料柱易架桥或失流化,进而造成料腿“固泛”和分离效率严重下降。总之,再生器结构及其旋分系统设计的不合理是导致该MTO装置平衡催化剂中难以保留细粉的关键原因。     

Optimization of the block diagram of the reforming feedstock preparation subsystem

The causes of inefficient operation of the section 100 feed and heat recovery subsystem of the L 35-11/1000 catalytic reforming unit are investigated. A method for optimizing the block diagram of the subsystem which increases the degree of heat recovery and efficiency of the unit is proposed.Vostokneftezavodmontazh Planning Institute.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 16 – 18, January – February, 2005.     

重油催化裂化装置提升管沿程产物分布的研究

利用专门开发的工业提升管在线取样系统对青岛石油化工厂重油催化裂化装置提升管进行了在线取样，通过对不同位置所得样品的分析，研究了工业重油催化裂化装置提升管沿程产物分布和组成变化。产物收率在反应初期变化很快，而在后期变化很小；汽油收率在提升管中部以后变化很小，选择性在提升管中部达到最高值，然后降低；柴油收率和选择性在反应初期出现最高点。汽油烯烃含量开始时随反应进行逐渐增加，在提升管前部达到最高点后逐渐下降；汽油硫含量沿提升管高度增加而逐渐降低。     

Energy–Saving Scheme for Regeneration of Propane in Deasphalting of Vacuum Resid

The KM–2 unit for production of oils and waxes has been operating at Slavneft'–Yaroslavnefteorgsintez Co. since 1984. It includes the S–200 section for deasphalting of vacuum resid obtained in vacuum distillation of atmospheric resid. The problem of increasing the output of this section has arisen with the increase in the demand for residual base oil.     

Corrosion—Resistant, Two—Layer Sheet Rolled Stock and Clad Pipes. Production by the Electroslag Facing Method

The problem of protecting equipment from corrosion while simultaneously ensuring elevated mechanical characteristics is acute in petroleum refining and petrochemistry. Corrosion—resistant two—layer sheet steels have traditionally been widely used for manufacturing this equipment. Carbon or low—alloy steels selected as a function of the requirements for the mechanical properties of the articles are primarily the base layer of these steels. Corrosion—resistant steels of different brands, copper alloys (Monel, Inconel), nickel and nickel alloys, and titanium and its alloys are most widely used as the cladding layer which must be resistant to the aggressive effect of the environment.     

4–Methyl–1–Pentene Oligomers as Thickening Agents for Lube Oils

Oligomerization of 4–methyl–1–pentene in the presence of aluminum chloride and the possibility of using the oligomers obtained as thickening agents for petroleum oils were investigated. These oligomers are intermediate between polyisobutylene and polyalkyl methacrylate in improving the viscosity-temperature characteristics of the oils and are superior to them with respect to stability and thermal degradation.     

Ineffectiveness of alkali reagents for protection of condensation equipment of distillation units

Conclusions It was shown on the basis of industrial experiments that the supply of ammonia and sodium carbonate solution to the overhead pipe of the shale tar distillation unit causes increased corrosion of the condensation equipment.The increased corrosion is due to the action of sulfide and thiosulfate sulfur, whose content in the condensate increases as a result of bonding of sulfuretted hydrogen by the alkali reagents.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 5, pp. 29–30, May, 1967.     

Use of hydroxy acids from synthetic fatty acids still residue in asphalt production

Summary The introduction of 10–15% of a synthetic hydroxy acids concentrate, calculated on the feedstock being oxidized, considerably improves the oxidation process parameters and enables asphalts having specific rheological properties to be obtained. The rate of feedstock oxidation is increased by a factor of 1.5–2.5, the breaking point of the asphalt products is reduced to –30 and even down to –40°C, the range of plasticity reaches 90–100°C and above (with a penetration of 60–130), the asphalts exhibit an excellent adhesion to both acidic and basic stony materials. The hydroxy acids concentrate may be used as a surface-active additive, which, when added to asphalt to the extent of 0.5–1%, considerably improves the adhesion of the asphalt to stony materials.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 12, pp. 29–32, December, 1966.