地下水封石油洞库水封准则研究

水封准则是地下水封石油洞库设计与运行管理的基础。为获取工程应用更加简便实用的地下水封石油洞库水封准则,基于裂隙水流动阻力效应的研究,建立了气压推动裂隙水迁移的油汽逃逸模型;根据裂隙水迁移启动的临界条件,推导了铅直裂隙和倾斜裂隙中裂隙水满足油汽封存的临界水封厚度计算公式,讨论了临界水封厚度条件下洞库的原油水封效果。利用气液两相流数值分析成果和工程实际监测成果,论证了提出基于临界水封厚度的地下水封石油洞库水封准则的正确性。     

Design and construction aspects of unlined oil storage caverns in rock

An underground oil storage facility comprising six storage caverns is under construction in southern Korea. Each of the horseshoe-shaped caverns is 18 m wide, 30 m high, and 400–600 m long. The artificial water curtain system used consisted of water curtain tunnels and horizontal boreholes drilled from these tunnels, and pre-grouting measures have been introduced to keep the bedrock saturated all the time in order prevent oil from migrating through rock mass. The results of site investigation show that the bedrock at the site was very competent and impermeable and, hence, a suitable medium for the storage of oil. This conclusion was confirmed later by the results of design analysis, the revised instrumentation program, and hydraulic tests performed during construction. In general, design concepts for the excavation and support and water curtain system have been verified to be reasonably good in terms of the technical soundness and economy. The results of the revised instrumentation program indicate that the three-dimensional excavation behaviour is complex and should be studied in more detail.     

Determination of hydraulic conductivity of fractured rock masses:A case study for a rock cavern project in Singapore

In order to reduce the risk associated with water seepage in an underground rock cavern project in Singapore,a reliable hydro-geological model should be established based on the in situ investigation data.The key challenging issue in the hydro-geological model building is how to integrate limited geological and hydro-geological data to determine the hydraulic conductivity of the fractured rock masses.Based on the data obtained from different stages(feasibility investigation stage,construction stage,and post-construction stage),suitable models and methods are proposed to determine the hydraulic conductivities at different locations and depths,which will be used at other locations in the future.     

水封油库地下水位动态变化特性数值研究

为认识水封石油洞库区地下水位的动态变化过程,以黄岛地下水封石油洞库的基本地质条件为依据,采用饱和非饱和非恒定流数值分析方法,对水封油库在施工期和运行期可能出现工况下的地下水位变化情况进行了全过程数值仿真计算,分析了不同时期洞库区附近岩体的地下水位分布特点及变化过程。研究表明水封油库区内的地下水位变化过程主要受岩体渗透系数、洞库开挖方式和运行方式的影响;当洞库区岩体渗透系数大于 m/s 时,洞顶上方岩体中的地下水将被疏干,必须设置水幕系统来保证洞库的水封效果。     

A review of techniques, advances and outstanding issues in numerical modelling for rock mechanics and rock engineering

The purpose of this review paper is to present the techniques, advances, problems and likely future developments in numerical modelling for rock mechanics. Such modelling is essential for studying the fundamental processes occurring in rocks and for rock engineering design. The review begins by explaining the special nature of rock masses and the consequential difficulties when attempting to model their inherent characteristics of discontinuousness, anisotropy, inhomogeneity and inelasticity. The rock engineering design backdrop to the review is also presented. The different types of numerical models are outlined in Section 2, together with a discussion on how to obtain the necessary parameters for the models. There is also discussion on the value that is obtained from the modelling, especially the enhanced understanding of those mechanisms initiated by engineering perturbations. In Section 3, the largest section, states-of-the-art and advances associated with the main methods are presented in detail. In many cases, for the model to adequately represent the rock reality, it is necessary to incorporate couplings between the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical processes. The physical processes and the equations characterizing the coupled behaviour are included in Section 4, with an illustrative example and discussion on the likely future development of coupled models. Finally, in Section 5, the advances and outstanding issues in the subject are listed and in Section 6 there are specific recommendations concerning quality control, enhancing confidence in the models, and the potential future developments.     

A fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model for simulating multiphase flow,deformation and heat transfer in buffer material and rock masses

This paper presents a numerical method for modeling coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical processes of geomaterials with multiphase fluid flow. A FEM code has been developed and validated for modeling the behavior of porous geological media, and is equally applicable for modeling coupled THM processes in rocks. The governing equations are based on the theory of mixtures applied to the multiphysics of porous media, considering solid phase deformation, multiphase fluid flow, and heat transport. New numerical techniques have been developed for more efficient FEM formulation and equation solution for modeling saturated or partially saturated water flow, gas flow and heat transfer in deformable porous media, as are commonly encountered in performance and safety assessment of underground radioactive repositories. The code has been validated against an experimental benchmark test, which involves bentonite under laboratory conditions, with good results. Several critical outstanding issues for modeling coupled processes of geomaterials are discussed in depth.     

A Web-based Public Participation GIS for assessing the age-friendliness of cities: A case study in Tehran,Iran

Senior citizens are commonly regarded as the vulnerable class of society; requiring elderly-friendly urban environments as well as particular municipal services to respond to their specific needs. This study proceeds to design a PPGIS (Public Participation GIS) by means of integrating VGI (Volunteered Geographic Information), GIS and MCDA (Multicriteria Decision Analysis) techniques aiming to evaluate the age-friendliness of cities. The proposed PPGIS assesses the age-friendliness of cities through integrating certain criteria weights determined by the elderly with VGI collected by regular citizens. The system was used to create the age-friendliness map of district # 6 of Tehran, Iran. The resulting map shows that the center of the district is more age-friendly than the other areas. Based on the evaluation results, the majority of citizens found the system to be a suitable tool for evaluating the age-friendliness of the city, collecting VGI related to the elderly’s urban environment and helping urban planners improve the age-friendliness of the city. Nonetheless, a rather small percentage of citizens concur that: (i) the PPGIS is a suitable tool for persuading citizens to participate in the city age-friendliness assessment and that (ii) the PPGIS provides a reliable way for assessing the age-friendliness of cities.     

A new prediction model for rock slope failure time: a case study in West Open-Pit mine,Fushun, China

Establishing an accurate method for predicting the failure times of rock slopes subject to creep deformation is challenging, but at the same time crucial for preventing damage to properties and loss of life. In this paper, the Medium–short Term Prediction of Landslide by Polynomial (MsTPLP) model is proposed based on the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm. The West Open-Pit mine in Fushun, NE China is currently the largest open-pit coal mine in Asia. The landslide on the southern slope of the West Open-Pit mine was selected as the study case. Global Positioning System (GPS) monitoring is employed in landslide displacement monitoring. Based on the analysis process of the MsTPLP model, the displacement time series derived from GPS monitoring points is selected as the input. The model parameters of the MsTPLP model are obtained using the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm. The predicted failure time of a landslide, which is the output, can be determined according to the prediction criteria of the model. The prediction results show that the MsTPLP model can provide accurate landslide displacement predictions (correlation coefficient R ² > 0.98 and average relative error ARE < 17 %). The forecasting results of the landslide show that the estimated failure time is Mar 5, 2014. Based on field investigation and displacement analysis, the landslide on the southern slope of the West Open-Pit mine occurred on Mar 9, 2014. The predicted and actual failure times are significantly close, demonstrating the potential of the new method in landslide prediction.     

大型超深基坑工程信息化施工研究——上海外环隧道的浦西基坑工程

上海外环隧道的浦西基坑工程是一个开口型基坑,深达30m和不等深度,宽43m。本文对墙后地面沉降和墙顶沉降以及墙体水平位移进行研究,采用综合分析方法(包括系统的现场监测,超明星非线形空间软件和多种预测方法的跟踪计算),紧密结合现场的实际情况,按实际施工工况,有针对性地跟踪预测,提前两周提供分析结果,以期更好地指导施工。实践表明,运用综合分析方法是十分有效的。对土压力进行了实测与分析,结合变形分析对墙体工作性状的变化进行监视,并建议了一个实用的计算主动区土压力图式。最后,对信息化施工提出几点理性认识。     

大面积、超补偿的干坞地基变形研究——上海外环隧道的浦东干坞开挖工程

对一个大型干坞沉管制作的珍贵沉降监测资料进行分析,同时,运用20多年来对回弹与再压缩研究成果,采用综合分析方法,从不同角度分析,进一步运用有关理论与经验的综合,对本课题进行深入分析,得出有益的结论,以期填补上海地区该类岩土工程问题的空白,为类似工程积累宝贵的经验。